脂肪酸类相变储能建筑材料的研究及应用

介绍了常用脂肪酸类相变材料及其低共熔混合物具有适合的热物性且多次加速热循环后仍具有良好的热稳定性的特点,是符合建筑领域要求的一类理想的相变材料。综述了脂肪酸类相变材料与建筑材料的结合方式以及脂肪酸类相变储能建筑材料的应用。针对脂肪酸在相转变时由于体积膨胀与盛装容器或担载材料间产生的相容性问题提出相应的评价方式,并对脂肪酸类相变储能建筑材料存在的问题和今后的研究方向提出了建议。     

多孔纳米基复合相变材料在建筑节能中的应用进展

近年来相变材料的开发和应用受到广泛的关注,研究表明,纳米和多孔基复合相变材料可以显著提高材料热导率和热稳定性,同时可以有效防止相变材料在熔融和凝固过程中发生的泄漏问题。本文主要介绍了建筑领域的纳米和多孔基复合相变材料的选择和制备、材料的表征及热物性测量研究,简述了掺入复合相变材料的砂浆、石膏板、混凝土和砖块的热性能情况,通过实验和数值模拟分析了建筑系统中的复合相变材料的应用情况,对采用了储热相变材料的建筑系统进行成本分析和节能研究。最后说明应根据地区气候和使用需求选择不同相变点和热导率的相变材料,添加相变墙体可提高热舒适性,并有效减少能耗。同时指出如何将相变墙体更好地与主动式技术结合,以及探究降低相变墙体的可回收年限和长时间使用相变墙体后的热性能是今后的主要研究方向。     

有机-无机复合相变材料的研究进展

有机相变材料具有过冷度小、无相分离、蓄热强等优势,在相变储热领域一直受到广泛的关注。然而,较低的热导率、液相泄漏和较差的热稳定性成为限制其应用的瓶颈缺陷。近几年,有机-无机复合相变材料的研究成为新的热点,极大地促进了有机相变材料的应用和发展。本文综述了常见的提高有机相变材料导热性能的高导热性纳米材料,以及制备有机-无机定形复合相变材料常选用的多孔支撑材料,并从制备方法、作用方式和热物性等方面介绍了有机-无机复合相变材料,复合相变材料相比于单一纯相变材料具有诸多优越的性能。预测有关结构优化、封装工艺并与高效储能系统结合的研究会成为有机-无机复合相变材料未来的发展趋势。     

脂肪酸相变储能材料热性能研究进展

在以往所研究的相变材料中,脂肪酸由于展现出优越的性能,得到了研究者更多的关注,但同样存在相变温度不适宜和导热性能差等热性能问题。本工作通过现有文献对脂肪酸相变储能材料的热性能进行系统分析,提出了脂肪酸与脂肪酸、脂肪醇及石蜡复合3种有效解决相变温度不适宜的方法;针对导热性能差提出了多孔材料吸附、添加碳材料或金属粒子和微胶囊化3种高效易行的强化传热方式,进而说明这一领域目前研究重点。同时,对脂肪酸储能材料的相变性能、导热增强方法及导热增强剂进行了比较,分析了各自的优缺点。最后,对脂肪酸相变储能材料热性能研究的不足之处进行了探究,并指出了制备出更多能应用于建筑节能和纺织等领域的脂肪酸相变储能材料和着重研究脂肪酸与石蜡的复合等进一步研究方向。     

聚乙二醇定形相变材料的热稳定性

利用热重分析仪对不同分子量、不同支撑材料、不同配方的聚乙二醇(PEG)定形相变材料的热稳定性进行了分析。结果表明,机械加工方法有可能会对PEG分子链有破坏作用,PEG定形相变材料具有良好的热稳定性。随着PEG分子量的增加,PEG定形相变材料的热分解温度越来越高,热稳定性更好。活性炭颗粒(ACG)和膨胀石墨(EG)都会使PEG相变材料的热分解温度降低,热稳定性有所降低。随着PEG定形相变材料中支撑材料含量的增加,定形相变材料的热稳定性降低。     

复合相变蓄热材料研制及性能分析

制备了一种复合相变蓄热材料,该蓄热材料是由两种相变材料(硬脂酸和石蜡油)组成,通过物理吸附的方法将其复合在固态支撑材料中,通过实验分析了所研制的蓄热材料的相变点、相变热、热稳定性及微相结构等性能。测试结果表明该蓄热材料具有较高的相变潜热和较好的热稳定性。     

