超大热输入焊接用EH40钢的模拟熔合线组织与性能

通过实验室EH40船板钢的超大热输入焊接热模拟实验,研究焊接熔合线部位的组织与性能,分析钢中夹杂物对原奥氏体晶界及晶内组织的影响规律.结果表明:实验钢在采用800 kJ/cm(t_8/5=730 s)的焊接热输入,峰值温度为1400℃（保温30 s）的条件下,-20℃的冲击功能够达到150 J以上.其金相组织由块状的晶界铁素体（GBF）、晶内多边形铁素体（IPF）、晶内针状铁素体（IAF）组成,且IAF面积分数占50%以上,无板条贝氏体和粒状贝氏体组织.实验钢中夹杂物类型合理、密度大,有效地抑制了GBF的粗化.钢中存在的直径为5—8μm的大尺寸夹杂物,也具有IGF形核能力,甚至会形成IAF组织,表现出贫Mn区的形核机制.     

夹杂物/析出相尺寸对晶内铁素体形核的影响

建立了铁素体在夹杂物/析出相上形核的物理模型.从相变形核热力学和动力学机理出发,研究了晶内铁索体在夹杂物/析出相上的形核过程,分析了夹杂物/析出相的尺寸、界面性质等因素对晶内铁索体相变形核的影响.结果表明,与铁素体具有较小接触角的夹杂物/析出相更有利于晶内铁素体形核.当夹杂物与基体的界面性质一定时,铁索体在夹杂物上形核的难易程度主要取决于夹杂物的尺寸(夹杂物的曲率半径),尺寸过小不利于铁索体形核,尺寸过大对形核贡献较小.对任意类型的夹杂物/析出相,给出了其计算最优尺寸的方法,计算结果与实际吻合良好.     

Influence of Ti on non-metallic inclusion formation and acicular ferrite nucleation in high-strength low-alloy steel weld metals

The phase transition behaviors of non-metallic inclusions as a function of Ti content were investigated by monitoring changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-strength low-alloy steel multipass weld metals. Weld metals with Ti contents ranging from 0.007 to 0.17 wt% were prepared using a gas metal arc welding process. The inclusion analysis was performed based on thermodynamic calculations and transmission electron microscopy, accompanied by energy-dispersive spectrometry and selected area electron diffraction. With increase in the Ti content of weld metals, the chaotic arrangement of ferrite laths in the columnar zone was transited to a well aligned arrangement and the impact toughness of the weld metals drastically deteriorated in response to the decrease in the Mn content of the inclusion. The effective inclusion phase for intragranular nucleation contained considerable amounts of Mn and a Mn depleted zone was observed around the effective nucleant.     

Crystallographic analysis for acicular ferrite formation in low carbon steel weld metals

Inclusions contributing to acicular ferrite nucleation were investigated from a crystallographic point of view in low carbon low alloy steelweld metals. The samples from electro slag welding (ESW) and submerged arc welding (SAW) deposits with various cooling rates were prepared in this study. In those samples, intragranular acicular ferrite formation was observed from inclusions. The inclusions contributing to acicular ferrite formation were of multi-phase type consisting of amorphous phase, spinel type and MnS. They were surrounded by a Ti-enriched layer. It was confirmed by selected area diffraction patterns and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer analyses that the Ti-enriched layer was TiO. The acicular ferrite had a Baker–Nutting orientation relationship with the TiO layer on the inclusion surface. The misfit was 3.0% at the interface between the acicular ferrite and TiO. Therefore, it is considered that TiO on the inclusion surface contributes to the heterogeneous nucleation of acicular ferrite by small lattice misfit. However, themorphologies of ferrite growth which nucleated from inclusions were different in both samples. Whereas the growth of ferrites nucleated from TiO was enough in ESW, the size of nucleated ferrite in SAW was a few hundred millimetres in size. In the early stage of nucleation from TiO, ferrite had small deviation from Kurdjumov–Sachs orientation relationship (K–S relationship) in both ESW and SAW. However, there was a difference in the growth stage of ferrite. The ferrite orientations were gradually changed to fit to the K–S relationship in ESW. On the other hand, the nucleated ferrite in SAW stopped growing and the newly nucleated ferrite which had K–S relationship prior to austenite was formed adjacently because of large super cooling due to small heat input.     

