喷射成形高速钢中残余奥氏体的X射线衍射定量分析

文章阐述了X射线残余奥氏体定量分析的基本原理.经过对马氏体相和奥氏体相的衍射线的分别标定,选定马氏体和奥氏体的一条衍射线,分别测出它们的累积强度,用残余奥氏体定量分析公式来计算残余奥氏体体积百分含量.利用X射线衍射残奥定量测定方法,对喷射成形高速钢圆坯中残余奥氏体含量进行了测定,阐明了喷射成形圆坯密度变化的原因和机理,同时还对喷射成形过程中圆坯的冷却条件对残余奥氏体量的影响进行了合理的分析.为喷射成型新材料的工艺研究,提供了一种新的测试手段.     

喷射成形2060高速钢的组织与性能

利用雾化沉积炉制备喷射成形2060高速钢沉积坯,经过锻造后再进行盐浴淬火和回火处理,研究喷射成形2060高速钢及其热处理后的组织与力学性能。结果表明:喷射成形2060高速钢沉积坯的表面较光洁,无明显的宏观偏析,晶粒较细小,晶粒尺寸约为20μm,沉积坯的相对密度在99.5%以上;沉积坯中主要存在M6C和MC两种碳化物相,均匀弥散分布在晶界与晶内以及基体中,氧含量只有1.6×10-7左右。2060高速钢的抗弯强度随淬火温度升高而逐渐降低,淬火温度应低于1 210℃。在1 170~1 190℃下淬火时可获得抗弯强度≥3 000MPa、硬度≥70 HRC的良好综合力学性能。     

添加高速钢粉对烧结钢组织与性能的影响

研究了添加高速钢粉对烧结钢组织与性能的影响。实验结果表明，含２０％高速钢的烧结钢综合力学性能最好；添加高速钢粉能导致烧结钢密度减小的冲击韧性降低，当高速钢含量增中时，硬度随之增加，烧结钢中残余奥氏体和马氏体的含量与高速钢的含量呈线性关系。烧结钢中的马氏体显微硬度很高，它主要原高速钢粒子和原铁粒子的连接区域形成。     

喷射成形高钒高速钢环坯制备技术研究

采用喷射成形技术制备高钒高速钢环坯,阐述了喷射成形制备过程方法及工艺参数,制备得到的沉积坯收得率为83.5%。对比观察沉积坯不同位置组织及碳化物形貌,发现:组织均匀细小,碳化物颗粒细小、形状较为规则、分布均匀,合金元素无宏观偏析;孔隙及缺陷主要位于沉积坯与基体的结合界面附近,产生于喷射沉积未完全稳定的试验初期。对热处理后的沉积坯试样进行硬度测试,喷射成形高钒钢淬火硬度为63HRC,高于粉末冶金高钒钢;经过3次回火,硬度逐渐下降,未出现二次硬化现象。     

喷射成形过程中圆锭坯外形生长的数值模拟

通过多次试验后得出雾化喷嘴的雾化特性公式,在此基础上建立了一种模拟喷射成形过程中圆锭坯外形生长的数学模型.该数学模型考虑了喷射成形过程中各种工艺参数,如喷嘴的雾化参数、偏心距离、沉积盘的旋转速度和下拉速度等参数的影响.经过模拟计算,得到了锭坯生长的三维外形尺寸,与实际喷射成形制备的锭坯外形对比,二者吻合很好;采用该模型分析了不同时间下锭坯的轮廓形状、偏心距离以及下拉速度变化后的锭坯轮廓形状.综合分析得出,此数学模型可以预测在不同工艺参数下喷射成形锭坯的外形生长过程.     

喷射成形M3型高速钢碳化物组织特征与加热过程演化

采用常规铸造和喷射成形工艺分别制备了M3型高速钢铸坯和沉积坯.利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线能谱和X射线衍射等分析方法对冷却速度对合金的显微组织的影响,加热温度对M3高速钢中M₂C共晶碳化物分解行为的影响,以及热加工变形后铸态和沉积态组织的变化进行了研究.结果表明:铸态合金含有粗大的一次枝晶和M₂C共晶碳化物,而喷射成形沉积坯主要为等轴晶且碳化物细小均匀;冷却速度的提高极大地抑制了碳化物的析出和晶粒长大;加热温度的提高有利于M₂C共晶碳化物分解,过高的温度使得分解后的M₆C长大,不利于合金性能的提高;沉积坯经恰当的预热处理和热变形可以获得理想的变形组织.      

