非晶态Ni-Mo-P合金的电沉积及其耐蚀性

研究了从氨性柠檬酸盐镀液中电沉积Ni-Mo-P合金的工艺过程,获得了含磷从0％～14.8％和含钼从O％～29.4％的Ni-Mo-P镀层。讨论了阴极电流密度、镀液组成、温度、pH值以及预电解对镀层的化学组成和结构的影响。研究了获得非晶态Ni-Mo-P合金镀层的条件以及镀层在0.5mol/LH_2SO_4和5％NaCl溶液中的腐蚀特性。同时对镀层进行了动电位极化曲线的测试和X-衍射分析。     

Galvalume在不同介质中腐蚀产物的形貌和成分分析对比及其对耐蚀性能的影响

利用二次电子成像技术分析了Galvalume镀层在NaCl，Na2SO4以及NaCl Na2SO4介质中腐蚀产物的形貌，并用X射线衍射技术分析了各种腐蚀产物的化学组成。结果表明，在NaCl介质中的腐蚀产物主要为结构疏松的晶态物质，对镀层基本无保护作用；而在Na2SO以及NaCl Na2SO4介质中的腐蚀产物主要为结构致密的非晶态物质，对镀层具有较强的保护作用，说明SO4^2-的存在是形成致密非晶产物的根本原因。     

还原氧化石墨烯对Ni-P化学镀层的组织结构和性能的影响

目前将还原氧化石墨烯(RGO)相关的复合材料用于低碳钢复合镀防护的研究较少.在Q235钢上进行Ni-P-还原氧化石墨烯(RGO)化学复合镀,利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、显微硬度计分析了不同RGO添加量对Ni-P-RGO复合镀层的晶体结构、表面形貌和硬度的影响,通过全腐蚀浸泡试验测试Ni-P-RGO复合镀层的腐蚀速率,通过极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱研究Ni-P-RGO复合镀层在3.5％ NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为.结果 表明,Ni-P-RGO复合镀层为非晶结构.硬度测试、全腐蚀浸泡、极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱结果表明,RGO添加量为60 mg/L时镀层的硬度最高、耐腐蚀性能最好.     

电沉积镍合金的冲蚀-腐蚀磨损研究

采用MSH型腐蚀磨损试验机研究了电沉积纯Ni、Ni-P非晶合金、Ni-W-P非晶合金的冲蚀-腐蚀磨损行为,并结合电化学测量系统研究了上述材料冲蚀与腐蚀之间相互促进机理。结合XRD分析了冲蚀前后电沉积镍合金的相变行为。结果表明：冲蚀-腐蚀磨损试验前后,电沉积镍合金镀层的硬度都增加;Ni-P非晶合金受到冲击后,镀层明显的发生了由非晶向微晶的转变;镍合金在含盐砂浆中的腐蚀性能随着工况的不同而不同,试样在含盐砂浆中的冲击速度由0增加到3.14ms-1时,三种材料的腐蚀速率都减小,之后随着冲击速度的增大,试样腐蚀速度增加;镍及镍合金材料的冲蚀-腐蚀磨损失重都以冲蚀失重为主,试验条件下冲蚀与腐蚀的交互作用最高能使材料的冲蚀-腐蚀磨损失重增加42%。     

锌镀层与镉镀层抗大气腐蚀性能的比较

根据在青岛、重庆江津、武汉和海南万宁大气试验站进行的５．８年的大气暴露试验，对采用常规氰化和无氰化电镀工艺的２０＃钢试样锌镀层，进行了抗大气腐蚀性能对比研究。试验结果表明镉镀层在海洋大气环境下有比锌更好的抗大气腐蚀性能，在有工业污染的大所环境下锌镀层比镉镀层有更好的抗大气腐蚀性能。     

