万能测长机在基准量块尺寸校准中的应用

简述了利用万能测长机对基准量块进行校准的方法,简化了校准环节,提高了工作效率,为公司节省了开支。     

Ball array calibration on a coordinate measuring machine using a gage block

The distances between the balls of a ball array used in machine geometry calibration have to be very accurate. These distances can be calibrated using a laser measurement system, which requires specially designed optical devices and measuring probes. In this paper, a new and economical alternative method for calibrating the ball array is described. A single gage block is used for measuring the standard distance at the starting position. Then, the exact distances between the balls can be obtained by using the coordinate measuring machine (CMM) probe motion. This method does not depend on the accuracy of the CMM. Also, this method does not require expensive instruments or devices, but a CMM and a gage block. A simple “parallel-plane” bracket, mounted on to the measuring end of a CMM probe, is used to determine the centers of the balls automatically and accurately.     

并联机床运动学自标定方法研究

以Stewart型并联机床为对象,研究一种能实现自标定的运动学标定方法,以提高标定效率.在建立两点之间距离误差的基础上,采用哑铃型球杆作为标准的检测量具,并以此建立机床结构参数误差与球杆标准长度之间的误差传递模型.提出了数据自动采集的方案,开发了专用标定软件,实现了数据采集、数据分析处理和机床结构参数补偿的集成.基于提出的方法,利用测头、球杆和为标定而开发的软件,作为加工叶片的Stewart型六自由度并联机床标定的工具.经两次标定,在机床工作空间内,并联机床的运动学定位误差控制在±0.02 mm以内.     

New method for computer numerical control machine tool calibration: Relay method

Relay measurement method, which uses the kilogram-meter (KGM) measurement system to identify volumetric errors on the planes of computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools, is verified through experimental tests. During the process, all position errors on the entire plane table are measured by the equipment, which is limited to a small field. All errors are obtained first by measuring the error of the basic position near the original point. On the basis of that positional error, the positional errors far away from the original point are measured. Using this analogy, the error information on the positional points on the entire plane can be obtained. The process outlined above is called the relay method. Test results indicate that the accuracy and repeatability are high, and the method can be used to calibrate geometric errors on the plane of CNC machine tools after backlash errors have been well compensated. __________ Translated from Journal Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Nature Science Edition), 2005, 33(11): 60–62 [译自: 华中科技大学学报(自然科学版)]     

空间曲率检测中的标定误差分析和标定方法

在分析空间曲线的曲率检测误差产生原因的基础上,研究了标定方向空间曲率和检测方向信号的关系。在确定曲率分量和检测信号的关系之后,提出了一种校正标定误差、提高空间曲率检测精度的方法,并介绍了该方法的几何意义。该方法不仅可以用于空间曲率检测的标定工作,也可适用其他一些空间矢量的检测工作。     

基于主动视觉的相机标定方法在太阳能电池片丝印机上的应用

为了实现太阳能电池片丝印机视觉对位系统高精度标定的目标,采用线性相机模型与高精度的标定板及高精度的主动视觉平台,并采用基于平面正交运动的主动视觉标定方法以实现标定系统构建。本研究阐述了线性相机模型和相机标定方法,介绍了丝印机视觉对位系统的构成,设计了基于主动视觉标定方法的主动视觉对位平台的运动过程。标定时,令主动视觉平台按照预先设计的运动信息表动作,由相机采集每次运动后标定板上特征点的图像。根据每次平台运动采集到的特征点信息与平台运动距离之间的关系,通过采用Matlab的OPENCV算法,线性地求解了相机的内外参数,给出了相机标定的部分程序,并分析了标定误差。结果表明,采用基于平面正交运动的主动视觉标定方法,仅需主动视觉平台做有限的几次运动就能够实现相机的线性标定,实现起来比较容易,且标定精度能够满足使用需求。     

Reduced configuration set for the multi-step method applied to machine and probe error separation on a CMM

This paper presents a refinement and further analysis of an application of the multi-step method for the separation of machine and probe errors on a CMM using multiple redundancy probing of the machine’s own master ball. The objective is to reduce the amount of data required and so minimize the test time in order to reduce the industrial cost of such periodic verifications.     

