Estimating inelastic drift demands for wood portal frame systems considering accumulated damages

As one key to the implementation of the performance‐based design methodologies for wood structures, the performance objectives and their corresponding limit state criteria are usually correlated with the peak (maximum) interstory drift demands. This paper evaluates the inelastic drift demands including the peak drift and the residual drift for the prototype timber portal frame structural elements. Analytical 2D‐framed model representative of the study‐case were subjected to a suite of 50 pulse‐type earthquake ground motions. In addition, an accumulated damage index is added to the inputs of the nonlinear analyses to account for the damage caused by the previous ground excitations. Larger accumulated damages lead to larger inelastic drifts. Strong correlation is revealed among the drift demands, the peak ground accelerations, and the variables characterizing the nonlinear system behavior. Finally, estimation formulas for the peak and residual drift demands are proposed and validated with the simulated results from nonlinear time‐history analyses. Based on the presented formulas, the resilience ratio and the effective elastic drift are further derived to comprehend the nonlinear behavior of such timber made structures.     

Influence of infill configurations on seismic responses of steel self‐centering moment resisting frames

Steel self‐centering moment resisting frames (SC‐MRFs) have been validated experimentally as resilient structural systems, mainly highlighting the minimized residual drift responses but are prone to suffering high‐mode effects. In this paper, the influence of infill configurations on seismic responses of steel SC‐MRFs was first analyzed. A comparison of the previous experimental results was conducted to investigate the effect of infills on the residual drift of steel frames. In the numerical simulation, the infills were modeled as the equivalent strut diagonals, and the force–displacement of the infills was modeled using the combination of Elastic‐No Tension Material and Hysteretic Material offered by the OpenSees program. The seismic analyses of 3‐ and 9‐story SC‐MRFs with and without infills were carried out to analyze the effects of infills on the residual drift responses and high‐mode contribution under the selected ground motions. Finally, the different infill types and infill irregularities on the seismic responses were investigated to obtain general conclusions. The plastic deformations of columns and infills are also compared in the different cases of infill configurations. The results reveal that all infilled cases experience reduced peak‐story drift and force demands at the upper stories.     

组合梁刚度对组合框架的抗震性能影响分析

为研究钢-混凝土组合框架梁的刚度对组合框架抗震性能的影响,通过某多层钢结构工程实例,采用有限元软件ANSYS分别建立了纯钢框架、组合梁框架及其不同阻尼比下的框架计算模型,进行了纯钢框架与组合框架在不同阻尼比下的多遇地震反应谱分析及弹性时程分析。实例分析结果表明:考虑钢框架的组合作用后,结构整体自振周期变短,说明结构整体刚度变大,地震层间位移变小。虽然组合框架整体刚度的增大使地震力有所加大,但由于组合结构阻尼比接近混凝土结构阻尼比,组合框架无论是结构侧向位移还是地震力均小于纯钢框架,因此组合框架是一种良好的结构形式。     

An investigation on the accuracy of pushover analysis for estimating the seismic deformation of braced steel frames

This paper investigates the potentialities of the pushover analysis to estimate the seismic deformation demands of concentrically braced steel frames. Reliability of the pushover analysis has been verified by conducting nonlinear dynamic analysis on 5, 10 and 15 story frames subjected to 15 synthetic earthquake records representing a design spectrum. It is shown that pushover analysis with predetermined lateral load pattern provides questionable estimates of inter-story drift. To overcome this inadequacy, a simplified analytical model for seismic response prediction of concentrically braced frames is proposed. In this approach, a multistory frame is reduced to an equivalent shear-building model by performing a pushover analysis. A conventional shear-building model has been modified by introducing supplementary springs to account for flexural displacements in addition to shear displacements. It is shown that modified shear-building models have a better estimation of the nonlinear dynamic response of real framed structures compared to nonlinear static procedures.     

