非零色散位移单模光纤应用的探讨

近年来开发的非零色散位移单模光纤改进了高速率密集波分复用中的传输性能。文章简单介绍了这种光纤的特性和一些应用实例,并对在我国通信发展中的应用作了分析和探讨。     

光纤技术的进展与应用

本文介绍了光纤的传输特性，简述了常规单模光纤和色散位移单模光纤的特点和应用，重点阐述了非零色散位移光纤的性能及光纤色散补偿技术，分析了各种光纤的应用条件。     

光纤的发展及其在城域网中选型的考虑

光纤的传输速率、传输距离受光纤的传输损耗、光纤的色散特性和光纤非线性等的影响。为了进一步提高光纤的传输容量和光纤的传输速率,对光纤的设计参数和制造方法进行了进一步的改进。由此,已经制造出色散特性得到改善的、更适合于大容量和长距离传输的新一代光纤。这些新类型的光纤包括非零色散位移光纤(NZ-DSF,也称作G.655型光纤)、大有效面积G、655型光纤、色散平坦的G.655型光纤和全波光纤等。     

用电子色散补偿增加10Gbps光链路的距离

当前的长距离和城域SONET OC-192（10Gbps）光链路采用单模光纤（SMF）能达到的距离大约只有80km，主要原因在于光纤内的瑕疵。在数据中心和大楼骨干链路也有类似的情况，10G比特以太网（GbE）链路采用传统的多模光纤（MMF，OM1型）时，由于在如此高速率下出现的信号色散效应，长度也限制在不足26m。     

大有效面积非零色散位移单模光纤光缆

ＩＴＵ－Ｔ于１９９６年前制定了三种类型的单模光纤建议,可适用于不同通信场所与要求。但随着掺饵光纤放大器（ＥＤＦＡ）、ＳＤＨ１０Ｇｂｉｔ／ｓ设备以及密集波分复用（ＤＷＤＭ）技术的实用化,这三种光纤已不同程度地限制了新技术、新系统的传输性能、传输速率与传输距离。因此,ＩＴＵ－Ｔ于１９９６年１０月制定了新建议Ｇ．６５５非零色散位移单模光纤光缆的特性。这种光纤可适用于高速率、密集波分复用与大长度中继距离的     

不同类型光纤对CWDM系统性能的影响

文章比较了目前应用于粗波分复用(CWDM)系统的各类光纤的性能,结合光纤在系统测试中的表现情况对各类光纤的优缺点进行了评价.肯定了标准单模光纤和非零色散位移单模光纤应用于CWDM系统的可靠性,分析了G.652C/D和G.655B/C两类低水峰光纤支持全频谱CWDM传输的优势和在网络升级中的应用潜力,同时与色散位移单模光纤、负色散 (平坦)光纤等非主流光纤的性能作了比较.     

大有效面积非零色散位移单模光纤光缆

】ＩＴＵ－Ｔ于１９９６年前制定了三种类型的单模光纤建议,可适用于不同通信场所与要求。但随着掺铒光纤放大器（ＥＤＦＡ）、ＳＤＨ１０Ｇｂｉｔ／ｓ设备以及密集波分复用（ＤＷＤＭ）技术的实用化,这三种光纤已不同程度地限制了新技术、新系统的传输性能、传输速率与传输距离。因此,ＩＴＵ－Ｔ于１９９６年１０月制定了新建议Ｇ．６５５非零色散位移单模光纤光缆的特性。这种光纤可适用于高速率、密集波分复用与大长度中继距离的光纤通信。本文介绍了汕头奥星光缆厂与康宁公司合作,试制二盘大有效面积非零色散位移单模光纤光缆的情况。     

康宁MetroCor光纤及其在城域网中的应用

康宁公司为优化城域网而开发出一种新型的优质光纤MetroCor光纤,它属于非零色散位移光纤（NZDSF）。在整个EDFA频带内,它与标准单模光纤（SSMF）相比具有更小的色散,因而使低成本的直接调制激光器（DM/DFB）的最大无色散补偿距离得以增加,对于2.5G系统,这个无色散补偿距离能从使用SSMF的100km达到400km以上,此外,在10G系统中使用外部调制激光源时,最大无补偿的距离也可以得到改善。     

射频光纤传输系统中色散对数字毫米波信号的影响

给出了通过采用双边带调制技术来产生下行链路的ROF毫米波数字信号的设计方法：同时对基于数字ROF信号的光纤传输系统的色散影响进行了理论分析和仿真。仿真结果表明：由于光纤色散影响,毫米波信号的接收功率会随传输距离的变化而成周期性的衰减;同时对传输特性影响较大,而且当常规单模光纤中的传输达到90公里以后,还会产生比较严重的影响。     

