四种多聚磷酸钠在鸡胸肉中水解的^31P核磁共振研究

本文利用^31P核磁共振技术（NMR）研究厂添加到鸡胸肉（CB）中的焦磷酸四钠（TSPP）、焦磷酸二氢二钠（DSPP）、三聚磷酸钠（STPP）和六偏磷酸纳（HMP）所发生的水解。研究结果表明，TSPP、DSPP、STPP和HMP在鸡胸肉中均发生水解。TSPP在10h内完全水解为正磷酸盐。DSPP水解较慢，10h后仍占核磁共振总可测磷的40％。STPP在10h时已经完全水解为焦磷酸盐和正磷酸盐，10h之后由三聚磷酸钠产生的焦磷酸盐继续水解。在HMP腌制液处理的鸡胸肉匀浆物中，没有焦磷酸盐存在，两端的磷原子到10h时的相对含量为零，内部磷原子的相对含量在10h内基本保持不变。     

多聚磷酸盐在鸡腿肉中水解的~(31)P核磁共振研究

利用31P核磁共振(NMR)对添加到鸡腿肉中的焦磷酸四钠(TSPP)和三聚磷酸钠(STPP)所发生的水解进行了研究。三组新鲜鸡腿肉样品,按照200ml腌制液/kg的比例分别注入新配制的腌制液5%NaCl、5%NaCl+6%TSPP、5%NaCl+6%STPP。结果表明,TSPP和STPP在肉中均发生水解。TSPP水解成正磷酸钠,STPP水解成焦磷酸钠和正磷酸钠,生成的焦磷酸钠随即水解成正磷酸钠。STPP水解速率大于TSPP。     

乳酸钠对猪背最长肌中蛋白质表达的影响

为探讨添加乳酸钠(NaL)对猪肉蛋白表达和稳定性的影响,研究选用新鲜猪背最长肌为研究对象,不同浓度的乳酸钠(NaL)溶液(1%、2%、3%、4%、5%、10%、20%和30%)浸泡样品浸泡5 h后,应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)和差示扫描量热(DSC)分别用于研究蛋白质表达和稳定性。结果表明,与双蒸水对照相比,NaL对肌浆蛋白的分子变化基本无影响,但高浓度的NaL溶液(10%、20%和30%)影响肌原纤维蛋白中的肌动蛋白(43 kD)和肌球蛋白重链(190 kD)的表达;同时,高浓度的NaL导致肌球蛋白和肌动蛋白等变性温度降低。因此,NaL的添加影响猪背最长肌中蛋白质的表达和稳定性,但低浓度NaL用于肉类防腐剂时对肉类蛋白的影响较小。     

基于低场核磁共振技术的冷冻猪背最长肌品质变化研究

采用低场核磁共振技术、核磁成像技术和一维空间频率编码技术,研究猪背最长肌在-18℃冻藏0d和1,3,6,9,12,15个月后水分含量和迁移变化规律;并测定猪肉贮藏过程中TVB-N、TBARS、汁液流失率、蛋白质溶解度的变化,将水分变化和品质指标变化进行相关性综合分析。结果表明:猪背最长肌中3种组分的水分分别为:结合水(T_(20))、不易流动水(T_(21))和自由水(T_(22)),随着冻藏时间的延长,肉样中T_(21)组分降低,T_(22)组分增加;MRI表明随着时间的延长,样品水分分布从最初分布均匀到样品边缘信号强,中间部位信号低。随着冻藏时间的再延长,又逐渐恢复均匀状态,15个月后水分分布较均匀;用一维频率编码扫描发现随着冻藏时间的延长,肉中水分的信号量(幅值)逐渐降低;相关性分析结果表明:T_(21)与冻藏时间、TVB-N、TBARS、汁液流失率、蛋白质溶解度都显著相关(P0.05),T_(22)与冻藏时间、TVB-N极显著相关(P0.01),T_(22)与TBARS、汁液流失率、蛋白质溶解度显著相关(P0.05),T_(21)、T_(22)都与肉中品质指标呈现较好的相关性。     

