阿奇霉素原料药粒度的研究

利用阿奇霉素在不同温度、搅拌速度、滴水速度中结晶效果不同的特点,通过控制各种反应参数使阿奇霉素从溶液中分步结晶析出,制备颗粒均匀、粒度分布窄的阿奇霉素原料。     

超细阿奇霉素的制备及表征

采用超音速气流粉碎技术进行了阿奇霉素微粉化实验，考察了进样速度、压缩空气压力、粉碎次数及分散剂等因素对阿奇霉素微粉颗粒大小和粒径分布的影响，并对微粉化后的粉体进行扫描电镜、粒度、ZETA电位及红外光谱分析。实验结果表明采用超音速气流技术进行超细粉碎，可使阿奇霉素微粉平均粒径达到1．13μm，粒径分布为0.71～1．99μm，且粉碎后并未改变原料的化学成分和结构。     

碎屑岩颗粒分布实验研究及地质应用

本文介绍了油气藏盖层岩石的粒度分布测定方法,包括粒度测试技术的现状、盖层岩石粒度测试的重要性、样品制备、测试结果及参数评价等.泥岩和粉砂岩粒度测试的样品制备过程较为复杂,主要是颗粒的解散,颗粒解散的好坏直接影响分析数据的准确.本文同时对激光法粒度测试的精密度及准确度进行了探讨.通过对盖层岩石样品的粒度分布测定研究,从而对盖层的微观定量评价提供了依据.从岩石颗粒的测试及统计分布中可以看出,泥岩纯度越高即含砂量越低其封闭性能越好,对评价盖层的封闭能力具有一定的意义.     

纳米级碳酸钙悬浊液粒度分布的有效测定

利用超声衰减法对纳米级碳酸钙悬浊液中颗粒粒度分布进行了分析，为纳米颗粒悬浊液粒度分布的测量提供了新方向。实验结果表明，表面改性能够很好地改善纳米级碳酸钙在水中的润湿性及分散性，是实现纳米级碳酸钙悬浊液粒度分布有效测定的关键因素。另外，样品透射电镜分析结果表明，基于声衰减原理的声波粒度仪较好地反映了纳米级碳酸钙悬浊液中颗粒粒度分布情况。     

一种纳米颗粒粒度分布的非接触测量方法

研究了基于高频宽带超声衰减谱非接触式方法测量纳米颗粒悬浊液中颗粒相粒度分布问题. 通过理论分析和数值计算,选择ECAH模型作为反演计算的理论模型. 以1%(j)的纳米银水悬浊液作为实验样品,采用标称中心频率为50 MHz的超声换能器和变声程脉冲回波法进行了非接触测量,获得了可利用的高频宽带(10~50 MHz)超声衰减谱,结合理论模型和最优正则化算法反演出纳米颗粒的粒度分布. 实验结果与透射电子显微镜法和高速离心沉降法的测定结果吻合较好,表明该方法可测量悬浊液中纳米颗粒粒度分布.     

反应沉淀法制备阿奇霉素药物超微粉体

利用反应沉淀法进行了阿奇霉素微粉化的实验研究,考察了NaOH溶液浓度、搅拌速度、搅拌时间和反应温度等因素对产品粒度、形貌、分散性及收率的影响. 分别采用扫描电镜(SEM)、比表面分析仪、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和红外光谱仪(FT-IR)对产品进行了分析与表征,并对微粉化产品和原料药进行了溶出性能研究. 实验结果表明,利用此方法可以制备得到平均粒径约为413 nm的无定型阿奇霉素超微粉体,与原料药相比,微粉化的阿奇霉素粉体比表面积增加了约27倍,相应地,药物的溶出性能较原料药明显改善.     

超临界CO2法制备超细HMX颗粒

考察了预膨胀压力、HMX丙酮溶液初始浓度、取样停留时间及其他因素对制备HMX超细微粒粒度和晶体性质的影响.制备的超细HMX微粒平均粒径在350 nm以下,一部分微粒粒度小于100 nm.结果表明,预膨胀压力对HMX颗粒尺寸的影响较大,压力增加,HMX平均粒度变小,粒度分布变窄;HMX丙酮溶液初始浓度对HMX的粒度和粒度分布有很大影响,初始浓度越小平均粒径就变小,粒度分布变窄.停留时间及喷嘴尺寸对颗粒粒度、粒度分布及其形貌都有不同程度的影响.     

高压均质法制备阿奇霉素超微粉体

采用高压均质机对阿奇霉素原料药物进行微粉化.讨论了均质机压强和循环次数、阿奇霉素浓度、稳定剂浓度等因素对微粉粒度的影响,确定了微粉化的最优化条件（阿奇霉素浓度10%（w/v）：稳定剂浓度1%（w/v）：均质机压力50 MPa均质机循环次数：12次,获得了粒径为1.2 μm的阿奇霉素超微粉体.     