静重式力标准机A-B-A检定法的不确定度分析方法

静重式力标准机属于实物标准,检定时用的传递标准器为非实物标准的标准测力仪。由于标准测力仪存在不稳定性、蠕变、漂移等诸多因素,检定人员即使完全按检定规程对力标准机进行操作,若操作程序不科学同样会引起非常大测量不确定度。通过分析,为静重式力标准机检定时不确定度评定估计提供一种方法。     

圆锥滚子标准件测量方法分析

利用立式测长仪测量圆锥滚子标准件大头尺寸的原有方法测量误差比较大。针对该问题,改进了测量方法,并通过具体的测量实例验证,提高了测量精度,保证了产品质量。     

Development of a parametric model and virtual machine to estimate task specific measurement uncertainty for a five-axis multi-sensor coordinate measuring machine

Any combination of contact and non contact sensors on a single coordinate measuring machine makes it a multi-sensor or hybrid coordinate measuring machine. The ability to change the probing device without re-establishing the part coordinate system is a significant advantage and consequently the reason for their wide acceptance and usage. In addition to the existing three linear stages in a conventional or hybrid coordinate measuring machine, the number of axes can be augmented with two rotary stages in order to make them more versatile. This not only complicates the metrology loop but also adds more parametric errors to existing list of known 21 errors for a three stage conventional measuring machine. Also different probing sensors in the system have different metrology loops. Literature survey reveals that there is no previous or current work on estimation of task specific uncertainty for machines of this class with a wide potential for measuring complex parts quickly and with great ease. The current work focuses on developing a virtual measuring machine of this class which incorporates a parametric model of a five-axis multi-sensor coordinate measuring machine, techniques to estimate the parametric errors in the model and error correction strategies for the same. The virtual machine is used to mimic real time measurements in order to come up with estimates for task specific measurement uncertainty.     

On-machine roundness measurement of cylindrical workpieces by the combined three-point method

In this paper, we describe a new differential method for on-machine roundness measurement of cylindrical workpieces, which is called the combined three-point method. This method combines the advantages of the generalized three-point method and the sequential three-point method and can accurately measure roundness profiles including stepwise variations. In the combined three-point method, some data points in the roundness profile evaluated by the generalized three-point method are chosen as the reference points of the standard area and used to determine the relationships among the data groups of the sequential three-point method. An interpolation technique is employed in the data processing of the generalized three-point method to improve the accuracy of the standard area. Theoretical analyses and computer simulations confirming the feasibility of the combined three-point method are shown in this paper. A roundness measurement system using three capacitance-type displacement probes is constructed. The measurement system and the experimental results are also presented.     

激光调阻机多档测量误差的软件自适应校正

为了减小激光调阻机测量系统的多档测量误差对阻值修调精度的影响,提出了一种基于有源单臂电桥测量原理自适应地校正激光调阻机多档测量误差的方法.通过测量和标定高精度标准电阻的测量误差,自适应地获取校正激光调阻机多档测量误差的系列修正值,进而用系列修正值对所有待修调电阻的阻值测量误差进行校正,达到进一步减小系统测量误差的目的.实践证明,在测量硬件电路保证高稳定性、微小波动性测量的前提下,应用该方法可使测量系统的精度指标达到:低阻区(R<100Ω)为±0.5‰;中阻区为±0.2‰;高阻区(R≥1MΩ)为±2‰.     

关节臂式坐标测量机的数学建模及参数标定

关节臂式坐标测量机(AACMM)是一种便携式高精度测量设备,由于测量机末端探头中心坐标的关系且关节的旋转角度非常复杂,有必要建立准确的数学模型以达到所需的精度。其经典的数学模型是Denavit-Hartenberg(D-H)模型,但它在相邻关节轴平行时存在缺陷且忽略了静态柔性误差。为了消除D-H模型的不足,研究了一种基于广义几何误差理论的数学模型,并采用非常快速模拟退火算法对广义几何误差参数进行标定。对比实验结果表明,广义几何误差模型进行算法标定后平均误差减小了0.500 1 mm,标准偏差减小了0.337 3 mm;基于广义几何误差模型的长度测量的平均误差为0.045 4 mm,标准偏差为0.032 3 mm,均优于采用MDH模型测量的平均误差和标准偏差,验证了方法的有效性。     

Development of a ball step-gauge and an interferometric stepper used for ball-plate calibration

We propose a new design artifact for the calibration of ball-plates, which are used to assess the performance of coordinate-measuring machines (CMMs) and to calibrate those. Though transferring a length standard is necessary for ball-plate calibration, gauge-blocks are usually used for it. We think that the gauge-blocks are not appropriate gauges for transferring the length standard because of their shape. Therefore, we develop a new artifact, which we call a ball step-gauge. The ball step-gauge consists of a steel bar having the shape of an H and seven ceramic balls. It is rigid and lightweight. In addition, it can be calibrated precisely using special equipment with a laser interferometer; thus it can be used as a transfer length standard in the ball-plates calibration; furthermore, we discuss the uncertainties in measurements using the new interferometric equipment we developed.     