三层足尺分层装配支撑钢框架结构的振动台试验研究

为探究分层装配支撑钢框架体系在真实地震动力作用下的响应与性能,以某3层足尺房屋钢框架结构为研究对象,输入不同水准下的3条地震波进行振动台试验,分析了结构动力分步损伤行为、主（余）震层间变形、残余位移响应及其柔性支撑的可修复性。研究结果表明,结构满足我国规范对于抗震安全性的要求。在罕遇地震作用下,结构损伤集中于柔性支撑而主框架基本保持弹性,表现出损伤控制的特征,且震后基本无残余位移。未对支撑进行修复的结构在余震作用下的位移响应有所放大,但对支撑进行简易修复之后,结构抗震性能基本完全恢复。在超大地震作用下,主框架作为第二道抗震防线发展局部塑性变形,但震后残余位移仍然很小。柔性支撑初始是否张紧对结构初始刚度和层间位移分布有较大影响。支撑在动力作用下的突然张紧对结构产生了冲击效应,而支撑的延性可有效缓解此效应的影响。研究总体表明分层装配支撑钢框架体系应用于低多层建筑时具有优良的抗震性能与震后可恢复性。     

基于屈服点谱法的中心支撑钢框架抗震性态评估

屈服点谱(Yield Point Spectra,YPS)是以位移-加速度表述的反应谱形式。YPS可以用于对现有结构进行抗震评估,确定结构在给定地震作用下的峰值位移和延性。本文按照我国设计规范分别设计了6层、9层、12层3个人字形中心支撑钢框架结构,利用YPS对3个结构进行非线性静力分析,得到结构在设防地震和罕遇地震下的峰值位移和层间位移角,并与SAP2000动力时程分析得到的结果进行对比,评估人字形中心支撑钢框架在设防地震和罕遇地震下的抗震性态,评价了YPS方法用于中心支撑钢框架抗震性态评估的可靠性。     

Gaussian process model for maximum and residual drifts of timber-steel hybrid building

The current performance-based building design considers maximum interstorey drift (MISD) ratio as the main structural performance indicator. Observations from past earthquake and reported studies, however, have highlighted that residual interstory drift (RISD) ratio has become an important factor in assessing post-earthquake safety of buildings, and decision in economic feasibility of repair and reconstruction. Improving post-earthquake performance evaluation of buildings enables decision-makers prioritise repair and tag high-risk buildings. The MISD and RISD are subject to uncertainties and have non-linear relation with the input parameters. Thus, in this paper, analytical surrogate model of MISD and RISD ratios are developed using Gaussian process (GP). To show utility of the GP model, a new hybrid building system, cross laminated timber (CLT)–steel moment resisting frame hybrid system, was considered. The hybrid building was design for the seismicity of Vancouver, BC, and meets the current steel design code. For the GP surrogate model, the hybrid building input parameters considered were: infill pattern of the CLT, bracket spacing of the connection between the CLT and steel frame and panel thickness and strength of the CLT. In addition, sensitivity of four ground motion indicators was considered as surrogate input into the GP model: peak ground acceleration, ratio of peak ground acceleration/peak ground velocity, Arias intensity measure and significant duration. In general, the GP model showed good predictive performance of MISD and RISD ratios. In particular, the best predictions were obtained using the ratio of peak ground acceleration/peak ground velocity as a covariate.     

钢框架结构基于概率抗震性能评估

通过分析基于概率抗震性能评估方法的技术框架,确定该方法的基本假定。基于典型钢框架动力弹塑性计算结果的统计分析,证明基于我国规范设计的钢框架结构符合该方法的基本假定。因此,基于概率抗震性能评估方法适用于基于我国规范设计的钢框架结构的抗震性能评估,并采用该方法建立钢框架结构层间位移角风险曲线,对钢框架结构达到"大震不倒"抗震目标的能力给予概率意义上的量化。     

Seismic structural and non-structural performance evaluation of highly damped self-centering and conventional systems

