城市固体废弃物焚烧底灰理化特性研究

通过对天津市某垃圾焚烧发电厂的底灰按照粗颗粒(颗粒粒径>4.75mm)、细颗粒(颗粒粒径<4.75mm)分类,系统地研究了其化学成分、粒径分布、物理组成、吸水性、压实性、砂当量、表干密度、表面密度、饱和密度、颗粒矿物形态等物理化学特性以及不同液固比条件下重金属浸出毒性的环境质量评价.结果表明,底灰的物化特性主要受硅和钙等几种主要成分质量分数的影响,属于具有高多孔率、与天然矿物质有相似成分、吸水性较高的轻质材料,同时满足建筑材料的大多数工程特性要求,但应用时仍需注意环境影响.文章旨在为今后的底灰的资源化利用和批量处理以及环境保护提供理论依据.     

COWS原油罐清洗技术的应用

介绍了COWS原油罐清洗技术的原理和工艺特点,结合原油罐G109清罐实际情况,从安全环保、清罐工期、清罐质量、工人劳动强度和综合效益等多个方面论述COWS原油罐清洗技术的优点,并提出改进建议。     

棉籽油生物柴油的理化特性研究

通过对不同配比的棉籽油生物柴油的密度、粘度、十六烷值、热值、闪点、冷凝点、残炭量、硫含量等理化性质的测试,初步探讨了棉籽油配比对生物柴油理化特性参数的影响规律,以期找到合适的棉籽油配比,为其在柴油机试验台上的后序试验研究提供一系列的基础数据.研究结果表明:除闪点和凝点外,棉籽油其它理化特性与棉籽油的配比变化成明显的线性关系;受生物柴油的密度、粘度、十六烷值、热值和残炭等指标的限制,棉籽油配比不宜过高.     

棉花秆粉末掺混油泥制备成型颗粒的燃烧特性研究

为提高油泥与棉花秆低能耗掺混成型的资源化利用,将油泥与棉花杆粉末按不同比例进行掺配,在50℃下制备成型颗粒,开展热天平分析和成型颗粒燃烧失重实验,根据等温热分析双对数法进行动力学分析.结果表明:在50℃时棉花秆粉末与油泥即可实现成型,但密度比高温成型时稍小.炉温较低时,添加油泥降低了成型颗粒挥发分的析出和燃烧速度,炉温...     

电弧炉底吹搅拌特性研究

用３０ｔ底吹电弧炉１：７水模型，探讨了底吹气体流量，喷嘴尺寸，喷嘴布置方式对电弧炉熔池混合特性的影响；理论分析和实验测定了表面区与羽流区容量传质系数；确定了适宜底吹气体流量为１．０－１．５Ｌ／ｍｉｎ，喷嘴最佳孔径为Φ１．０－Φ２．０ｍｍ；回 归得到了混匀时间与搅拌能密度，容量传质系数与气体流量的关系。     

热管技术在高架原油罐上的应用探讨

热管是一种高效的传热元件,在传热和节能方面的应用越来越多.对目前高架原油罐加热的主要方法进行了简单的分析,提出了一种利用热管对高架原油罐原油进行升温降黏的方法并简单介绍了其热力学方面的计算,有一定的应用价值.     

储运油泥热解机理研究

利用管式炉,通入氯气和二氧化碳两种不同气氛,研究储运油泥的热解特性.分析油泥的气、液、渣的不同特性,探讨两种气氛下的不同热解特点.二氧化碳气氛下油泥热解的最佳温度为450℃,而氮气气氛下为500℃2.二氧化碳气氛下的渣是致密性渣,氮气气氛下是薄壁型渣.冷凝液中的低烷烃类、单环芳烃,二氧化碳气氛下比氮气气氛下高.而气体成分中甲烷和氢气含量氮气气氛比二氧化碳下高.得出同温度下,氮气的热解程度大于二氧化碳,而且二氧化碳参与了热解反应.     

生物柴油发动机PM排放的理化特性研究

在1台直喷式增压柴油机上进行了生物柴油B100、柴油和掺混油B20的排放特性试验,对3种燃料排放颗粒物的物质形态、数量浓度以及化学组分等理化参数进行分析研究.试验结果表明:生物柴油的排放颗粒物形态与柴油机排放类似;比表面积BET、挥发性物质VOF比例和数量浓度均高于柴油机排放;总PAHs低于柴油机排放,但五环PAHs和BaP排放高于柴油机排放;在柴油机排放颗粒物元素分析中发现有硫元素.     

