"Previous experience disrupts atropine-induced stereotyped 'trapping' in rats": Correction to DeVietti et al.

Reports an error in "Previous experience disrupts atropine-induced stereotyped 'trapping' in rats" by Terry L. DeVietti, Sergio M. Pellis, Vivien C. Pellis and Philip Teitelbaum (Behavioral Neuroscience, 1985[Dec], Vol 99[6], 1128-1141). Three lines were erroneously repeated. In the first paragraph on p. 1138, the third sentence should read as follows: "Further, at the high doses that result in stereotypic trapping there are reliable changes in both cortical and hippocampal activity (Schallert et al., 1980; Shoham, Chen, DeVietti, & Teitelbaum, 1985; Vanderwolf, 1975)." (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1986-13974-001.) Three experiments with 64 Long-Evans hooded rats investigated atropine-induced stereotypic trapping reported by T. Schallert et al (see record 1981-07548-001). Exps I-II showed that such trapping was disrupted by previous experience with the specific trapping task or the test context alone. Exp III showed that, in response to the test context, specific behaviors were altered in Ss that were experienced with the context. Inexperienced Ss treated with intraperitoneal atropine (60 mg/kg) moved slowly and showed a strong thigmotaxis to surfaces with the body, particularly the snout. The hindquarters did not cooperate well with the movements of the forequarters. In contrast, atropine-treated Ss familiar with the context moved with medium-speed, coordinated movements, and showed a reduced tendency for surface contact with body and snout. These reactions of drugged Ss were exaggerated forms of those of undrugged Ss to the unfamiliar and familiar context, respectively. Results indicate that stereotypic trapping develops as a consequence of an interaction between the adaptive responses of the rat to a novel environment and atropine. (37 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Scanning and form-contingent color aftereffects.

G. K. Humphrey et al (see record 1994-28172-001) and J. Broerse and P. Grimbeek (see record 1994-28160-001) suggested that the form-contingent color aftereffect reported by S. Siegel et al (see record 1992-22207-001) would not be obtained if Ss were instructed to scan the induction and assessment forms. The authors present data from 10 adult Ss who were instructed to scan the forms. These scanning Ss displayed aftereffects that were no different from those described earlier by Siegel et al. Scanning Ss do display spatiotopic contingent color aftereffects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of age-extended norms for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Recent studies by R. J. Ivnik et al (see record 1993-04116-001), J. F. Malec et al (see record 1993-04120-001), and J. J. Ryan et al (see record 1991-08835-001) have provided age-extended norms for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R). The current study compared IQ scores based on these newer age-extended norms in 216 elderly Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Results showed that when the norms from Ryan et al were used, IQ scores were consistently the same as or higher than when WAIS—R manual norms were used. When the norms provided by Ivnik et al and Malec et al were used, IQ scores tended to be lower than WAIS—R manual norms for younger patients with more intellectual impairment. Results illustrate the importance of reporting the normative sample upon which IQ test scores for older adults are based and provide guidelines for selecting which set of age-extended WAIS—R norms to use with cognitively impaired elderly Ss. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Models of cognitive processing: A single flexible workspace or a distributed process? Comment on Carlson, Khoo, Yaure, and Schneider.

Data provided by R. A. Carlson et al (see record 1990-24447-001) show that with practice, Ss solve computerized versions of logic gates more quickly, with fewer requests for help, and more cheaply (in simulated costs). Ss reported that they changed strategies as they became more familiar with the task, began working backwards from the goal, and used larger perceptual units of analysis. Although these results provide an interesting account of the development of problem-solving expertise, they cannot be used to differentiate between single-workspace or distributed processing models of working memory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Completed suicide in the gifted: A late comment on "Suicide among gifted women."

A recent study by C. Tomlinson-Keasey et al (see record 1986-24809-001) found differences between completed suicides in L. M. Terman's sample of gifted children and comparison Ss. The present article suggests that the differences identified in Tomlinson-Keasey et al may have been confounded by the fact that completed suicides are typically found to have higher levels of psychiatric disturbance than nonsuicides. Data are presented to illustrate that when the completed suicides in Terman's sample are matched for psychiatric disturbance with the comparison Ss, few differences are found. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Hypnotically induced limb anesthesia and adaptation to displacing prisms: Replication requires adherence to critical procedures.