This paper evaluates the seismic structural and non-structural performance of self-centering and conventional structural systems combined with supplemental viscous dampers. For this purpose, a parametric study on the seismic response of highly damped single-degree-of-freedom systems with self-centering flag-shaped or bilinear elastoplastic hysteresis is conducted. Statistical response results are used to evaluate and quantify the effects of supplemental viscous damping, strength ratio and period of vibration on seismic peak displacements, residual displacements and peak total accelerations. Among other findings, it is shown that decreasing the strength of nonlinear systems effectively decreases total accelerations, while added damping increases total accelerations and generally decreases residual displacements. Interestingly, this work shows that in some instances added damping may result in increased residual displacements of bilinear elastoplastic systems. Simple design cases demonstrate how these findings can be considered when designing highly damped structures to reduce structural and non-structural damage.     

高强钢组合K形偏心支撑框架结构振动台试验研究

为研究高强钢组合K形偏心支撑框架的抗震性能,推动高强钢在我国建筑领域的应用,对一个单跨两榀三层高强钢组合K形偏心支撑钢框架进行缩尺比例为1/2的振动台试验,得到不同工况下的自振频率、阻尼比、加速度反应、位移反应及耗能梁段的应变。研究表明：随地震波峰值加速度的增大,结构的自振频率降低,阻尼比增大,加速度反应增大,动力放大系数减小。按照动力相似关系推导出原型结构的地震反应,多遇地震作用下结构最大层间位移角为1/1667,罕遇地震作用下结构最大层间位移角为1/237,均满足抗震规范变形验算的规定。综上,高强钢组合K形偏心支撑框架具有良好的抗震性能,满足“三水准”抗震设防准则。     

基于性能的自复位钢框架震后功能恢复能力量化分析

自复位结构由于具有较好的抗震性能,近年来得到学者的广泛关注。目前对自复位结构体系的抗震性能评估仍然集中在结构的最大层间位移角、楼层的峰值加速度和残余层间位移角等,而对该结构体系的综合抗震性能评估较少,因此基于功能恢复能力的概念,以自复位耗能支撑钢框架和自复位屈曲约束支撑钢框架为例,对两种结构分别进行增量动力分析,得到结构体系的地震易损性曲线。进而计算结构的直接经济损失,基于地震损失评估模型,评估结构体系震后的恢复时间和总损失。最后,采用三种不同的功能恢复函数模型,对比分析了两种自复位结构震后功能恢复能力,为自复位结构体系的抗震性能分析提供参考。     

考虑余震影响的RC框架结构抗震设计方法

历史地震表明强余震会进一步增大结构的破坏程度甚至使其倒塌,但是我国乃至世界上的所有抗震设计规范均只考虑主震作用而没有直接考虑余震影响.为提出能有效考虑余震影响的抗震设计方法,文章基于主余震设计谱和主震设计谱共设计了12个钢筋混凝土(RC)框架结构.选取50条实际主余震地震动对所有结构进行增量动力分析进而得到结构倒塌易损...     

Seismic assessment of concrete buildings reinforced with shape memory alloy materials in different stories

Shape memory alloy (SMA) is a unique material with many beneficial characteristics such as superelasticity and excellent resistance against corrosion. However, the high expenses related to the material costs and difficulties associated with implementation of SMAs in reinforced concrete (RC) structures may limit their usage. To decrease the costs related to SMA installation, this paper investigates the seismic performance of RC moment‐resisting frames with the intention of specifying the optimal stories for SMA utilization. To this end, RC frames with 3, 5, 7, and 9 stories are modeled and various cases are considered for SMA locations in different story levels. For each building, 4 different cases are considered including a frame with regular steel reinforcement (Steel), a frame with SMAs in all story levels (full SMA), and 2 remaining cases consist of frames with SMAs in bottom and middle story levels only. In the first part, nonlinear dynamic time history analyses are conducted to evaluate the base shear, roof displacement, interstory, and residual drift demands of the structures using 10 ground‐motion records. In the second part, the incremental dynamic analysis is employed to assess the entire range of structural dynamic behavior. By using the generated data from incremental dynamic analysis procedure, fragility evaluation is conducted on multiple limit states to provide a comprehensive performance assessment for each case. The results indicate that frames with SMA in their lower story levels performed similar to frames equipped with SMA in all story levels. However, the fragility assessments show the better performance of frames with SMA in their bottom stories versus other cases. On this basis, the costs associated with SMA fabrication could be reduced noticeably (nearly two‐thirds) without sacrificing the overall performance of the frame and its post‐earthquake serviceability.     