基于偏振复用的单边带光生毫米波传输系统的研究北大核心CSCD

光子辅助的毫米波通信因其超带宽优势在下一代宽带无线接入网中有着广泛的应用前景,本文基于单个激光源和一个双极化马赫-曾德尔调制器(dual-polarization Mach-Zehnder modulator,DP-MZM)的光路结构产生了频率稳定的偏振复用毫米波信号,联合VPI与MATLAB仿真环境对单边带(single sideband,SSB)偏振复用四相相移键控(polarization-division-multiplexing,PDM)quadrature phase shift keying,QPSK、16阶正交幅度调制(16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation,16QAM)和32阶正交幅度调制(32-ary quadrature amplitude modulation,32QAM)信号分别实现了70 km、65 km与50 km的有效传输,并结合概率整形(probability shaping,PS)技术在28 GHz波段上,以相同净比特传输速率对比分析了均匀16QAM与PS-16QAM,均匀32QAM与PS-32QAM的SSB矢量毫米波(millimeter wave,MMW)信号在光纤传输条件下的误码率(bit error rate,BER)性能。仿真结果表明:在相同净比特速率,以硬判决阈值3.8×10^(-3)为判断条件,在普通单模光纤(single-mode fiber,SMF)传输系统中,PS-16QAM/32QAM信号光功率约有0.3 dBm的提升,非线性光纤(nonlinear fiber NLF)传输系统中,PS-16QAM信号光功率约有0.8 dBm的提升,PS-32QAM信号光功率约有0.5 dBm的提升,结果表明:经过PS后的MMW信号光纤传输性能有明显改善。     

A dispersion flattened fiber front-haul transmission system with high bitrate signal at low input optical power

We propose a dispersion flattened fiber (DFF) front-haul transmission system with high bitrate, polarization multiplexing (PM) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signal at low input optical power. The modulation format of the system is PM-16QAM, and the bitrate is 256 Gbit/s. The transmission characteristics over DFF link system are experimentally studied, which are compared with those over non-zero dispersion shifted fiber (NZDSF) link and standard single mode fiber (SSMF) link. The experimental results show that the error vector magnitude (EVM) of 256 Gbit/s and PM-16QAM signal over 25 km DFF link is 0.75% better than that over 25 km NZDSF link at least, and the bit error rate (BER) and Q-factor are much better than those of NZDSF. Their EVM and BER are both decreased with the increase of input optical power, and the Q-factor is increased. Those characteristics over 25 km SSMF are the worst at the same case. The larger the dispersion is, the more the constellation points are deviated from their respective centers and the worse the constellation characteristics are. The greater the attenuation of the DFF is, the smaller the input power of the DFF is, the more the constellation points are deviated from their centers and the worse the constellation characteristics are. This study provides a new idea and experimental support for long span front-haul propagation in mobile communication.     

All-Raman ultralong-haul single-wideband DWDM transmission systems with OADM capability

In this paper, we present a comprehensive experimental investigation of an all-Raman ultrawide single-band transmission system for both 10 and 40 Gb/s line rates. Enabling technologies include forward-Raman pumping of the transmission fiber, counter-Raman pumping of the fiber spans and dispersion compensation modules, wideband dispersion, and dispersion-slope compensation, and modulation formats resistant to both linear and nonlinear impairments. Ultralong-haul (ULH) 128/spl times/10 Gb/s return-to-zero (RZ) and ultrahigh-capacity (UHC) 64/spl times/40 Gb/s carrier-suppressed (CS) RZ transmission are demonstrated for commercially deployed fiber types, including both standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) and nonzero dispersion shifted fibers (NZDSF). The span losses of 23 dB (NZDSF) and 20 dB (SSMF) are consistent with those encountered in terrestrial networks. The optical reaches for 10 Gb/s rate are 4000 km (NZDSF) and 3200 km (SSMF). Using the same distributed Raman amplification (DRA) scheme, UHC over 2.5 Tb/s at a 40-Gb/s per channel rate is also demonstrated for all of the tested fiber types and for optical reaches exceeding 1300 km. We then study the impact of including optical add/drop modules (OADMs) in the transmission system for both 10 and 40 Gb/s channel rates. System performance is characterized by the system margin and the transmission penalty. For all of the experiments shown in this paper, industrial margins and small transmission penalties consistent with operation in commercially deployable networks are demonstrated, showing the feasibility of practical implementation of all-Raman amplified systems for ULH and UHC optical backbones. Attractive features of single-wideband transmission enabled by DRA include simplicity of design, flexible gain and gain-ripple control, good noise performance, and a small system footprint.     