冷藏时间对冷却猪背最长肌品质的影响

以宰后24 h的猪背最长肌为研究对象,研究4 ℃条件下冷藏0、12、24、36、48 h对猪背最长肌pH值、色 差、冷藏损失、蒸煮损失、剪切力和水分迁移状态的影响。结果表明：随着冷藏时间的增加,猪背最长肌的pH 值、黄度值（b*）、冷藏损失率和蒸煮损失率均显著提高（P＜0.05）;亮度值（L*）和红度值（a*）在冷藏24 h 内差异不显著（P＞0.05）;冷藏48 h时,猪背最长肌的pH值、L*、b*、冷藏损失和蒸煮损失最大,剪切力最小; 低场核磁共振结果表明,随着冷藏时间的增加,T2b、T21和T22起始弛豫时间显著延长（P＜0.05）,T21的峰面积比例 降低,T22的峰面积比例增加。综上所述,4 ℃条件下冷藏24 h以内有利于保持猪背最长肌的品质。     

猪背最长肌蛋白质在冷冻贮藏过程中的变化

为研究冻藏时间对猪背最长肌蛋白质特性的影响,本文主要采用凝胶电泳、差示量热扫描技术分析了猪背最长肌在-18 ℃冻藏0 d和1、3、6、9、12、15月后,其蛋白质的疏水性、巯基含量、降解情况、热稳定性的变化。结果表明:随冻藏时间的延长,蛋白质溶解度显著降低(p<0.05),肌原纤维蛋白(MPI)的表面疏水性和巯基含量升高,发生降解的MPI主要集中在67 kDa和20~29 kDa;肌球蛋白和肌浆蛋白的变性温度和焓值呈现逐渐降低的趋势,表明这两类蛋白的热稳定性降低。在冻藏的前3个月内,猪背最长肌的各项指标维持在较好的水平,从第6个月开始,所有指标的变化幅值增加,变化速率加快。研究发现,冻藏6个月以后,猪背最长肌蛋白质品质开始加速下降。     

肌肉中多聚磷酸盐水解的研究进展

该文主要阐述了添加到肌肉中的多聚磷酸盐的水解及其影响因素的研究现状。三聚磷酸盐首先水解成焦磷酸盐和单磷酸盐,生成的焦磷酸盐进一步水解成单磷酸盐,添加的焦磷酸盐则直接水解成单磷酸盐。多聚磷酸盐在肌肉中主要是通过相应的水解酶水解,受到较多物理化学因素影响。     

多聚磷酸钠对牛背最长肌盐溶蛋白质热诱导凝胶保水性和超微结构的影响

本文以牛背最长肌为材料，采用L25(5^6)正交设计研究了焦磷酸二氢二钠、三聚磷酸钠和六偏磷酸钠对牛背最长肌盐溶蛋白质热诱导凝胶保水性和凝胶超微结构的影响。结果表明，在相同的离子条件下，添加的酸性焦磷酸钠或焦磷酸二氢二钠和三聚磷酸钠对热诱导凝胶保水性有极显著的影响(p＜0．0001和p＜0．0071)，而六偏磷酸钠的影响则不显著(p＞0．05)。值得注意的是，焦磷酸二氢二钠与六偏磷酸钠的交互作用、焦磷酸二氢二钠与三聚磷酸钠的交互作用、三聚磷酸钠与六偏磷酸钠的交互作用对热诱导凝胶保水性的影响极显著(p＜0．0001)，且比三聚磷酸钠的方差贡献大。Duncan多重比较显示，在盐溶蛋白质提取过程中，添加0．3％焦磷酸二氢二钠可使凝胶的保水性平均达到98．375％，比焦磷酸二氢二钠添加量为0．1％、0．15％和0．2％的凝胶保水性(分别为81．652％、84．384％和78．987%)高，差异显著(p＜0．05)。扫描电镜研究结果显示，保水性不同的凝胶其超微结构表现出很大的差异。保水性为99．5％的凝胶其凝胶结构致密，均匀，网格细小，而且线条较纫，边缘平滑。而保水性为90%的凝胶则结构粗糙，表现为线条较粗，不均匀，蛋白质交联较少，网格大且不一致。线条多呈平行排列，或以聚集状态存在。     