燃料特性对柴油机排放颗粒物理化特性影响的研究

机动车尤其是柴油车颗粒物是大气PM2.5的重要来源,建立燃料特性与颗粒物之间的内在联系,从燃料角度控制柴油机颗粒物排放十分重要.笔者选取了多种理化特性不同的适用于压燃式发动机的燃料,采用SMPS、HRTEM、TGA、热光碳分析仪和GC-MS等测试仪器,系统研究了燃料特性,如硫含量、芳烃含量、氧含量及其他物性参数等对排放颗粒物理化特性的影响,旨在建立燃料特性与颗粒粒径分布、纳米结构、氧化活性及化学组分之间的内在联系,为机动车PM2.5的排放控制提供科学参考.     

Analysis of oil content in drying petroleum sludge of tank bottom

In this paper, the oil content and corresponding components were analyzed in the samples of drying tank bottom petroleum sludges from Sinochem Xingzhong Oil Staging (Zhoushan) Co. Ltd. The composition of the oily sludge was determined by using organic solvent extraction gravimetric method (organic solvent is selected as petroleum ether, benzene, and toluene, respectively) and calcining-gravimetric method. It was found that measurement errors by using petroleum ether extraction gravimetric method and direct weight-loss method were bigger than those errors by using benzene or toluene extraction gravimetric method. During the measurement, it was also found that toluene should be recommended instead of benzene due to its lower toxicity. The measurement results show that water content, oil content and solid content by mass in the sludge were 9.8%, 25.8% (the asphaltene is accounted for 22.7% of the oil content in the sludge) and 64.4%, respectively. Also, chemical composition of the solids in the sludge was analyzed by using organic solvent extraction gravimetric method and XRD structure analysis method, then it was shown that Fe(OH)O·H₂O is the main solid component in the sludge.     

烟道气对稠油油藏理化性质影响特性研究

在稠油原位燃烧开采过程中,会产生大量含有氮气、二氧化碳和少量氧气的烟道气。烟道气渗透进入未燃烧区与稠油混合,不仅会降低稠油的黏度还会对油品产生影响。研究了不同温度下烟道气(N2+CO2+O2)对辽河齐-40区块稠油改性作用。利用气相色谱、红外光谱、热重分析了烟道气对原油理化性能的改性机理。结果表明,烟道气对稠油具有增容降黏的作用,随温度的升高,烟道气在稠油中的溶 解 度 先 增 加 后 降低,体积因子则受溶解度和热的双重作用随温度的升高而增加;在100℃时降黏率最大,为9.84%。由于烟道气中少量的残余氧,会与稠油发生低温氧化作用,因此会增加稠油中沥青质含量,造成最终结焦量 由 原 本 的5%增加至14%。该结果为现场稠油火驱方案设计提供技术依据。     

含油污泥的流变特性试验研究

针对舟山三种含油污泥样品,研究了温度、剪切速率、含渣率等参数对含油污泥流变特性的影响。通过幂律本构方程对实验数据进行分析处理,发现含油污泥在剪切速率增加时,剪切应力增加,粘度减小,含油污泥逐渐由假塑性流体向宾汉流体转变;温度越低,含油污泥的粘度越大且维持假塑性流体能力增强;含油污泥的含渣率越高,样品的非牛顿性越强,粘度值也越高。     

水基石墨烯量子点纳米流体主要物理化学特性研究

在液体中添加固体纳米粒子是提高工质换热能力的一种有效途径,利用超声震荡法将石墨烯量子点扩散于去离子水中制备了水基石墨烯量子点纳米流体,研究其物理稳定性、流变性能、热力学性质、光学性能和腐蚀特性。结果表明：在实验选定的加入量范围内,制备的水基石墨烯量子点纳米流体具有较高的物理稳定性,石墨烯量子点的加入对基液黏度的影响不大;在水中添加少量的石墨烯量子点就能显著地提高流体对太阳辐射能的吸收率,并且显著提高基液的导热系数;与去离子水相比,水基石墨烯量子点纳米流体能加速铜的腐蚀,抑制碳钢的腐蚀,对不锈钢的腐蚀性与去离子水几乎相同。水基石墨烯量子点纳米流体的特性表明,它有潜力成为一种新的流体换热工质。     