K2SO4-Na2SO4系统相变材料的热物性分析

利用已有的热力学数据,对硫酸钠和硫酸钾相变材料的热力学稳定性、饱和蒸汽压等热物性进行了计算分析,探讨了莫来石作为硫酸盐相变材料基体的可行性.由热力学计算和分析可以看出,硫酸钠和硫酸钾在1100℃的高温下发生分解反应的平衡常数都极小,很难发生分解.硫酸钠即使在1200℃的饱和蒸气压也很低,是一种很有前途的相变材料,同时混合熔盐也表现出了非常低的蒸气压,计算数据和实验的热失重分析相吻合.研究结果表明,通过热物性相关参数的设计计算可以为相变储能材料的实际应用提供依据.     

新型建筑用二元复合定型相变材料的制备及性能评价

针对建筑节能领域,提出了一种由十二醇（LA,C₁₂H₂₆O）和硬脂酸（SA,C₁₈H₃₆O₂）组成的具有适宜相变温区且相变潜热较高的二元相变材料LA-SA,并以膨胀珍珠岩和陶粒为多孔吸附材料制备出复合定型相变材料,探究了不同吸附材料对于定型相变材料热物性的影响。二元相变材料LA-SA的最优配比为质量分数82%十二醇+18%硬脂酸,其熔融相变温度为21.3℃,相变潜热为205.9 kJ/kg,且热稳定性能良好。以膨胀珍珠岩和陶粒为吸附材料,通过真空吸附法制备出了两种建筑用定型相变材料,并对其进行了SEM、FTIR、TG及DSC性能表征,结果表明：LA-SA与两种吸附材料的复合过程仅为物理吸附且复合良好,吸附后的定型相变材料的相变潜热有一定的降低;相比于陶粒,膨胀珍珠岩对相变材料的吸附率较高,且对相变材料热性能影响较小;LA-SA/膨胀珍珠岩熔融相变温度为22.7℃,相变潜热为165.3 kJ/kg,可应用于建筑节能材料的制备。     

二元混合氯化盐的配制及热物性研究

在太阳能热发电技术中,硝酸盐类相变材料是使用最多的一种相变材料,但其最高使用温度仅为600 ℃,因此找到一种热容量大、工作温度范围宽、热损失低、价格便宜的相变储热材料是目前的研究重点。选取氯化锂和氯化钠两种高温熔盐相变材料按照不同的质量比混合制备了9种二元熔盐混合物,利用差式扫描量热仪（DSC）对其在600 ℃范围内的相变温度和相变潜热进行了研究。实验结果显示：由于氯化钠的熔点较高,当氯化锂和氯化钠的二元混合物中氯化钠的含量较多时,即氯化锂的含量较少时,少量的氯化锂不能将混合物的熔点降低至600 ℃以下,混合材料无法熔化;当氯化钠和氯化锂发生熔融时,无论何种比例其相变温度均保持在540 ℃左右,浮动±15 ℃;以质量配比为90%氯化锂-10%氯化钠的二元混合物的熔融温度与结晶温度相差较大,所以该二元混合熔盐可以应用于太阳能发电的传热和蓄热技术中。     

NaNO3/SiO2复合定形相变材料的溶胶-凝胶法制备与表征

以硅酸钠和硝酸为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了硝酸钠/氧化硅(NaNO3/SiO2)复合定形相变材料,分析了材料的组成、物相、热稳定性和相变性能. 结果表明,原位生成的NaNO3作为相变物质分散在载体SiO2的多孔网络结构中形成定形相变材料,仅是NaNO3与SiO2的物理复合,制备和焙烧过程中都没有产生新物质. 材料在低于600℃时具有良好的热稳定性,融熔热和结晶热分别为144.1和142.6 kJ/kg,融熔和结晶温度分别为302.3和301.2℃. 经100次热循环后,材料的相变热和相变温度基本保持不变.     