马鹿亚种间杂交后代背最长肌脂肪酸的分析研究

采用气相色谱技术对马鹿不同亚种间杂交后代——天山马鹿、天青二元杂交马鹿和天青塔三元杂交马鹿背最长肌中的20种脂肪酸进行分析研究,结果表明:三种马鹿背最长肌脂肪酸组成及含量各有特点,但是饱和脂肪酸含量均最高,棕榈酸为主要组成成分。都含有一定量的具有抗癌活性的奇数碳原子脂肪酸,含量分别为:3.73%、7.28%和0.71%,该结果为马鹿肉在功能食品领域的发展提供了理论依据。从营养角度出发,天青二元杂交马鹿肉比天山马鹿和天青塔三元杂交马鹿具有更高的营养价值,可以通过杂交育种来选育营养价值更符合膳食标准的健康马鹿肉品原料。     

腌制时间对牦牛臂肌四头肌和背最长肌食用品质的影响

为研究不同腌制时间对牦牛肉食用品质的影响,对成熟14d的甘南牦牛臂肌四头肌和背最长肌在腌制过程中与食用品质相关的指标进行测定分析,并在同等条件下以没有腌制的设为对照组。结果发现,所有对照组的结果均表现为异均不显著,72h的腌制显著降低了臂肌四头肌的红色度a*(p<0.05),而24h的腌制显著降低了背最长肌的亮度L*(p<0.05),但腌制时间对臂肌四头肌和背最长肌的黄色度b*影响均不显著。腌制过程中pH先下降,后显著上升(p<0.05)。此外,经过72h的腌制,臂肌四头肌的持水力和剪切力显著下降(p<0.05);而背最长肌的持水力和剪切力没有显著差异。研究表明,腌制会提高臂肌四头肌嫩度,并且降低臂肌四头肌的持水力,但对背最长肌的食用品质没有显著影响。      

快速冷却对山羊背最长肌肉品质的影响

6头云南地方云岭黑山羊(羯羊)屠宰、劈半后,左半胴体进行常规冷却(0～4℃冷却24h,相对湿度90～95%),右半胴体进行快速冷却(-20℃,冷却1.0h后,转入0～4℃冷却23h,相对湿度90～95%),取背最长肌,测定相关肉品质指标。结果显示,样品经3d成熟,快速冷却的羊肉剪切力显著低于常规冷却(P<0.05),快速冷却的羊肉嫩度的感官评分显著高于常规冷却(P<0.05),而pH、肉色、蒸煮损失等指标两种冷却方式无显著差异。研究表明,本试验采用的快速冷却方式对山羊肉的嫩度有显著改善效果。     

Mechanism of Polyphosphates Hydrolysis by Purified Polyphosphatases from the Dorsal Muscle of Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys Molitrix) as Detected by 31P NMR

The dynamic hydrolysis of tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and polyphosphate compound, which was catalyzed by purified pyrophosphatase (PPase) and myosin‐ tripolyphosphatase (TPPase) from the silver carp dorsal muscle, was studied using ³¹P NMR spectroscopy. In the PPase + TSPP system, the pyrophosphate (PP) was hydrolyzed quickly and completely within 8 h and the hydrolysis rate of PP was 12.51%/h. In the TPPase + STPP system, the first‐order hydrolysis of tripolyphosphate (TPP) was not yet complete after 48 h, and the derived PP accumulated progressively. Given the coexistence of PPase and TPPase, only 1.20% of TPP in STPP alone remained after 48 h. However, the generation rate of Pi in the polyphosphate compound (TSPP: STPP: sodium hexametaphosphate = 1: 8: 1) was 0.76%/h, which was less than 0.88%/h in STPP alone. In the presence of polyphosphatases, the decrease of PP or TPP content in the polyphosphate compound was not as rapid as that in TSPP or STPP alone due to the inhibitory effect of PP on TPPase and the effect of low system pH on PPase. The understanding of polyphosphates hydrolysis mechanism was capable of developing the advanced polyphosphate mixture in order to reduce the phosphate residue in fish products.     

Preliminary investigations on the effects of ageing and cooking on the Raman spectra of porcine longissimus dorsi

The influence of ageing and cooking on the Raman spectrum of porcine longissimus dorsi was investigated. The rich information contained in the Raman spectrum was highlighted, with numerous changes attributed to changes in the environment and conformations of the myofibrillar proteins.Predictions equations for shear force and cooking loss were developed from the Raman spectra of both raw and cooked pork. Good correlations and standard errors of prediction were obtained for both WB shear force and cooking loss, with the raw and the cooked samples showing almost identical results R² = 0.77, root mean standard error of prediction (RMSEP)% of mean = 12% for shear force; R² = 0.71, RMSEP% of mean = 10% for cooking loss. The Raman spectra were also able to predict the extent of cooking that occurred within the pork (R²_val = 0.94, RMSEP% of range = 5.5%).Raman spectroscopy has considerable potential as a method for non-destructive and rapid determination of pork quality parameters such as tenderness. Raman spectroscopy may provide a means of determining changes during cooking and the extent to which foods have been cooked.     