N. P. Spanos et al (see record 1981-27289-001) reported a failure to confirm the results of an experiment on prism adaptation reported by the present authors (see record 1981-06956-001) that required Ss to adapt to a prismatically displaced environment when their adapting limb was hypnotically anesthetized. The present authors argue that the failure of Spanos et al to replicate their findings is due to their failure to duplicate the critical conditions of the experiment. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Predicting violent behavior from WAIS characteristics: A replication failure.

Attempted to replicate the findings of M. W. Kunce et al (see record 1976-10022-001) on an index for predicting violent behavior derived from differential WAIS characteristics. The present study, with 16 violent and 10 nonviolent psychotic White males, found that, in contrast with the Kunce et al findings, violent Ss earned higher Similarities Ratio scores than did nonviolent Ss. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Positive thought disorder in a hypothetically psychosis-prone population.

Proverb interpretations of subjects who scored high on the Perceptual Aberration-Magical Ideation Scale (Per-Mags) (Chapman & Chapman, 1985) were compared with those of low-scoring controls. Responses to 10 familiar and 3 unfamiliar proverbs were scored for Bizarre-idiosyncratic thinking (J. Marengo et al; see record 1987-30079-001) and literalness (C. A. Hertler et al; see record 1979-12346-001). A Group by Type of Proverb (familiar versus unfamiliar) interaction was found for bizarre-idiosyncratic scores; Per-Mags scored higher than controls on unfamiliar, but not familiar proverbs. The Group?×?Familiarity interaction for bizarre-idiosyncratic scores indicates that the Per-Mag group displayed a subclinical, positive-thought disorder that is affected by the familiarity of the proverbs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Structures of psychological distress: Testing confirmatory hierarchical models.

Tested the contention of C. T. Veit and J. E. Ware (see record 1984-02935-001) that the structure of the Mental Health Inventory (MHI) proposed by B. P. Dohrenwend et al (see record 1981-25946-001) is underlaid with the factors of Psychological Distress and Psychological Well-Being. Data from intercorrelations of 5 MHI scales from 5,089 Ss were used. Results show that the theoretical formulation of the MHI is consistent with the data. (9 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On sending artifact in search of artifact: Reply to McDonald, Harris, and Maher.

Two studies are reported that show the P. J. McDonald et al (see record 1983-25674-001) critique of the present authors' (see record 1981-25503-001) earlier explanation for the arousal–self-awareness link to be mistaken. In Study 1 with 57 Ss, arousal-induced attention to self was demonstrated in a field setting devoid of any of the artifactual covariates of arousal induction suggested by McDonald et al. In Study 2, a replication of the McDonald et al experiment was conducted in which a crucial manipulation check was included; their study was burdened by the very artifact they claimed might exist in the present authors'. Slow running created self-focus through unusualness and embarrassment, whereas fast running led to self-focus via arousal. (9 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Emotional and behavioral responses to aversive interpersonal behaviors.

In a conceptual replication of A. Biglan et al (see record 1989-39898-001), 288 Ss rated their emotional and behavioral responses to aggressive, distressed, and neutral behaviors. The stimulus behaviors occurred in the context of casual relationships and were portrayed by male and female actors. Consistent with Biglan et al, it was found that aggressive behaviors evoked angry emotions and negative behavioral responses; distressed behaviors evoked both angry and concerned emotions and supportive behavioral responses. However, in contrast to the original results, evidence was also found of negative (primarily avoidant) behavioral responses to distressed behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Naturally occurring mood and learning: Comment on Hasher, Rose, Zacks, Sanft, and Doren.

Comments on the failure of L. Hasher et al (see record 1986-03061-001) to find mood-congruent learning (MCL), which occurs when Ss learn more about materials that are congruent with their moods (e.g., depressed Ss learn more sad material). Hasher et al argued that moderately depressed college students may be qualitatively different from clinically depressed patients and mood-induced Ss, in whom MCL has been observed. Although the present authors accept the findings of Hasher et al, they suggest that MCL may be a general though small effect that is present among normal college students as well. (54 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Conceptual masking in brief visual displays.