暂态线性极化技术研究Galfan与Galvalume的耐蚀性能

利用暂态线性极化技术测定了Zn镀层以及Galfan、Galvalume镀层在不同腐蚀介质中、不同pH下的极化电阻Rp值，以及Rp随时间的变化规律。结果表明，腐蚀刚开始时，在pH=5和pH=7的lmol／L NaCl、0．5mol／L Na2SO4、0.5mol／L NaCl 0．25mol／L Na2SO4腐蚀介质中，Galfan的Rp均约为Zn镀层的2倍，Galvalume的Rp均约为Zn镀层的3倍。腐蚀一定时间后，Zn镀层和Galfan的R，均逐渐降低，而Galvalume的Rp除在lmol／L NaCl腐蚀介质中外皆不断升高。表明Galvalume的腐蚀产物对镀层有保护作用，使其耐蚀性进一步提高。     

38CrNi3MoVA钢应力腐蚀性能及临界裂纹尺寸研究

本文采用预裂纹试样研究了38CrNi3MoVA钢在3.5%(质量浓度)NaCl水溶液腐蚀介质中的应力腐蚀性能,并由此计算出材料的临界裂纹尺寸,由试验结果可知,该材料具有较好的抗3.5%(质量浓度)NaCl水溶液腐蚀性能和很高的使用可靠性。     

电场热处理对1420合金抗蚀性能的影响

分别对1420A1-Li合金试样在强电场条件下及非电场条件下进行固溶和时效处理，采用三点弯曲恒应变法检测试样的抗应力腐蚀性能，在恒电位仪上测试试样的阳极极化曲线，分析其抗电化学腐蚀性能，研究强电场对合金抗蚀性能的影响，并利用透射电子显微镜观察合金微观组织的变化。试验中发现，电场作用使1420合金抗应力腐蚀及抗电化学腐蚀性能均有一定程度的降低，而合金抗蚀性下降与电场作用使合金热处理后析出的δ′相数量增加、亚结构细化及晶界位借密度提高等有关。     

化学镀工艺制备高耐腐蚀性能的Ni-Co-B-Pr复合镀层

采用化学镀工艺在不同浓度稀土、不同Ni2+/Co2+比例下,在1 cm×1 cm×1 mm的99.99％黄铜基体上制备Ni-Co-B-Pr四元复合镀层,并对耐腐蚀性最好的镀层在不同温度下进行退火处理.利用EDX、XRD、SEM等测试方法对镀层的表面形貌、晶型结构和耐蚀性能等进行表征分析.通过Tafel曲线、浸泡法和测试孔隙率,研究了Ni-Co-B-Pr四元复合镀层的腐蚀行为.结果表明:Ni-Co-B-Pr镀层为非晶结构.随着镍钴比例和稀土含量的增加,颗粒细化,镀层裂痕减少,但达到一定程度后,镀层质量下降.在3.5％(质量分数)NaCl溶液中测得Tafel曲线,镍钴比例为3/2,Pr3+浓度为3 g/L时,镀层的耐腐蚀性能最好,Ecorr为-0.436 V,Icorr为0.586 A·cm-2.通过浸泡法和孔隙率法进一步证明了此结果.镀层经退火后颗粒变大,由非晶态转变为晶态,经200℃退火后,镀层的耐腐蚀性增强,随着温度的升高,镀层耐腐蚀性降低.     

喷射成形7055铝合金的应力腐蚀性能研究

以喷射成形7055铝合金为研究对象,通过室温拉伸、光学显微镜和扫描电镜等分析方法,研究了载荷应力和浸泡时间对7055铝合金腐蚀性能的影响。研究结果表明,随着应力载荷的提高、腐蚀时间的延长,试样的强度并未出现明显的下降,但材料的塑性明显降低。腐蚀应力越接近材料的屈服强度,塑性下降越明显,抗拉应变和延伸率均降低,在腐蚀液中,极化曲线测试也表现出同样趋势。试样表层部分区域有明显的点蚀和晶间腐蚀空洞。拉伸时,腐蚀缺口处会产生明显的应力集中成为起裂源,导致材料塑性下降,从拉伸断口分析可知,断口边缘被腐蚀区域为明显的沿晶断裂。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...