深冷处理对W6Mo5Cr4V2高速钢性能的影响

对经-120℃和-150℃深冷工艺处理的W6Mo5Cr4V2高速钢进行了硬度及摩擦磨损性能测试,并用扫描电镜分析了其显微组织与磨损形貌。深冷处理使高速钢硬度和耐磨性能得到提高。随深冷温度的降低,性能改善明显,经循环深冷处理试样的性能均好于一次长时间深冷处理试样,-150℃温度下经3次1 h深冷处理试样的性能最优。结果表明,高速钢性能改善的主要原因是深冷处理可促进试样中残余奥氏体向马氏体转变,同时,高速钢组织中析出的大量碳化物在摩擦磨损过程中作为硬质颗粒可提高耐磨性能。循环深冷处理过程中过冷度一直存在,每次循环过程都可促进残余奥氏体转变为马氏体,促进基体马氏体上析出细小的碳化物,从而提高高速钢的性能。     

喷射成形硅钢板坯的工艺研究

利用自行研制的大型喷射成形中装置, 对Fe-4.5wt%硅钢板坯的喷射成形工艺进行了研究。还研究了雾化压力和沉积距离对其显微组织的影响。结果表明,在本试验条件下得出的最佳喷射成形工艺,可形成厚度均匀、晶粒细小并致密度良好的板坯,使随后的轧制成为可能。     

喷射成形CuCr25合金触头材料的制备及致密化处理

利用喷射成形技术制备了CuCr2 5合金触头材料 ,研究了雾化压力对显微组织、致密度和收得率的影响 ,对制得的沉积坯件进行了热锻压和热等静压致密化处理 ,并测试了触头材料的密度、硬度和电导率。研究结果表明 :最合适的雾化压力为 0 .6MPa ,沉积坯件经过 95 0℃锻压后再在 10 70℃ ,2 0 0MPa下热等静压 8h ,可以得到全致密的触头材料 ,铬颗粒平均直径小于 10 μm ,硬度达 10 0HB ,电导率 2 5～2 9Ms·m- 1 ,说明致密化处理后的喷射成形CuCr2 5合金是一种优良的触头材料。     

Al_(10)Zn_(2.9)Mg_(1.7)Cu超高强铝合金的喷射成形制备研究

采用喷射成形技术制备了Al1 0 Zn2 .9Mg1 .7Cu高强高韧铝合金沉积坯件 ,研究了喷射成形制备过程中各工艺参数对沉积坯件的成形性、显微组织、致密度的影响 ,确定了适当的工艺参数 ,研究了沉积坯件的热挤压及热处理工艺 ,对材料的组织进行了分析并对不同状态的材料性能进行了比较。研究结果表明 :当喷射成形工艺参数合理时 ,沉积坯件具有良好的成形性与致密度 ,在随后的热挤压过程中 ,通过较低的挤压比即可使材料达到全致密 ;通过对合金进行适当的热处理 ,材料的极限抗拉强度达到 810MPa ,同时延伸率保持在 8%～ 11% ,该材料是一种理想的轻质高强结构材料。     

A three-dimensional model of the spray forming method

A three-dimensional model has been formulated to calculate the shape of the general preform, using vector calculus. The shape of a rod, tube, plate, or irregular preform can be calculated at given spray forming conditions. The shape of a spray-formed rod was analyzed at various spray forming conditions using the three-dimensional model. The effects of spray forming parameters, such as spray distribution parameters, angular velocity of rotation, withdrawal velocity, spray angle, and eccentric distance on rod shape, were analyzed. The most important parameters affecting the shape of rods are the spray distribution parameters and the withdrawal velocity. The dynamic evolution of rod shape with a stepwise variation of the withdrawal velocity during spray forming was investigated. The effect of a stepwise change of the withdrawal velocity was the same as that of the scanning atomizer. The calculated surface profiles were compared with those of spray-formed 7075 aluminum alloy rods prepared on a pilot scale. The calculated results for the surface profiles were in agreement with those of the spray-formed rods.     

