Processing and Mechanism of Dynamic Friction Polishing Diamond Using Manganese-Based Alloy

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond film has high heat resistance, high thermal stability, and other excellent properties as nature single-crystalline diamond. The surface polishing, large size planarization, and high material removal rate of CVD diamond film are limited due to its special crystal structure and excellent physicochemical characteristics. Dynamic friction polishing (DFP) technology is a new and effective polishing method of diamond. In this paper, according to the theory of graphitization of diamond catalyzed by unpaired d electrons, two manganese-based alloys, Mn–Cu and Mn–Ni, are selected as polishing materials to achieve high quality and high efficiency polishing of diamond and verify the mechanism of DFP. Alloying polishing plates were prepared by mechanical alloying method and spark plasma sintering technology. The polishing results of Mn–Cu and Mn–Ni alloys were compared and analyzed through DFP experiments. The experimental results showed that since Mn–Ni alloy has more unpaired d electrons than Mn–Cu alloy, Mn–Ni alloy was more likely to form vacant rails and showed a higher material removal rate of CVD diamond film. The addition of Cu decreased the wear of polishing plate with the help of its lubrication action.     

Cu-Fe基金刚石复合材料的制备工艺及性能

采用真空热压烧结工艺制备了Cu-Fe基粉末金刚石复合材料磨头,通过金相、XRD及硬度测试等实验方法,研究了不同烧结温度下制得的合金材料的显微组织特性和性能。结果表明,在实验条件下,烧结体中各元素之间产生了冶金结合,且合金化程度随着温度的升高而增大;930℃时,烧结体中金刚石与基体结合性较好,金刚石无石墨化现象,烧结体的硬度最高,达到160HB。     

CVD金刚石膜高效超精密抛光技术

CVD金刚石膜作为光学透射窗口和新一代计算机芯片的材料,其表面必须得到高质量抛光,但是现存方法难以满足既高效又超精密的加工要求.本文提出机械抛光与化学机械抛光相结合的方法.首先,采用固结金刚石磨料抛光盘和游离金刚石磨料两种机械抛光方法对CVD金刚石膜进行粗加工,然后采用化学机械抛光的方法对CVD金刚石膜进行精加工.结果表明,采用游离磨料抛光时材料去除率远比固结磨料高,表面粗糙度最低达到42.2 nm.化学机械抛光方法在CVD金刚石膜的超精密抛光中表现出较大的优势,CVD金刚石膜的表面粗糙度为4.551 nm.     

Surface Modification of Press Dies Used in a Powder Metallurgical Production Process

Cold compaction in a press die and subsequent sintering of diamond particles, homogeneously distributed in a metallic powder as matrix, is one of the most economic ways for the production of diamond composites, used widely for cutting very hard materials like stone and glass. Owing to the very high hardness of diamonds, the wear of the press die is considerably high and because of a short life time, press tools must be substituted regularly. Recently, through plasma nitriding process and deposition of thin solid films, the wear resistance of the press dies has been significantly increased. This work aims at the investigation of the influence of roughness, friction coefficient, and hardness of the inner surface of various dies, which have been modified in different ways, on the physical properties of the compacted diamond segments. It was evidenced that improving the mechanical and tribological properties of the die surface leads to an increase of the hardness and density of the diamond composites produced.     

石墨的添加对NiCr-W-Ti自润滑复合材料高温摩擦学性能的影响

本文以Ni20Cr合金为基体添加稀有金属Ti、W粉末及石墨后,充分混合,采用机械合金化及热压烧结工艺制备了NiCr金属基复合材料,研究了石墨含量对NiCr金属基复合材料的组织结构和摩擦学性能的影响。在UMT-3高温摩擦试验机上进行了该复合材料同Al_2O_3陶瓷球的滑动摩擦磨损实验,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)对复合材料及其摩擦测试后的形貌与结构进行观察分析,结果表明:当所添加石墨的质量分数为3wt.%时,复合材料具有相对较好的力学性能和摩擦学性能;当测试温度低于300℃时,摩擦表面未形成有效的摩擦膜,故磨损率较高;当温度高于500℃时,摩擦层中含有摩擦氧化物,摩擦表面被光滑氧化物所组成的润滑膜覆盖,对磨面具有很好的保护作用,因而磨损率降低。     