自复位摩擦耗能支撑框架的抗震性能分析

自复位摩擦耗能支撑(SCFED)是一种兼具耗能能力与自定心能力的新型支撑。本文将SCFED应用于一9层Benchmark钢框架,采用OpenSEES有限元软件,进行了非线性静力推覆分析(Pushover)和非线性动力时程分析,通过与屈曲约束支撑(BRB)框架结构的对比,研究了SCFED框架结构的抗震性能。结果表明:SCFED框架的最大层间位移角较BRB框架小,且沿楼层高度分布更为均匀;BRB框架平均残余层间位移角约为最大位移角的10%~20%,而SCFED框架的残余位移角仅为最大位移角的1%~2%,表明SCFED能有效控制结构的残余变形;由于SCFED在自复位时的刚度转换较为剧烈,导致SCFED框架的层加速度比BRB框架大。     

内嵌CCA板填充墙对钢框架结构受力性能的影响

为了研究蒸压无石棉纤维素纤维水泥板(CCA板)填充墙对钢框架结构受力性能的影响,对纯框架和带CCA板填充墙钢框架进行了低周往复加载试验,并利用有限元软件ABAQUS进行了模拟分析。根据试验及有限元模拟结果对带CCA板填充墙钢框架的承载能力、抗侧刚度和耗能能力等抗震性能指标进行了分析。结果表明:在低周往复荷载作用下,CCA板填充墙提高了钢框架结构的承载能力、抗侧刚度;CCA板填充墙参与了钢框架结构的滞回耗能,带CCA板填充墙钢框架的累积耗能能力明显优于纯框架;与纯框架相比,带CCA板填充墙钢框架的初始刚度有所提高;当位移角达到某一限值时,CCA板填充墙的损坏会引起钢框架结构的刚度发生突变,钢框架结构非弹性设计不应考虑CCA板填充墙对钢框架结构刚度的提高作用;所得结论可为带CCA板填充墙钢框架的工程应用提供参考。     

Prevention of story drift amplification in a 20‐story steel frame structure by tension‐rod displacement–restraint bracing

This paper proposes an application of tension‐rod displacement–restraint bracing to prevent story drift amplification in tall steel moment frames. Seismic response analyses of a 20‐story bare steel frame are performed first, revealing that story drift amplification occurs in the upper and lower stories at different times. Characteristics observed for the seismic response of the bare frame suggest the efficacy of the delay action of bracing. Subsequently, seismic response analyses of the 20‐story braced frame with tension‐rod displacement–restraint bracings reveals that the increment of the column axial force by addition of bracing is reduced dramatically by the delay action of bracing. The story rotation angles within partial stories where the story drift amplification occurs in the bare frame are also reduced efficiently by the displacement–restraint bracing. The delay action of bracing influences the floor response acceleration and the residual displacement. Finally, parametric analysis results indicate an appropriate value of the story rotation angle at which the brace action starts.     

装配式方钢管混凝土柱框架-条板复合墙结构足尺振动台试验研究

为研究装配式方钢管混凝土（CFSST）柱框架-条板复合墙结构的抗震性能,对一个两层房屋足尺模型实施了振动台试验,分析了模型在不同工况下的损伤累积过程,研究了模型动力特性和地震响应的变化规律。结果表明：随着地震波峰值加速度的增大,模型自振频率逐渐降低;在地震波峰值加速度为0.7g前阻尼比逐渐增大,之后略降;楼层加速度放大系数介于1.2～1.8之间,且呈降低趋势。模型在8度基本、8度罕遇地震动作用下的最大层间位移角满足规范限值要求,且残余位移较小。模型内力变化具有阶段性特征：在墙板裂缝贯通前,条板复合墙是主要的抗侧力构件,而CFSST柱框架内力较小;裂缝贯通后,条板复合墙通过内部的摩擦错动一定程度上耗散了台面振动能量,是主要的耗能构件;最终条板复合墙裂解为多个单一条板,但仍具有较强的抗倒塌能力。总体上,条板复合墙和CFSST柱框架变形协调,共同工作性能良好,且墙体拉结措施可靠,符合规范要求。     