Fiber nonlinearity compensation of WDM-PDM 16-QAM signaling using multiple optical phase conjugations over a distributed Raman-amplified link

In this paper, multiple optical phase conjugation (OPC) devices were used along the optical link to improve the performance of an \(8\times 256\) Gbps polarization-division multiplexing 16-state quadrature amplitude modulation signaling, producing total bit rate of 2.048 Tbps. A 50-GHz spaced, eight-channel wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) communication system was considered using 912 km dispersion-unmanaged standard single-mode fiber link with backward distributed Raman pumps. The performance of a dual-pump highly nonlinear fiber-based OPC was investigated analytically using a set of eight nonlinear Schrödinger equations taking into account the effect of polarization. Simulation results were compared with the case of mid-span optical phase conjugation (MS-OPC) compensation scheme showing better performance in terms of achievable Q-factor, optimal signal launched power, and the total length of the transmission link. In 256 Gbps, single-channel scenario, a Q-factor improvement of 1.35 dB was achieved and the nonlinear threshold was increased by \(\sim \) 4 dB compared to the case of MS-OPC. Moreover, using multiple OPC led to increase the length of the transmission link by 30.7% compared with the case of MS-OPC. In 2.048 Tbps WDM system, a maximum Q-factor of 9.27 dB over the same link was obtained showing an improvement of 0.62 dB over the MS-OPC case. The simulation results were compared with published analogous experimental data showing very good agreement.     

基于窄带光纤光栅的微波载波单边带调制

利用窄带光纤光栅简单而有效地实现了RoF系统中单边带调制,克服长距离传输时的色散损耗.分析了RoF系统中双边带调制对系统带来的影响,以及单边带滤波对窄带光纤光栅反射光谱和反射率的要求.研究了采用基于窄带光纤光栅的单边带调制后,对不同调制方式、不同调制速率、不同传输距离的RoF传输系统性能的改善情况.实验研究表明,光纤光栅单边带调制在以16QAM调制的15GHz RoF系统中传输25km后,信噪比与双边带调制相比可提高约4dB.     

10-Gb/s upgrade of bidirectional CWDM systems using electronic equalization and FEC

We discuss options for upgrading coarse wavelength-division multiplexed (CWDM) optical access links over standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) by increasing per-channel data rates from 2.5 to 10 Gb/s. We identify electronic equalization and forward error correction (FEC) as the enabling technologies to overcome the dispersion limit of SSMF. In addition, we show how FEC enhances the tolerance to in-band crosstalk, and paves the way toward fully bidirectional CWDM transmission. Due to the lack of CWDM sources rated for 10-Gb/s operation, we demonstrate full-spectrum (1310 to 1610 nm) 10-Gb/s CWDM transmission over standard-dispersion fiber using uncooled, directly modulated lasers specified for 2.5 Gb/s. All 16 CWDM channels could be transmitted over more than 40 km, yielding a capacity-times-distance product of 6.4 Tb/s/km. The longest transmission distance (80 km) was achieved at 1610 nm, equivalent to 1600 ps/nm of chromatic dispersion.     

MLSE Equalizers for Frequency Discrimination Receiver of MSK Optical Transmission System

We propose maximum-likelihood sequence estimator (MLSE) equalizers based on either Viterbi algorithm or template matching temple matching (TM) for the equalization of impairments imposed on the minimum shift keying (MSK) modulation formats in long haul transmission without optical dispersion compensation. The TM-MLSE equalizer is proposed as a simplified alternative for the Viterbi-MLSE equalizer. It is verified that the Viterbi-MLSE equalizer can operate optimally when noise approaches a Gaussian distribution. Simulation results of the performances of the two MLSE equalizers for optical frequency discrimination receiver-based optical MSK systems are described. The transmission performance is evaluated in terms of: (1) the chromatic dispersion (CD) tolerance for both Viterbi-MLSE and TM-MLSE equalizers; (2) transmission distance limits of Viterbi-MLSE equalizers with various number of states; (3)the robustness to fiber polarization mode dispersion (PMD) of Viterbi-MLSE equalizers; and (4) performance improvements for Viterbi-MLSE equalizers when utilizing sampling schemes with two and four samples per bit over the conventional single sample per bit. With a small number of states (64 states), the non-compensating optical link can equivalently reach up to approximately 928 km SSMF for 10 Gb/s transmission or 58 km SSMF for 40 Gb/s. The performance of 16-state Viterbi-MLSE equalizers for optical frequency discrimination receiver (OFDR)-based optical MSK transmission systems for PMD mitigation is also numerically investigated. The performance of Viterbi-MLSE equalizers can be further improved by using the sampling schemes with multiple samples per bit compared to the conventional single sample bit. The equalizer also offers high robustness to fiber PMD impairment.     