Ti脱氧钢含Ti复合夹杂物诱导晶内针状铁素体的原位观察

采用高温共聚焦激光显微镜(CSLM)对含Ti复合夹杂物诱导晶内针状铁素体(IAF)进行动态原位观察,并用OM,FE-SEM,EDS和EPMA研究奥氏体晶粒尺寸和冷却速率对含Ti复合夹杂物诱导生成IAF的影响.结果表明,IAF的开始生成温度随奥氏体晶粒尺寸的增加,先升高后降低；生成IAF体积分数随冷却速率的提高显著增加,...     

Ti处理改善船体钢焊接粗晶区的低温韧性研究

采用Gleeble 1500D热模拟试验机对Ti和Al处理船体钢进行不同热输入焊接热模拟实验, 并利用OM和SEM研究了母材和热模拟粗晶区氧化物夹杂及显微组织. 结果表明: Ti处理钢中弥散分布的Ti氧化物具有良好的高温稳定性, 75 kJ/cm的焊接热输入对其形貌、成分及尺寸无影响, 能有效促进晶内针状铁素体(AF)形核长大. Al处理钢中以Al₂O₃为核心的复合夹杂高温易分解, 不能促进晶内AF形核. 线能量大于50 kJ/cm的大热输入条件下, Ti处理钢模拟粗晶区的低温韧性明显高于Al处理钢. t_8/5>40 s时, Ti处理钢中较多的晶内AF组织抑制了M-A岛形成, 细化了基体铁素体组织, Al处理钢中的TiN和Nb(C, N)第二相粒子粗化, 粗晶区晶粒异常长大, 大于Ti处理钢中的奥氏体晶粒尺寸.     

Mechanisms of inclusion evolution and intra-granular acicular ferrite formation in steels containing rare earth elements

Inclusion characteristic and microstructure of rare earth (RE) elements containing steel were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), element-mapping, optical microscopy (OM), and automated feature analysis (AFA) option equipped with ASPEX PSEM. Factsage was used to calculate the equilibrium inclusion composition. Based on the calculation, an inclusion evolution mechanism was proposed. Furthermore, line scanning analysis was used to elucidate the intra-granular acicular ferrite (IAF) nucleation mechanism. The result showed that two different inclusions exist in sample steel: (Mn-Al-Si-Ti-La-Ce-O) +MnS complex inclusion and isolated MnS inclusion. Almost all nucleation sites for IAF are complex inclusions, while single MnS inclusion cannot induce IAF. A possible formation mechanism of complex inclusion is proposed based on calculated results using Factsage, which agrees well with experimental results. A Mn-depletion zone (MDZ) which exists adjacent to the (Mn-Al-Si-Ti-La-Ce-O) +MnS complex inclusion can account for the IAF formation. However, the low volume fraction (1.49×10-7) of effective inclusion may result in only 10% (volume fraction) IAF.     

MICROSTRUCTURE AND INCLUSION CHARACTERIZATION IN THE SIMULATED COARSE-GRAIN HEAT AFFECTED ZONE WITH LARGE HEAT INPUT OF A Ti-Zr-MICROALLOYED HSLA STEEL

1. IntroductionA pplication oflargeheatinputw elding techniques, w hich have been developed forlarge engineer-ing structure, e.g., big oiland gas tanks, bridge, pipe-line and architecture constructions etc. usuallycausesdeterioration ofm echanicalproperti…     

MICROSTRUCTURE AND INCLUSION CHARACTERIZATION IN THE SIMULATED COARSE-GRAIN I-IEAT AFFECTED ZONE WITH LARGE HEAT INPUT OF A Ti-Zr-MICROALLOYED HSLA STEEL

The microstructure and the characteristics of the inclusions embedded in ferrite matrix in simulated coarse-grain heat affected zone (CGHAZ) of a Ti-Zr-treated high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel have been investigated. The microstructure of the simulated CGHAZ dominantly Consisted of intragranular acicular ferrite (IAF) combining with a small amount of polygonal ferrite (PF), widmanstiitten ferrite (WF), bainite ferrite (BF), pearlite and martensite-austenite (M-A) islands. The PF, WF and BF were generally observed at the prior austenite grain boundaries and the interlocking acicular ferrite was usually found intragranularly. It was found that the inclusions were composed of Ti2O3 ZrO2, Al2O3 locating at the center of the particles and MnS lying on the surface layer of the inclusions. The intragranular complex inclusions prorooted the acicular ferrite formation and the refinement of microstructure whilst those at prior austenite grain boundaries caused PF formation on the inclusions. The simulated CGHAZ consisting of such complicated microstructure exhibited desired mechanical properties.     