The effect of design drift limit on the seismic performance of RC dual high‐rise buildings

Current building codes aim to ensure the acceptable performance of structures implicitly. Because these provisions are empirically developed for low‐ to medium‐rise buildings, their applicability to high‐rise building warrants further investigation. In this paper, the effect of design drift limit on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete dual high‐rise buildings is considered. Nine buildings are designed for 3 drift limits: the code limit (i.e., 2%), one that is lower than the code limit (i.e., 1.5%), and one that is higher than the code limit (i.e., 3%). For each drift limit, buildings of 3 heights (20, 25, and 30 stories) are designed. Finite element models are constructed in OpenSees, and incremental dynamic analysis is performed. The results are used to develop probabilistic seismic demand models, where model parameters are determined using maximum likelihood estimation to incorporate equality and censored data. Reliability analysis using probabilistic demand models is conducted to derive seismic fragility and demand hazard curves. In addition, the collapse performance of the drift limits is evaluated using the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) P695 procedure. The study results show that the design drift limit affects the building's seismic performance, and the effect depends on the performance level considered. Moreover, from a structural integrity perspective, a larger design drift limit does not induce a significantly higher risk and might yield a more cost‐effective design.     

Effect of replaceable coupling beams on damage of frame-core structures

为定量评估罕遇地震作用下结构的损伤程度,结合国内外抗震设计规范与相关研究成果,给出了较为实用的结构与构件地震损伤判别标准。综合分析认为结构最大瞬时层间变形角、残余变形以及各类构件的最大转角可以较为全面反映整体结构与构件的损伤情况,便于在结构抗震设计时应用。针对以剪切变形为主的构件特点,提出一种可更换连梁,并给出了相应的设计方法。算例分析结果表明：可更换连梁对结构侧向刚度影响较小,通过改善结构的耗能能力,减小结构在罕遇地震作用下的层间位移角与相应的破坏程度;采用可更换连梁后,核心筒剪力墙的受损程度明显降低,顶部残余变形显著减小;尽管可更换连梁的耗能段变形集中,但与其相连的混凝土梁段基本保持弹性状态;对于钢框架-混凝土核心筒混合结构,边框柱与边框梁在罕遇地震作用下的损伤程度均较低,可更换连梁对其影响较小。     

Seismic design requirements for reinforced concrete piers considering aftershock-induced seismic hazard

The main purpose of this study is to develop an estimation procedure of seismic design level setting for reinforced concrete (RC) piers considering aftershock-induced seismic hazards. This work develops an assessment method of the seismic hazards induced by aftershocks and takes an example of the Chi–Chi Earthquake in Taiwan. The number of aftershocks is assumed to follow the modified Gutenberg–Richter law with lower and upper bounds when analysing the cumulative density function of the magnitude of the aftershock within a specified post-mainshock period for the earthquake. Additionally, this work considers the spatial uncertainty in the hypocentres of aftershocks to assess the aftershock-induced seismic hazards. Fragility curves and residual factors of damaged RC piers are used in the transition probability matrix of Markov Chain model for considering the cumulative damage induced by aftershocks by incorporating uncertainty into aftershock events, as well as into structural capacity and residual factors corresponding to a specified damage state, the exceedance probabilities for various damage states can be estimated using Markov Chain model and Monte Carlo Simulation. Finally, in the case study, the proposed procedure is used to determine the important factor in the preliminary seismic design of typical RC piers for the Chi–Chi Earthquake in Taiwan.