超声雾化法制备单分散纳米CeO_2粉体研究

以硝酸铈和碳酸氢铵为原料,使用超声双雾化工艺实现微区反应制备了纳米CeO2粉体,并利用透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射分析和红外光谱测试等手段对制备的纳米CeO2粉体的物相结构、形貌及颗粒大小进行了表征,并探讨了超声雾化工艺制备纳米颗粒的反应机理。结果表明,超声雾化工艺所制备的纳米CeO2粉体粒径为3—5 nm,粒度分布均匀,且单分散性好;溶剂中加入的表面活性物质有利于降低雾化液的表面张力,使雾化液滴细化,并且具有一定的空间位阻作用,可以明显改善颗粒间的团聚。     

超声波在制备超细发泡剂ADC过程中的应用

本文考察了超声波频率、功率，超声处理时间和时段对制备超细发泡剂ADC产品粒度的影响，与常规的无超声波作用的制备方法相比，用超声场制备的发泡剂ADC的颗粒粒度小、粒径分布窄，其平均粒径约为7μg。而常规方法制备的颗粒粒度约为37μm。     

超细氧化钇粉体的制备

湿化学法制备超细粉体时，反应、分离、干燥以及灼烧都不同程度地影响粉体的粒径及团聚。在传统的草酸沉淀法制备氧化钇基础上对溶液的浓度、pH值以及表面活性剂的选择和用量、颗粒的表面电位进行了考察研究，确定了反应过程中影响粉体粒径的各个因素，得到一次粒径50－100nm，平均粒径0.521μm，晶型良好且具有单分散趋势的超细氧化钇。     

惰性粒子喷动床中制备超细碳酸钙的实验与建模

A novel reaction-drying process was carried out in a spouted bed reactor with inert particles and used to prepare ultrafine CaCO3 particles. Effects of concentrations of CO2 and Ca(OH)2, and reaction temperature on Ca(OH)2 conversion were experimentally investigated. The particle sizes and composition of CaCO3 produced were characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that ultrafine CaCO3 particles with mean size of 80 nm could be obtained with this novel process.By modifying the Arrhenius Equation and considering the Ca(OH)2 state, a kinetic model was established to describe the process in the spouted bed. The model parameters estimated from the reaction-drying experiments were found to fit well the experimental data, indicating the applicability of the proposed kinetic model.     

均匀沉淀法制备ZnS超细粉的新方法

制备ZnS超细粉通常是采用硫代乙酰胺(TAA)作为硫源，用化学合成法制取，但使用该原料在合成过程中易出现团聚现象，且价格昂贵；提出了采用一种低成本，且相对易于控制的原料硫代硫酸钠作为硫源，用均匀沉淀法制备ZnS超细粉的方法，并讨论了PH值温度对反应的影响。实验结果表明，用该方法可制得均匀、球形的ZnS超细粉末，且均匀粒径约为20nm。     

Influence of Particle Size and Mixing Technology on Combustion of HMX/Al Compositions

In this work, two widely used components of high‐energy condensed systems – HMX and aluminium – were studied. Morphology, thermal behaviour, chemical purity and combustion parameters of HMX as a monopropellant and Al/HMX as a binary system were investigated using particles of different sizes. It was shown that in spite of the differences in composition and particle size, combustion velocities are almost identical for micrometer‐sized HMX (m‐HMX) and ultrafine HMX (u‐HMX) monopropellants under pressure from 2 to 10 MPa. Replacement of the micrometer‐sized aluminium with ultrafine one in the system with m‐HMX leads to a burning rate increase by a factor of 2.5 and the combustion completeness raise by a factor of 4. Two mixing techniques to prepare binary Al/HMX compositions were applied: conventional and ‘wet’ technique with ultrasonic processing in liquid. Applying wet mixing results in a burning rate increase of 18% compared to the conventional mixing for systems with ultrafine metal. The influence of the component's particle size and the composition microstructure on the burning rate of energetic systems is discussed and analysed.     

钙钛矿型稀土复合氧化物超细粒子对CO还原SO2的催化性能

以共沉淀－－超临界干燥法制钙钛矿型ＬａＣｏＯ３和ＬａＭｎＯ３稀土合氧化物超细粒子,测试了该超细粒子对ＣＯ还原Ｓ煌催化性能,发现随ＬａｃｏＯ３和ＬａＭｎＯ３颗粒粒径减小和比表面积增大其对ＣＯ还原Ｓ煌催化活性提高。反应产物证棂单质硫,有微量ＣＯＳ和ＣＳ２生成,其中ＣＯＳ可能是ＣＯ还原ＳＯ２生成单质硫过程中的中间产物。     

Preparation of aluminum ultrafine particles by anodizing aluminum foil in acidic electrolyte containing chloride ions

Anodization of aluminum in acidic electrolyte containing chloride ions was used to prepare aluminum ultrafine particles (Al UFPs) for the first time. In addition, the influence of different acid electrolyte was investigated and the mechanism of generating Al UFPs is analyzed. It is found that the pitting corrosion of chloride ions plays an important role in preparing Al UFPs and the acidification of the electrolyte is in favor of the preparation. Al UFPs with different shape and size distribution were obtained via changing the type of acid. Finally, the model of generating Al UFPs via this method is proposed.     