In situ observation of the formation of intragranular acicular ferrite at non-metallic inclusions in C–Mn steel

Intragranular acicular ferrite is regarded as a most desirable microstructure feature, in view of its strength and toughness, both in weld metals and in the heat-affected zone. This paper systematically investigated the effect of Ti addition on the evolution of intragranular acicular ferrite in the heat-affected zone of C–Mn steel. We also systematically studied the effects of austenite grain size, alloy content and the characteristic of inclusions on the formation of intragranular acicular ferrite. The nucleation and growth of intragranular acicular ferrite was directly observed by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Subsequently, microscopy analysis was used to quantitatively determine and distinguish the potent and inactive inclusions with respect to the nucleation of intragranular acicular ferrite. Finally, some possible reasons are given to explain the formation of intragranular acicular ferrite in the C–Mn steel.     

INTRAGRANULAR FERRITE FORMED IN ASSOCIATION WITH INCLUSIONS IN A VANADIUM MICROALLOYED STEEL

lntragranular ferrite was formed at inclusions in a vanadium microalloyed steel with excess amount of sulfur. The chemical composition of inclusions in the steel was analyzed by SEM-EDS. The inclusions were mainly composed of MnS and aluminum oxides. The precipitation of MnS at aluminum oxides might result in Mn depletion, which, in turn, promotes the formation of intragranular ferrite. Optical and SEM observations and threedimensional (3D) reconstruction demonstrated that intragranular ferrite was formed at inclusions. The morphology of intragranular ferrite changed with undercooling. At higher temperatures intragranular ferrite was nearly equiaxed whereas it was plate-like or lath-like at lower temperatures.     

焊缝金属中针状铁素体晶粒长大行为

以针状铁素体(AF)组织为基体组织的大热输入焊缝金属作为研究对象,采用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜电子背散射衍射装置(EBSD)、全自动静态相变仪等手段表征了焊缝金属内细长状的针状铁素体(AF)组织晶粒的取向特征,分析不同焊接热输入对焊缝金属内AF晶粒形核以及长大行为的影响规律.?结果表明,在大热输入焊接条件下,...     

X－60钢中晶内铁素体片的形成及其对焊接热影响区的作用

用晶内铁素体片（ＩＦＰ）技术显著改善了Ｘ－６０钢熔焊热模拟后热影响区（ＨＡＺ）的韧性。试验发现：ＩＦＰ和冲击能密切相关,ＩＦＰ的体积分数＞６０％时,冲击能＞１５０Ｊ．光学金相和ＳＥＭ检验提示了ＩＦＰ的特征,它是原奥氏体晶粒内出现的大量微细的铁素体片,是在焊后的控冷过程中以“形核脱氧产物”为非自发形核核心而生成的．并非任何脱氧产物都有诱发ＩＦＰ的作用．有效的夹杂物是在较高初始氧位下,用ＲＥ,Ｚｒ,Ｔｉ脱氧所形成的细小、均布且具有较高硫容量的复合氧化物夹杂．     

Toughness improvement by Cu addition in the simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone of high-strength low-alloy steels

The effect of microstructure and Cu addition in a simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) of a high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel subjected to 100?kJ?cm^?1 heat input welding was studied. It has been observed that the primary microstructure in Cu-free HSLA steels is dominated by bainite, whereas, in Cu-bearing HSLA steels, the predominant microstructure is acicular ferrite. The acicular ferrite nucleated at intragranular complex inclusions consisting of Al and Ti oxides, covered with layer of MnS and CuS. The presence of high intensity of acicular ferrite and hard impingements between acicular ferrite laths or plates has contributed to the fine-grained and interlocked microstructure. The enhanced toughness in CGHAZ of Cu-bearing HSLA steel is attributed to the fine-grained interlocked microstructure of acicular ferrite.     