Preparation,thermal properties and thermal reliability of eutectic mixtures of fatty acids/expanded vermiculite as novel form-stable composites for energy storage

This paper deals with the preparation, characterization, thermal properties and thermal reliability of novel form-stable composite phase change materials (PCMs) composed of eutectic mixtures of fatty acids and expanded vermiculite for thermal energy storage. The form-stable composite PCMs were prepared by incorporation of eutectic mixtures of fatty acids (capric–lauric, capric–palmitic and capric–stearic acids) within the expanded vermiculite by vacuum impregnation method. The composite PCMs were characterized by SEM and FTIR techniques. Thermal properties of the composite PCMs were determined by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) method. DSC results showed that the melting temperatures and latent heats of the prepared composite PCMs are in the range of 19.09–25.64 °C and 61.03–72.05 J/g, respectively. The thermal cycling test including 5000 heating and cooling process was conducted to determine the thermal reliability of the composite PCMs. The test results showed that the composite PCMs have good thermal reliability and chemical stability. Furthermore, thermal conductivities of the composite PCMs were increased by adding 10 wt% expanded graphite. Based on all results, the prepared form-stable composites can be considered as promising PCMs for low temperature thermal energy storage applications due to their satisfactory thermal properties, good thermal reliability, chemical stability and thermal conductivities.     

Preparation and thermal energy storage properties of poly(n‐butyl methacrylate)/fatty acids composites as form‐stable phase change materials

This work is focused on the preparation, characterization, and determination of thermal energy storage properties of poly(n‐butyl methacrylate) (PnBMA)/fatty acid composites as form‐stable phase change material (PCM). In the composite materials, the fatty acids act as latent heat storage material whereas PnBMA serves as supporting material, which prevents the leakage of the melted fatty acids. The maximum encapsulation ratio for all fatty acids was found to be 40 wt%. The composites that do not allow PCM leakage in melted state were identified as form‐stable PCMs. The compatibility of fatty acids with PnBMA is investigated by optical microscopy (OM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy. Thermal properties and thermal reliability of the form‐stable composite PCMs were determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC analysis revealed that the form‐stable composite PCMs had melting temperatures between 29.62°C and 53.73°C and latent heat values between 67.23 J/g and 87.34 J/g. Thermal stability of the composite PCMs was studied by thermal gravimetric (TG) analysis and the results indicated that the form‐stable PCMs had good thermal stability. In addition, thermal cycling test showed that the composite PCMs had good thermal reliability with respect to the changes in their thermal properties after accelerated 5,000 thermal cycling. On the basis of all results, it was also concluded that the prepared form‐stable composite PCMs had important potential for many thermal energy storage applications such as solar space heating of buildings by using wallboard, plasterboard or floors integrated with PCM. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Eudragit S (methyl methacrylate methacrylic acid copolymer)/fatty acid blends as form‐stable phase change material for latent heat thermal energy storage

By composing (Eudragit S) with fatty acids (stearic acid (SA), palmitic acid (PA), and myristic acid (MA)), form‐stable phase change materials (PCMs), which can retain the same shape in a solid state even when the temperature of the PCMs is over the melting points of the fatty acids, are prepared. The compatibility of fatty acids with the Eudragit S is proved by microscopic investigation and infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The melting and crystallization temperatures and the latent heats of melting and crystallization of the form‐stable PCMs are measured by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) method. The maximum mass percentage of all fatty acids in the form‐stable PCMs is found as 70%, and no leakage of fatty acid is observed at the temperature range of 50–70°C for several heating cycles. Thermal properties obtained from the DSC analysis indicate that the Eudragit S/fatty acid blends as form‐stable PCM have great potential for passive solar latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) applications in terms of their satisfactory thermal properties and utility advantage. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1402–1406, 2006     

硬脂酸/活化凹凸棒石复合相变储热材料的制备与表征

以热活化的甘肃临泽凹凸棒石为基体,采用热熔法和浸渍法制备了硬脂酸/活化凹凸棒石复合相变储热材料。利用红外光谱仪(FTIR)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等方法表征了复合材料的结构,采用示差量热扫描仪(DSC)和储放热实验考察了复合材料的储/放性能和稳定性。结果表明采用热熔法和溶液浸渍法制备的材料具有相同的结构,硬脂酸按38.5%的负载率以物理作用吸附于活化凹凸棒石表面,其相应的相变焓分别为68.44 J/g和69.06 J/g。稳定性实验表明2种材料均具有良好的化学稳定性,但热稳定性存在差异,热熔法制备的复合材料的热稳定性优于浸渍法制备的复合材料。     