采用二步法合成核-壳型二氧化硅/二氧化铈复合微粒

以正硅酸已酯为硅源,以氨水为催化剂,无水乙醇为溶剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法并经500℃煅烧1 h后制备了SiO2微粒,运用激光粒度分析方法研究了各原料配比对SiO2粒子大小和粒径分布的影响;再以硝酸铈为铈源,碳酸铵为沉淀剂,十二烷基苯磺酸钠为分散剂,加入SiO2微粒,用化学沉淀法,通过控制反应和焙烧条件,经300℃煅烧1 h后成功合成了核-壳型单分散球状SiO2/CeO2复合微粒.并用差示扫描量热仪/热重分析仪、X射线衍射仪、红外光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和X射线能谱仪等手段以及zeta电位测定对SiO2/CeO2复合微粒的结构、组成和性能进行了表征.结果表明:SiO2/CeO2复合微粒呈规则球状,粒子分布非常均匀,粒径约300～350 nm;CeO2基本上为膜包覆,伴有少量的CeO2沉积,CeO2包覆层厚度约为30nm;SiO2包覆CeO2后所得复合微粒的表面电性质发生变化,其等电点对应的pH值从2.2增大至5.5.     

Numerical study on particle size distribution in the process of preparing ultrafine particles by reactive precipitation

Based on the population balance and mass balance in a reactive precipitation process, a numerical simulation model was developed to predict the particle size distribution (PSD) in the reactive precipitation process. The precipitation system of BaCl₂ with Na₂SO₄ to prepare BaSO₄ in aqueous solution was adopted to obtain ultrafine particles in a stirred precipitation reactor and the particle size distribution and the morphology of the particle were observed under transmission electron microscope. It was illustrated by the experimental observation of the micrographs of BaSO₄ particles obtained that apparent agglomeration occurred between the particles, which phenomenon must be taken into consideration in PSD modeling. The population balance equation was calculated by discretization method to obtain particle number and particle size distribution. By implementing the model, the reactive precipitation process in a batch reactor including reaction, nucleation, growth and agglomeration was simulated. The simulation results were validated by the experimental data of BaSO₄ precipitation. Further analysis was endeavored to explore the effects of some important factors such as the supersaturation degree and agglomeration on the evolution of the volume-based characteristic particle size and the variance of volume-based characteristic size of the particles. It was depicted that particle size and particle size distribution are controlled by the supersaturation degree and agglomeration between the particles. Stemming from the analysis in the context, the disciplinarian of the influences of these factors and the method for controlling particle size distribution were presented for the reactive precipitation process.     

MnO超微粒子的制备及其对PEMFC电催化性能的研究

用微乳液法合成了 Mn O超微粒子 ,探讨了影响萃取率及粒度的因素 ,得到了最佳反应条件 ,并用透射电子显微镜 (TEM)、X射线衍射仪 (XRD)及红外光谱 (FTIR)进行了表征。得到了粒径为 5 nm左右的 Mn O超微粒子 ,并在质子交换膜燃料电池 (PEMFC)的铂电极中加入 5 nm的Mn O超微粒子作为催化剂 ,改变了电池的放电机理 ,提高了输出电压。为 PEMFC的商品化进行了有价值的探索。     

Real-Time Characterization of the Composition of Individual Particles Emitted From Ultrafine Particle Concentrators

Particle concentrators are commonly used for controlling exposure levels to ambient ultrafine, fine, and coarse aerosols over a broad range of concentrations. For ultrafine aerosols, these concentrators require water condensation technology to grow and enrich these smaller sized particles (D _a < 100 nm). Because the chemistry of the particles is directly related to their toxicity, any changes induced by ultrafine concentrators on ambient particles need to be better characterized in order to fully understand the results obtained in health exposure studies. Using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS), the size-resolved chemistry was measured of concentrated ultrafine and accumulation mode (50–300 nm) particles from several particle concentrators with different designs. This is the first report detailing the size-resolved distributions of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) particles sampled from concentrators. Experimental measurements of the single particle mixing state of particles in concentrated versus non-concentrated ambient air show transformations of ultrafine EC particles occur as they become coated with organic carbon (OC) species during the concentration process. Based on relative ion intensities, concentrated ultrafine particles showed a 30% increase in the amount of OC on the EC particles for the same aerodynamic size. An increase in the number fraction of aromatic- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-containing particles was also observed in both the ultrafine and fine size modes. The most likely explanation for such changes is gas-to-particle partitioning of organic components (e.g., water-soluble organic compounds) from the high volume of air used in the concentrator into aqueous phase ultrafine and fine aqueous particles created during the particle enrichment process.