不同蛋白能量水平饲粮对黄渠桥羊羔背最长肌脂肪酸组成及含量的影响

为研究不同蛋白能量水平组合补饲日粮对宁夏地理标志农产品黄渠桥羊羔肉脂肪酸组成及含量的影响,采用随机区组设计,选择出生15 d、体质量10 kg左右的滩寒杂一代羔羊48 只,随机分为4 组,分别饲喂不同蛋白能量水平组合的全价颗粒饲料,羔羊生长体质量达20 kg屠宰后采集分析其背最长肌脂肪酸组成及含量变化。结果表明：实验3组（粗蛋白含量28.17%,代谢能11.79 MJ/kg）羔羊背最长肌多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA）与饱和脂肪酸（saturation fatty acid,SFA）比值（P/S）、必需脂肪酸、n-6 PUFA、n-3 PUFA、亚油酸、γ-亚麻酸、α-亚麻酸和二十二碳六烯酸含量较其他组差异显著（P＜0.05）,实验1组（粗蛋白含量18.5%,代谢能11.34 MJ/kg）n-6 PUFA与n-3 PUFA比值（n-6/n-3）、花生四烯酸和二十碳五烯酸含量较其他组差异显著（P＜0.05）;综合提示,实验3组和实验1组补饲羔羊背最长肌脂肪酸含量较其他组差异显著。     

Investigation of commercial lecithin by 31P NMR in a ternary CUBO solvent

Many different ways have been devised over the years for analysing phospholipids in solution by ³¹P NMR. One promising method entails the use of the so‐called CUBO solvent, a ternary mixture of dimethylformamide, triethylamine and guanidinium hydrochloride. As this interesting system seems to have been overlooked in the literature, we present here a study on the quantification of phospholipids and lysophospholipids contained in 10 samples of commercial lecithin using the CUBO/³¹P NMR method. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis of the NMR data showed clear differences among the samples according to the actual lecithin producer. Multivariate analysis of the chemical and physical parameters of the samples confirmed these differences. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Influence of rapid chilling on biochemical parameters governing the water‐holding capacity of pork longissimus dorsi

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of rapid chilling (RC) of carcasses on the quality of pork longissimus dorsi (LD) compared to conventional chilling (CC). Carcasses subjected to RC were chilled at ?20 °C for 1.5 h and then moved to 4 °C until 24 h post‐mortem, while carcasses that were CC were placed directly in a chill at 4 °C for 24 h post‐mortem. RC accelerated the rates of temperature decline post‐mortem (P < 0.01) and increased pH values at 1.5 and 8 h post‐mortem (P < 0.05). RC could significantly decrease the denaturation of myosin and sarcoplasmic proteins during post‐mortem ageing. Samples of RC had a significant lower purge loss compared to CC group during post‐mortem ageing (P < 0.05). Our study implies that RC could influence the biochemical changes of pork LD which may further regulate water‐holding capacity during post‐mortem ageing.     

Energy Catabolism in Rabbit Muscle as Affected by Brine Injection: 31P NMR Studies

The energy catabolism in brine-injected muscles was examined by ³¹P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Immediately after death of rabbits, brines containing NaCl, with or without pyrophosphate, were injected into the arterial system. ³¹P NMR spectra at 4°revealed marked heterogeneity in postmortem catabolism due to brine diffusion. The heterogeneity of the Pi signal for injected muscles reflected the existence of muscle areas with different intracellular pH values. This observation suggested an increase in rate of glycolysis for fibers experiencing brine. The heterogeneity of brine diffusion seemed to be affected by method of injection.     

木瓜蛋白酶水解绿豆分离蛋白研究

该文选用木瓜蛋白酶水解绿豆分离蛋白,主要研究pH、温度、酶浓度及反应时间对酶解反应影响,并对酶解液功能特性进行系统研究。实验表明:酶解后绿豆分离蛋白溶解度、乳化能力、发泡能力大大提高,但粘度下降。