Non-linear unit root properties of crude oil production

While there is good reason to expect crude oil production to be non-linear, previous studies that have examined the stochastic properties of crude oil production have assumed that crude oil production follows a linear process. If crude oil production is a non-linear process, conventional unit root tests, which assume linear and systematic adjustment, could interpret departure from linearity as permanent stochastic disturbances. The objective of this paper is to test for non-linearities and unit roots in crude oil production. To realize our objective, this study applies a threshold autoregressive model with an autoregressive unit root to monthly crude oil production for 17 OPEC and non-OPEC countries over the period January 1973 to December 2007. Specifically, first we test for the presence of non-linearities (threshold effects) in the production of crude oil in two regimes. Second, we test for a unit root against a non-linear stationary process in two regimes and a partial unit root process when the unit root is present in one regime only. We find that crude oil production is characterized by threshold effects. We find that for eleven of the countries a unit root was present in both regimes, while for the others a partial unit root was found to be present in either the first regime or second regime.     

Unit root properties of crude oil spot and futures prices

In this article, we examine whether WTI and Brent crude oil spot and futures prices (at 1, 3 and 6 months to maturity) contain a unit root with one and two structural breaks, employing weekly data over the period 1991–2004. To realise this objective we employ Lagrange multiplier (LM) unit root tests with one and two endogenous structural breaks proposed by Lee and Strazicich [2003. Minimum Lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks. Review of Economics and Statistics, 85, 1082–1089; 2004. Minimum LM unit root test with one structural break. Working Paper no. 04–17, Department of Economics, Appalachian State University]. We find that each of the oil price series can be characterised as a random walk process and that the endogenous structural breaks are significant and meaningful in terms of events that have impacted on world oil markets.     

非常温原油透射光谱测量及光学物性影响分析

针对高温采油环境传统检测方法无法实现在线检测的问题,设计了恒温实验系统,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪IRTracer-100测量了不同温度下原油的透射光谱,基于双厚度法反演出原油的光学常数n和k与热辐射物性参数α和ρ,研究了不同温度对T、n、k、α和ρ的影响。结果表明:在400~4 000 cm^-1波段内,不同温度下原油透射光谱变化趋势相同,且存在726、1 382、1 471、2 849 cm^-1四个吸收峰。在吸收峰处,温度对原油的透射光谱(T)和光学参数影响显著;随着温度的升高,n逐渐减小,温度为70℃,频率为2 849 cm^-1时,n达到最小为1.34。k和α随温度变化规律一致,40℃时,k和α均达到最大,分别为1.65×10^-4和5.93×10²。ρ受温度影响波动较小,在1.42×10^-2~9.05×10^-2内变化。     

城市污水污泥热解特性实验研究

为了获得南昌市青山湖污水处理厂污泥的热解特性,采用差热天平对污泥进行热重分析实验,获得了不同加热速率下污泥的TG-DTG曲线。根据实验结果对干燥污泥热解过程进行了分析,并对实验数据进行了处理。利用微分法确定了热解机理并求出反应动力学参数——频率因子A、活化能E。     

Biodiesel production from crude rice bran oil and properties as fuel

This research reported on the successfully production of biodiesel by transesterification of crude rice bran oil (RBO). The process included three-steps. Firstly, the acid value of RBO was reduced to below 1 mg KOH/g by two-steps pretreatment process in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst. Secondly, the product prepared from the first process was carried out esterification with an alkaline catalyst. The influence of four variables on conversion efficiency to methyl ester, i.e., methanol/RBO molar ratio, catalyst amount, reaction temperature and reaction time, was studied at this stage. The content of methyl ester was analyzed by chromatographic analysis. Through orthogonal analysis of parameters in a four-factor and three-level test, the optimum reaction conditions for the transesterification were obtained: methanol/RBO molar ratio 6:1, usage amount of KOH 0.9% w/w, reaction temperature 60 °C and reaction time 60 min. In the third step, methyl ester prepared from the second processing step was refined to become biodiesel. Fuel properties of RBO biodiesel were studied and compared according to ASTM D6751-02 and DIN V51606 standards for biodiesel. Most fuel properties complied with the limits prescribed in the aforementioned standards. The consequent engine test showed a similar power output compared with regular diesel but consumption rate was slightly higher. Emission tests showed a marked decrease in CO, HC and PM, however, with a slight increase in NO_X.