Si3N4和52100钢对磨副材料对CrN薄膜干摩擦学行为的影响

利用阴极电弧离子镀技术在316L不锈钢基体上制备了CrN薄膜。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、纳米压痕仪对CrN薄膜的形貌、成分和力学性能进行了表征。为了研究Si_3N_4和52100钢对磨副材料对CrN薄膜和316L不锈钢干摩擦行为的影响,在2N、5N、8N三种载荷下,将CrN薄膜和316L不锈钢基体与Si_3N_4陶瓷球和52100钢球分别进行了往复式滑动干摩擦实验。采用扫描电子显微镜观察了磨痕的微观形貌,并对CrN薄膜和316L不锈钢基体的磨损机制进行了分析。结果表明:CrN薄膜表面平整,缺陷较少;CrN薄膜的纳米硬度约为28GPa,弹性模量约为350GPa;与Si_3N_4陶瓷球相比,CrN薄膜与52100钢球摩擦时摩擦因数相对较小(保持在0.7左右)且更加稳定;316L不锈钢的摩擦因数远大于CrN薄膜且波动较大;对磨球为Si_3N_4陶瓷球时,CrN薄膜的主要磨损机制为磨粒磨损,伴有少量的氧化和黏着磨损,316L不锈钢的磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损和塑性变形,伴有少量的氧化和黏着磨损;对磨球为52100钢球时,CrN薄膜的主要磨损机制为黏着磨损,伴有少量的氧化,316L不锈钢的磨损机制主要为黏着磨损,伴有少量的氧化和磨粒磨损。CrN薄膜与两种对磨球的磨损量均小于316L不锈钢基体的磨损量,说明CrN薄膜有效提高了基体的耐磨性。     

陶瓷颗粒增强Cr0.5MoNbWTi难熔高熵合金复合材料的制备及其力学性能

难熔高熵合金因其优异的力学性能、高温稳定性和抗氧化性能等,作为高温结构材料具有广阔的应用前景.为了进一步提升材料的力学性能,本研究利用原位反应烧结制备了陶瓷颗粒增强难熔高熵合金复合材料,并探讨了陶瓷增强相的生成机理及其对复合材料力学性能的影响.通过机械合金化制备了含有碳氮氧非金属元素的Cr0.5MoNbWTi过饱和体心...     

放电等离子烧结WC/Fe复合材料摩擦磨损性能

采用放电等离子烧结技术制备了WC质量分数为40%的WC/Fe复合材料,研究了不同烧结温度条件下WC/Fe复合材料的致密度、组织、硬度及干摩擦磨损性能。利用SEM和XRD分析了不同烧结温度条件下存在的物相;采用销-盘摩擦磨损试验机(盘试样选用~80μm的Al2O3砂纸,滑动距离约为950m)测量了马氏体耐磨钢和WC/Fe复合材料在不同载荷下相对磨损率;用SEM观察磨损形貌,确定WC/Fe复合材料的磨损机制。结果表明:烧结温度为1080℃时,WC/Fe复合材料实现完全致密,WC陶瓷颗粒均匀分布在基体中并与基体界面结合良好;随着WC/Fe复合材料完全致密化,其硬度及耐磨性能逐渐提高;WC/Fe复合材料的耐磨性能远优于马氏体耐磨钢。WC/Fe复合材料磨损机制主要为氧化磨损和磨粒磨损。在低载荷条件下,颗粒脱离基体造成氧化膜破裂,促使材料表面受损;较高载荷条件下,WC陶瓷颗粒破碎加速氧化膜破裂,加快了材料的磨损。     