金属有机骨架基复合相变储热材料研究进展

固-液相变材料的品种多且潜热大,是潜热储热技术的重要工作介质。因其存在的液相泄漏问题,现阶段常将此类相变材料与多孔载体复合以提升相变材料的应用性能及使用寿命。金属有机骨架（MOFs）是一种新型多孔材料,具有高比表面积、高孔隙率以及孔径和表面性质可调控等优势,将其用作相变材料的载体具有潜在的发展前景。本文对MOF基复合相变材料的研究进行了全面综述,详细介绍了以MOFs为载体、以MOFs衍生多孔碳为载体和以MOFs原位生长于高导热基体所得复合材料为载体而制得的多种复合相变材料。MOFs的微孔结构所产生的强毛细管力对固-液相变材料有很强的固定作用;制备较大孔径的MOFs或者对MOFs进行修饰以调节MOF与相变材料间的相互作用,都有利于提高相变材料的负载率,从而提升复合相变材料的潜热;对MOFs进行高温碳化处理得到MOFs衍生多孔碳能有效解决MOFs孔径过小的问题,并能通过对其进行氮掺杂或磷掺杂来增强载体与相变材料间的氢键作用,从而获得具有高负载率和相变潜热的复合相变材料;为了增强MOF基复合相变材料的导热性能,先将MOFs原位合成在高导热基体上以利用高导热基体提供连续的传热网络,可以有效提升复合相变材料的导热系数。将原位生长在高导热基体上的MOFs进行高温碳化处理可以得到MOFs衍生多孔碳与高导热基体的复合材料,将其作为载体可以进一步增强复合相变材料的导热性能。文中最后指出,今后对于MOF基复合相变储热材料所用MOFs和相变材料的种类、MOFs与相变材料间相互作用对储热性能的影响、MOFs与相变材料复合后的稳定性等方面还需进一步探索,将MOFs的催化、检测等功能与相变材料的储热控温功能相结合制备多功能材料也是未来的发展方向之一。     

Poly(2‐alkyloyloxyethylacrylate) and poly(2‐alkyloyloxyethylacrylate‐co‐methylacrylate) comblike polymers as novel phase‐change materials for thermal energy storage

A series of poly(2‐alkyloyloxyethylacrylate) and poly(2‐alkyloyloxyethylacrylate‐co‐methylacrylate) polymers as novel polymeric phase‐change materials (PCMs) were synthesized starting from 2‐hydroxyethylacrylate and fatty acids. The chemical structure and crystalline morphology of the synthesized copolymers were characterized with Fourier transform infrared and ¹H‐NMR spectroscopy and polarized optical microscopy, respectively, and their thermal energy storage properties and thermal stability were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. The thermal conductivities of the PCMs were also measured with a thermal property analyzer. Moreover, thermal cycling testing showed that the copolymers had good thermal reliability and chemical stability after they were subjected to 1000 heating/cooling cycles. The synthesized poly(2‐alkyloyloxyethylacrylate) polymers and poly(2‐alkyloyloxyethylacrylate‐co‐methylacrylate) copolymers as novel PCMs have considerable potential for thermal energy storage and temperature‐control applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Latentwärmespeicher: Speichermaterialien,Wärmeübertragung und Anwendungen

Phase change materials (PCMs) can absorb/release heat during the phase change. They are frequently used in thermal storage systems due to their large latent heat und isothermal nature. This paper provides an overview of the various inorganic and organic PCMs. Techniques for improving their thermophysical properties and the corrosion of metallic construction materials by inorganic PCMs are discussed. Finally, typical applications for latent‐heat storage systems are presented.     

相变热界面材料导热增强及定形改善的研究进展

将相变时伴随潜热的相变材料（phase change material, PCM）特别是潜热值较大的固-液PCM引入热界面材料（TIM）领域,有望获得兼具储热和导热双功能的新型热界面材料——相变热界面材料（phase change thermal interface material, PCTIM）。然而,鉴于固-液相变材料的热导率普遍较低且存在液相流动泄漏问题,使得增强热传导并同时提升固-液相变材料的定形性成为研制高性能相变热界面材料（PCTIM）的关键。本文系统评述了国内外研究者在提升相变热界面材料热导率以及改善其定形性方面的策略及其研究进展。文中指出,目前强化PCTIM导热的手段主要有添加高导热填料、促使填料有序结构化以及使用低熔点金属等。在改善定形性方面,已运用的策略主要包括使用柔性载体负载固-液PCM以在保证一定柔性的基础上克服其液相泄漏问题,使用固-固PCM来取代固-液PCM来彻底避免液相泄漏问题的出现,以及将固-液PCM封装在微米级或纳米级胶囊内,旨在牺牲借助液相PCM增加柔性的功能,而且通过提高PCTIM的潜热值来提升其抗热流冲击性能。文章指出,当前已研制的PCTIM热...