In-situ observation of grain refinement in the simulated heat-affected zone of high-strength low-alloy steel by Zr-Ti combined deoxidation

The effect of Zr-Ti combined deoxidation on the grain refinement in the simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone of a high-strength low-alloy steel was investigated by means of analytical characterization techniques such as in-situ microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and electron backscattered diffraction analysis. Owing to the Zr-Ti combined deoxidation, a large amount of fine Zr-Ti oxide particles were formed in the steel and retarded the austenite grain growth during simulated welding thermal cycle. The austenite grains were small and uniform. The Mn can diffuse spontaneously from austenite to Zr-Ti oxide inclusion and MnS precipitated on ZrO₂, which can form Mn depleted zone in the vicinity of inclusion. The acicular ferrite grains nucleated on intragranular Zr-Ti oxide inclusions in austenite grains grew in different directions and effectively divided the austenite grain into several finer and separate regions at intermediate temperature. The crystallographic grain size became small in the simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone of Zr-Ti-killed steel due to the effective pinning effect by Zr-Ti oxide particles and acicular ferrite formation.     

New insights into intragranular ferrite in a low-carbon low-alloy steel

Single and multiple nucleation events on non-metallic inclusions have been observed, leading to the intragranular formation of ferrite as a function of transformation temperature. Three-dimensional shapes have also been characterized. When the ferrite forms at elevated temperatures it is in the form of isolated idiomorphs, whereas larger undercoolings are associated with the multiple nucleation of plates emanating from the inclusions. The plates grow at a fixed orientation to the parent austenite. Nanohardness tests indicate that the idiomorphs are softer when compared with the plates. The formation of intragranular ferrite laths or plates can facilitate the attainment of fine-grained microstructures.     

锰质量分数和压缩比对中碳钢相变组织的影响

采用光学显微镜和电子探针观察了中碳钢显微组织形貌,分析了不同锰质量分数和轧制压缩比对相变组织的影响。研究表明：试验钢显微组织为形态不同的铁素体+珠光体;增加Mn质量分数抑制晶界铁素体形核和长大,同时细化铁素体晶粒,促进退化珠光体的形成;提高轧制压缩比有利于原奥氏体晶内蜂窝状铁素体的形成,该铁素体均匀的分割原奥氏体晶粒,与晶界铁素体具有相同的方向性;MnS或其复合夹杂物是铁素体在原奥氏体晶粒内部形核的有效位置。     

晶内铁素体在夹杂物上形核机制的讨论

从夹杂物与金属之间的界面能和热膨胀系数不同导致的应变能,夹杂物周围基体局域溶质贫乏等角度对晶内铁素体在夹杂物上形核机制进行讨论．并试图分析解释不同夹杂物对铁素体形核作用的差别。     

Ti-B微合金化焊缝金属的韧化机制

针对 5 0 0～ 6 0 0MPa低合金高强度钢的韧化问题 ,研究了夹杂物对Ti-B微合金化焊缝金属针状铁素体形成的影响。钢中的非金属夹杂物 ,对促进晶内针状铁素体的形成 ,提高焊缝金属韧性有显著的作用。通过电镜分析 ,探讨了夹杂物的类型、成分对针状铁素体形成的作用。结果表明 ,Ti、Mn、Al、Si的复合氧化物夹杂可有效地促进针状铁素体形核 ,而MnO·SiO2 夹杂和MnS夹杂对针状铁素体形核作用不大。夹杂物对针状铁素体形核的主要用是 ,在夹杂物周围能形成一个塑性畸变区 ,这个由夹杂物与母相热膨胀系数差引起的塑性区 ,对针状铁素体的形成有一定作用     

新型微合金非调质钢的组织与性能

研制了一种新型微合金非调质钢。通过合理设计合金成分,改善熔炼脱氧过程,控制钢中氧化物的组成、分布、形状和尺寸,在研制钢中形成微细的氧化物夹杂作为晶内铁素体最有利的析出位置。晶内铁素体的析出细化了晶粒,提高了钢的强度与韧性。