界面反应对Cu35Ni25Co25Cr15多主元合金/金刚石复合材料磨损性能的影响

金刚石超硬磨具在高端芯片加工、3C陶瓷等领域发挥的作用日益重要,粘结相与金刚石的界面结合情况在很大程度上影响了金刚石超硬复合材料的力学和磨损性能。为了研究粘结相和金刚石的界面结合情况,采用放电等离子烧结方法制备了Cu₃₅Ni₂₅Co₂₅Cr₁₅多主元合金/金刚石复合材料,通过热力学计算和实验研究了粘结相和金刚石颗粒的界面反应。结果表明：烧结过程中,金属粘结相中的Cr元素与金刚石在界面处发生了化学反应,生成Cr-C化合物,且Cr-C化合物层的厚度随着烧结温度的升高而增加。当烧结温度达到950℃时,Cr-C化合物反应层均匀连续,厚度大约为1.1μm。复合材料粘结相与金刚石颗粒的粘结系数随着Cr-C化合物层厚度的增加而增大。摩擦磨损测试表明,在900℃和950℃烧结的样品表面,粘结相在摩擦过程中首先被磨除,金刚石随后露出,而Cr-C界面反应层有助于保持对金刚石颗粒的把持能力,提高复合材料的磨削性能。因此,适当的界面反应可提升金刚石复合材料的服役性能。     

Thermite Synthesis of TiC/FeNiCr Cermet with Double-Layer Structure

TiC/FeNiCr cermet with TiC particles as hard phases and FeNiCr alloy as binder phase was in situ synthesized by thermite reactions under high gravity. A double-layer structure was obtained, including an upper layer enriched with TiC particles and an under layer with few TiC particles. Between the two layers, no interfacial line, pores, or defaults existed. A large amount of needle-like Cr₇C₃ phases were homogeneously dispersed in the FeNiCr binder phase as multiple reinforcements. A braiding structure was formed between the precipitated NiAl phases and the matrix, where the two phases kept a coherent or semi-coherent relationship. The hardness and wear resistance were evaluated, and the upper layer possessed high hardness and excellent wear resistance.     

真空熔烧钴基合金--碳化钨复合涂层材料的耐磨性能研究

采用真空熔烧法制得钴基合金——碳化钨复合涂层材料,借助扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计等先进的测试手段对涂层的组织结构和表面形貌进行观察分析。应用盘销式摩擦磨损试验机对不同碳化钨含量的复合涂层材料和淬火态45钢进行了磨损试验。试验结果表明,在相同试验条件下,复合涂层的耐磨性显著高于淬火钢,且其耐磨性随碳化钨含量的增加而提高,淬火钢的耐磨性随着载荷的增加迅速降低,而复合涂层的耐磨性则变化不大。     

Optimization of chemical vapor deposition diamond films growth on steel: correlation between mechanical properties, structure, and composition

In the present work we perform optimization of mechanical and crystalline properties of CVD microcrystalline diamond films grown on steel substrates. A chromium-nitride (Cr-N) interlayer had been previously proposed to serve as a buffer for carbon and iron inter-diffusion and as a matching layer for the widely differing expansion coefficients of diamond and steel. However, adhesion and wear as well as crystalline perfection of diamond films are strongly affected by conditions of both Cr-N interlayer preparation and CVD diamond deposition. In this work we assess the effects of two parameters. The first one is the temperature of the Cr-N interlayer preparation: temperatures in the range of 500 degrees C-800 degrees C were used. The second one is diamond film thickness in the 0.5 microm-2 microm range monitored through variation of the deposition time from approximately 30 min to 2 hours. The mechanical properties of so deposited diamond films were investigated. For this purpose, scratch tests were performed at different indentation loads. The friction coefficient and wear loss were assessed. The mechanical and tribological properties were related to structure, composition, and crystalline perfection of diamond films which were extensively analyzed using different microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. It was found that relatively thick diamond film deposited on the Cr-N interlayer prepared at the temperature similar to that of the CVD process has the best mechanical and adhesion strength. This film was stable without visible cracks around the wear track during all scratch tests with different indentation loads. In other cases, cracking and delamination of the films took place at low to moderate indentation loads.     