一种压电式六维加速度传感器的校准方法研究

基于多只压电式单轴加速度传感器的压电式六维加速度传感器的传感误差主要由多只压电式单轴加速度传感器的安装误差和输出误差决定.为了对压电式六维加速度传感器的传感误差进行估计和补偿,提出并研究了一种压电式六维加速度传感器的校准方法,建立了压电式六维加速度传感器的校准模型.在此基础上,分析了校准过程中加速度激励误差对校准结果的影响和最佳角加速度激励频率的范围,建立了对校准误差进行估计的方法.研究结果表明,利用所建立的校准方法和校准误差估计方法不仅能够准确地实现压电式六维加速度传感器的校准,而且能够对校准结果的误差进行估计.该研究工作为压电式六维加速度传感器的误差补偿和精度提高奠定了基础.     

基于改进遗传算法实现柔性三坐标测量机参数标定

针对柔性三坐标测量机测量精度低的弊端,提出了误差修正和参数标定的方法.应用Denavit-Hartenberg( DH)法建立了柔性三坐标测量系统的运动学模型和误差模型,考虑系统结构参数标定问题,提出了一种基于优化最小二乘法的改进遗传算法.首先,在最小二乘法中引入变化因子来衡量收敛速度;其次,当该因子趋于稳定时,将产生...     

A two-dimensional test body for calibration of coordinate measuring machines

A two-dimensional test body having cross-aligned hollow cones has been developed for automatic calibration of coordinate measuring machines (CMMs). Two hours are sufficient for the measurement of translatory and rectangularity errors of a CMM by means of the test body. In this paper the principles of measurement of such erros using the test body are described These principles can be utilized on the assumption that one knows the exact values of the test body, so the calibration procedures for the test body are also described.     

Geometric error calibration of multi-axis machines using an auto-alignment laser interferometer

This work will report the development and application of an auto-alignment laser interferometer system for the geometric error calibration of CNC multi-axis machines. The system is capable of a diagonal displacement measurement, where multiple machine axes are moved simultaneously, with automatic optic alignment. This capability provides a solution for quick evaluation of the overall volumetric error of a multi-axis machine tool. One application of the system is that the 21 geometric errors of a 3-axis machine can be quickly estimated from the displacement measurements of some determined diagonal lines in the working volume. Compared with a time of several days using a conventional laser interferometer system, it takes only 1 hour for the proposed system to complete the geometry calibration of a 3-axis machine. A method for the roll calibration of a vertical axis is also proposed and demonstrated in this work.     

Kinematic calibration of gantry hybrid machine tool based on estimation error and local measurement information

This paper presents the kinematic calibration of a four degrees-of-freedom (DOF) hybrid machine tool based on a novel planar 3-DOFs parallel mechanism and a long movement of the worktable. Closed-form solutions are developed for both the inverse and direct kinematics about the parallel mechanism. The error model is built and the mechanism accuracy is investigated. Two types of kinematic calibration method are proposed by a simple measurement device. The first type of calibration method is based on estimation error, and can easy improve the machine tool accuracy quickly by estimating the error trends. The second type of kinematic calibration method is based on local measurement information, which includes the position errors and does not include the pose errors of the machine tool. The calibration tests showed the effectiveness of the calibration methods, which can be useful for the similar types of parallel machine tool.     

凸轮升程误差在三坐标测量机上的精确测量

根据凸轮升程误差的设计要求与测量要求,提出了在三坐标测量机上用搜索点法实现的凸轮升程误差的测量方法,介绍了方法的原理、实现步骤,并对测量方法进行了误差分析。理论分析与测量实践表明,本文提出的凸轮升程误差测量方法的测量极限误差为±1.8 μm,比传统的凸轮升程误差测量方法如桃尖点法、敏感点法的测量极限误差小40%左右。