Examined a paradigm used to study conceptual masking. This paradigm uses a variant of the partial report procedure, wherein a display of characters is preceded or followed by a probe character and Ss must report whether the probe was in the display or not. Ss were 7 undergraduates. Results show that neither specific orienting effects of the probe nor eye movements to the probe character could explain the pattern of data found in earlier studies (V. Di Lollo and M. Moscovitch; see record 1984-14011-001). Data are discussed in the context of P. Dixon's (see record 1986-21077-001) model of performance within this paradigm. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A note of familiarity and scanning with tachistoscopic recognition.

D. J. Mewhort et al (see record 1969-12246-001) have argued that familiar sequences of letters are reported more accurately than random sequences, in a tachistoscopic task, because the arrays are processed more rapidly by a serial, left-to-right encoding operation. This scanning hypothesis predicts an interaction between familiarity and position, if scanning is interrupted, and a 3-way interaction with familiarity, position, and time, if processing time is manipulated. As predicted by the hypothesis, these interactions were present with free-recall of closely spaced sequences (Exp I, 14 Ss) but were absent for the results with widely spaced sequences (Exp II, 12 Ss). (French summary) (25 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of order of presentation, primacy, and physical attractiveness on attributions of ability.

Conducted 4 experiments with 720 undergraduates to determine if physical attractiveness interacts with or negates the primacy effect found by E. E. Jones et al (see record 1969-06853-001). Results demonstrate that attractive Ss received uniformly high attributions regardless of performance. Unattractive Ss, however, received attributions similar to those received by Ss who had no physical-attractiveness stimuli presented. Physical attractiveness had an effect only when presented before performance. When presented after performance, attributions received by attractive-stimulus Ss were not significantly different from attributions received by unattractive-stimulus Ss, as had been the case when attractiveness was presented before performance. Results support D. Newston (see record 1974-11048-001) and Newston and R. J. Rindner's (1979) hypothesis that perceivers may stop processing information once a point of sufficient subjective information is reached. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Human Subjects Review boards: A modest proposal.

Proposes a solution to problems related to the human Ss review boards as discussed by S. J. Ceci et al (see record 1986-12806-001). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Cognitive-behavioral therapy in geriatric depression": Reply to Riskind, Beck, and Steer.

Responds to the challenge by J. H. Riskind et al (see record 1986-12531-001) to the interpretation by J. L. Steuer et al (see record 1984-21146-001) that changes observed on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) in depressed geriatric patients treated with cognitive-behavioral (CB) group psychotherapy did not demonstrate superiority for CB therapy over a psychodynamic approach. Riskind et al proposed that somatic items on the other rating instruments used might not be valid in geriatric patients and thus might render those scales less sensitive. Reanalyses of the psychotherapy data and data from a placebo-controlled study of tricyclic antidepressants by the present 3rd author et al (see record 1983-21474-001) did not support this assertion. Somatic items proved to be sensitive to change in both studies. (8 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Are height and weight nonsensitive?

Criticizes S. J. Ceci et al (see record 1986-12806-001) for labeling discrimination based on height and weight as nonsensitive compared with discrimination based on race and sex in their article on human Ss review board decisions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Effective dissemination of energy-related information: Applying social psychology and evaluation research": Rejoinder.

Responds to comments by E. S. Geller (see record 1992-37385-001) and P. B. Crabb (see record 1992-37381-001) on the M. L. Dennis et al (see record 1991-08669-001) review of social and behavioral science literature related to energy conservation (EC). The Dennis et al article was not an attempt to recommend a comprehensive EC policy but rather intended to show how prior research and experience could be used to make information more effective in producing changes in public behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Convergent and discriminant validity of selected assertiveness measures.

Used D. T. Campbell and D. W. Fiske's (see record 1976-20103-001) multitrait-multimethod design and D. N. Jackson's (see record 1976-00077-001) multimethod factor analysis to investigate the convergent and discriminant validity of selected assertiveness measures as compared with those of aggression and dominance. The selected assertiveness measures were the College Self-Expression Scale (J. P. Galassi et al; see record 1974-30156-001), the Wolpe-Lazarus Assertiveness Questionnaire (J. Wolpe and A. Lazarus, 1966), and global self-ratings of assertiveness. 159 undergraduates served as Ss. Results provide strong support for the convergent and discriminant validity of the assertiveness measures. (33 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)