Semi-orthogonal turning of hardmetal with CVD diamond and PCD inserts at different cutting angles

Thick CVD diamond brazed inserts and PCD cutting tools were compared in dry turning of WC-18 wt% Co bars. Machining of hardmetal by chip removal is a recent alternative technology to wheel grinding, aiming the reduction of the operation time, the elimination of cooling lubricants and single step shaping of complex geometries. Two cutting angle configurations were used: i) neutral (0°) rake angle and 11° clearance angle; ii) negative (−6°) rake angle and 6° clearance angle, named here as TP and TN, respectively. Roughing and finishing operations were performed with adequate cutting parameters. In roughing conditions, the TP-CVD inserts presented the best performance regarding the cutting forces, tool wear and workpiece surface quality, while no significant differences were found between the TP-CVD and TN-CVD tools in the hardmetal finishing. Contrarily to CVD diamond, the currently available commercial option, the PCD tool, was not able to machine such an abrasive material, not only due to its lower hardness but also because adhesion wear is promoted by the presence of the common cobalt binder of the hardmetal and the PCD composite.     

SiC颗粒强韧化MoSi2复合材料

通过湿法混料和热压烧结工艺成功地制备了20vo1%SiC_P/MoSi₂复合材料,并测定了其显微组织和力学性能。结果表明:SiC_P/MoSi₂复合材料主要由MoSi₂和SiC颗粒组成,还有少量的Mo₅Si₃,致密度为92.3% 。与MoSi₂相比,其室温抗弯强度提高了30.6%,断裂韧性提高了53%,1200℃的抗压强度提高了44%,1400℃的抗压强度提高了53%;其硬度、弹性模量等性能有较大提高。在Al₂O₃和SiC对磨盘上表现出极其优异的耐磨性能。SiC颗粒对MoSi₂的室温增韧、高温增强效果显著。     

PTFE微粉/CF改性PEEK复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

为解决核电水循环系统中鼓型旋转滤网驱动装置的耐腐蚀问题,本文研究了碳纤维和聚四氟乙烯微粉改性的聚醚醚酮复合材料在干摩擦、水润滑和油润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能.通过机械共混、高温模压的方法,制备了不同质量分数的聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)微粉/碳纤维(CF)/二硫化钼(MoS_2)/聚醚醚酮(PEEK)复合材料.采用拉伸试验机和塑料洛氏硬度计测试其力学性能,采用摩擦磨损试验机测试了复合材料在干摩擦、水润滑和油润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能,采用扫描电子显微镜对其摩擦表面形貌进行分析.结果表明:复合材料在水润滑和油润滑时摩擦系数及磨痕宽度均较小,但水润滑时摩擦系数波动幅度较大且磨痕宽度略高;复合材料在干摩擦条件下的磨损机制以磨粒磨损为主,伴有疲劳磨损,油润滑时摩擦面可形成连续的润滑膜而保持光滑,水润滑时水流冲刷破坏了摩擦面上固体润滑膜的稳定性;CF质量分数增加时,复合材料的洛氏硬度和压缩强度递增,压缩强度达到164 MPa,PTFE微粉质量分数增加时,复合材料的洛氏硬度和压缩强度递减;CF质量分数增加时,复合材料的干摩擦系数及磨痕宽度下降,PTFE微粉质量分数增加时,复合材料的干摩擦系数下降,达到0.17.     

Effects of particulate reinforcement and heat treatment on the hardness and wear properties of AA 2024-MoSi2 nanocomposites

In this study, nanocomposites of AA 2024 aluminum alloy matrix reinforced with different volume fractions of nanometric MoSi₂ intermetallic particles ranging from 0 to 5%, were produced using mechanical alloying technique. For comparison, samples without reinforcing particles and mechanical alloying and a sample with micrometric MoSi₂ particles were also synthesized. The prepared composite powders were consolidated by cold and hot pressing and then heat treated to solution and aged condition (T6). The effects of MoSi₂ particle size, volume fraction and also heat treatment on the hardness and wear properties of the composites were investigated using Brinell hardness and pin-on-disc wear tests. The results indicated that although T6 heat treatment increases the hardness of all samples compared to as hot-pressed (HP) condition, the age-hardenability (aging induced hardness improvement) decreases after mechanical alloying and with increasing MoSi₂ volume fraction due to the high dislocation density produced during mechanical alloying. With increasing the volume fraction of nano-sized MoSi₂ particles up to 3–4%, the hardness of the composites continuously increases and then declines most probably due to the particle agglomeration. The wear sliding test disclosed that the wear resistance of all specimens in T6 condition is higher than that of HP condition and increases with increasing MoSi₂ content. Scanning electron microscopic observation of the worn surfaces was conducted and the dominant wear mechanism was recognized as abrasive wear accompanied by some adhesive wear mechanism.     