256-QAM (64 Gb/s) Coherent Optical Transmission Over 160 km With an Optical Bandwidth of 5.4 GHz

We report a polarization-multiplexed (Pol-Mux) 4-Gsymbol/s 256 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) coherent optical transmission over 160 km. A 64-Gb/s data signal was successfully transmitted with an optical bandwidth of 5.4 GHz. We also describe a Pol-Mux, 10-Gsymbol/s, 128- and 64-QAM (140 and 120 Gb/s) transmission over 150 km.      

Repeaterless 10.7-Gb/s DPSK Transmission Over 304 km of SSMF Using a Coherent Receiver and Electronic Dispersion Compensation

Record repeaterless transmission of differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) at 10.7 Gb/s over 304 km of standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) is demonstrated using a coherent optical receiver and electronic dispersion compensation. This is the longest repeaterless 10-Gb/s transmission over SSMF in the absence of Raman amplifiers. The high receiver sensitivity and the high tolerance to nonlinearities of DPSK allow us to overcome a total link loss of 58 dB with a 3-dB system margin. Coherent detection enables linear electrical dispersion compensation and avoids the use of optical dispersion compensation.     

Comparison of nonlinear pulse interactions in 160-Gb/s quasi-linear and dispersion managed soliton systems

The understanding and development of 160-Gb/s transmission systems requires the study of the impact of different dispersion compensation schemes on pulse propagation in nonlinear fiber. In this paper, we present an investigation of 160-Gb/s optical transmission systems, focusing on optimal propagation regimes, and in particular, we analyze different transmission limitations and dominant nonlinear effects by comparing quasi-linear and dispersion managed soliton systems. Two quasi-linear systems, one using nonzero dispersion-shifted fiber (NZDSF) and the other single-mode fiber (SMF), and one short-period (1 km) dispersion managed soliton (DMS) system are studied, both for single-channel and wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) transmission. First, the performance of the two quasi-linear systems in single-channel transmission are compared and it is shown that the NZDSF and SMF systems allow similar error-free transmission distances with only small differences in the intrachannel four-wave mixing (IFWM) induced amplitude jitter. The effect of pulsewidth on transmission performance in this regime was investigated and the use of shorter pulses was found to result in lower amplitude jitter. We analyzed the behavior of the DMS system and showed that the reduced pulse broadening during transmission allowed a significantly longer single-channel transmission distance with a smaller impact of nonlinearities compared to quasi-linear propagation. The sensitivity of the DMS system performance to statistical fluctuations in the fiber dispersion was studied and the results show the level of accuracy in the dispersion management map which must be ensured in these systems. Finally, the performance of the DMS in WDM transmission was investigated and it was found that it was subject to very large penalties increasing the minimum channel spacing possible because of the strong impact of interchannel cross-phase modulation (XPM).     

Full-duplex fiber-wireless link with 40 Gbit/s 16-QAM signals for alternative wired and wireless accesses based on homodyne/heterodyne coherent detection

A novel full-duplex fiber-wireless link with 40 Gbit/s 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signals is proposed to provide alternative wired and wireless accesses for the user terminals. In the central station (CS), the downstream signal for wired and wireless accesses is beared onto the CW laser source via an optical I/Q modulator to realize the QAM modulation. At the hybrid optical network unit (HONU), a tunable laser is used to provide coherent optical local oscillator for homo-/heterodyne beating to coherently down-convert the baseband optical signal to the baseband electrical one for wired access or to the mm-wave one for wireless access according to the requirement of the user terminals. Simultaneously, the lightwave from the tunable laser is also used as the uplink optical carrier for either wired or wireless access, and is modulated colorlessly by the baseband or mm-wave signal of the uplink alternatively. After filtering, only one tone carrying the uplink signal is transmitted back to the CS even for the wireless access. The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that our proposed full-duplex link for the alternative wired and wireless accesses maintains good performance even when the transmission link with standard single mode fiber (SSMF) is extended to 30 km.