Polishing of ceramic tiles

Grinding and polishing are important steps in the production of decorative vitreous ceramic tiles. Different combinations of finishing wheels and polishing wheels are tested to optimize their selection. The results show that the surface glossiness depends not only on the surface quality before machining, but also on the characteristics of the ceramic tiles as well as the performance of grinding and polishing wheels. The performance of the polishing wheel is the key for a good final surface quality. The surface glossiness after finishing must be above 20° in order to get higher polishing quality because finishing will limit the maximum surface glossiness by polishing. The optimized combination of grinding and polishing wheels for all the steps will achieve shorter machining times and better surface quality. No obvious relationships are found between the hardness of ceramic tiles and surface quality or the wear of grinding wheels; therefore, the hardness of the ceramic tile cannot be used for evaluating its machinability.     

Microstructure,mechanical properties,electrical conductivity and wear behavior of high volume TiC reinforced Cu-matrix composites

This study deals with the processing, microstructure, mechanical properties, electrical conductivity and wear behavior of high volume titanium carbide reinforced copper matrix composites. The microstructural study revealed that the titanium carbide particles were distributed uniformly in the matrix phase. No interface debonding and micro-cracks were observed in the composite. The addition of alloying elements in the copper considerably increased the sintered density and properties. The composite hardness and strength increased with titanium carbide content and alloying elements in the matrix phase. The electrical conductivities of the composites were predicted using three point upper bound and two phase self consistent predictive models. The wear resistance of the composites was studied against high speed steel. Wear mechanisms were discussed by means of microscope observations on the worn surfaces. The ratio of titanium carbide average grain size to the mean free path of the binder was introduced as a parameter to determine wear performance.     

Cu含量和烧结温度对Fe-Cu基粉末冶金复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

研究了铜含量和烧结温度对Fe-Cu基粉末冶金复合材料摩擦磨损性能影响。结果表明,Cu含量为20%~60%,随着Cu含量的提高耐磨性能先随之提高,Cu含量为40%时耐磨性能达到最优值,平均摩擦系数最小为0.172,磨损量为0.007 g;随着Cu含量的进一步提高耐磨性能反而降低。烧结温度为1096~1296℃时,随着烧结温度的提高耐磨性能随之提高,温度达到1196℃时耐磨性能达到最优,平均摩擦系数最小为0.123,磨损量为0.0018 g;烧结温度再提高耐磨性能反而降低。在最优工艺烧结过程中液相Al分别与Fe和Cu基体生成固溶体,使材料的密度和强度提高。MnS分解后,Mn与Fe基体生成固溶体,部分C也与Fe基体生成固溶体,两者促进了合金的固溶强化。其余的单质C,使合金的润滑性能提高。烧结后,Cu晶粒组织变得均匀细小,在Fe基中以网状形式存在。以上各组元的特殊作用使Fe-Cu基复合耐磨材料具有优异的耐磨性能。     

QPQ盐浴复合处理技术对3Cr2W8V钢组织和性能的影响

QPQ盐浴复合处理是一种新的金属盐浴表面强化改性技术,将QPQ技术应用干3Cr2W8V钢,利用OM、SEM、显微硬度计、X射线衍射仪、高温摩擦磨损试验机和电化学工作站分别对QPQ渗层的显微组织、化学成分、显微硬度,物相,耐磨性和耐蚀性进行了分析研究.结果表明,QPQ渗层表面平整,当盐浴氮碳共渗时间一定时,随着氮碳共渗盐...