硅对贝氏体铸钢高应力冲击磨损性能的影响

研究了不同硅含量（0．7％－2．4％,质量分数,下同）贝氏体铸钢的抗高应力磨损性能和失效机制。结果表明：高效硅贝氏体铸钢的耐磨性能较低硅钢显提高,其磨损失重约是低硅贝氏体铸钢的1．2,这是因为硅使氏体铸钢在高应力冲击磨损下表现出不同的失效机制。低硅（0．7％）贝氏体铸钢由于韧性低、组织结构粗大及树枝晶的微区成分偏析,故材料抵抗冲击的能力很低,常在表面还未形成强烈变形层（白层）甚至变形层时,就在变形层和材料基体内产生裂纹并扩展,故低硅贝氏体铸钢的失铲方式为变形层和基体剥落机制。而硅含量为1．65－2．4％的高硅贝氏体铸钢,因脆性的渗碳体被韧性的残余奥氏体所代替,钢的韧性显提高,失效方式表现为白层的剥落机制。     

Effect of molybdenum on the kinetics of phase transformation of undercooled austenite in high-speed steels under continuous cooling

The aim of these investigations was to determine the effect of the ratio % Mo to % W in the austenite of high-speed steels on the kinetics of its transformation under continuous cooling. The investigations were carried out on model alloys. Three CCT curves were drawn. Also the influence of cooling velocity on the volume fraction of retained austenite in high-speed steels was evaluated. It was determined that with the increase of the Mo content in the high-speed steel matrix the M_S temperature decreases and the fraction of retained austenite increases, the development of the bainite transformation decreases and the stability of austenite increases in the range of diffusion transformations. With an increased cooling rate, the volume fraction of retained austenite decreases at first and then it increases. These changes are caused by the precipitation of carbides from undercooled austenite and can give rise to the differences in the content of retained austenite on the cross-section of quenched tools.     

Effect of nitrogen alloying and the electroslag refining process on the properties of AISI M41 steel

Nitrogen produces very beneficial effects in high-speed steel and can therefore be regarded as a significant alloying element in ferrous materials. In order to attain the goal of this study, to investigate the effect of nitrogen alloying and the electroslag refining (ESR) process on the properties of AISI M41 steel, two high-speed steels were melted in an air induction furnace (IF). The first one is a standard AISI M41 high-speed steel. The second one is nitrogen-alloyed M41. The produced ingots were used as consumable electrodes in ESR under three different CaF₂-based fluxes. The steel produced from the IF and ESR was heat treated. Hardness, secondary hardness, and microstructure were also studied. It was concluded that both ESR and nitrogen alloying improve the hardness profile of the quenched-tempered high-speed steels. The highest secondary hardness and highest softening resistance were attained by ESR of high-nitrogen high-speed steel (M41N) under CaF₂/CaO/Al₂O₃: 55/30/15 slag. The ESR improves the shape, size, and distribution of precipitates in the produced ingot. Quenching and tempering treatment conditions the retained austenite that is present in the as-cast steel by precipitation of carbide and forming martensite on cooling to room temperature.     

The effect of retained austenite on the fracture toughness of high-speed steels

The aim of this work was to find the quantitative dependences between fracture toughness K_lc and the volume fraction of retained austenite in the matrix of quenched high-speed steels. The tests were carried out on three model alloys of a different content quotient of Mo: W which, after quenching, were gradually supercooled up to ? 196°C and then tempered at 450°C. Also the measurements of the content of retained austenite in the vicinity of the surface of a sample fracture were carried out. It was determined that after tempering at 450°C the fracture toughness of the matrix of high-speed steels is directly proportional to the content of retained austenite in it. Every 1 % by volume of retained austenite increases the fracture toughness K_lc of the matrix by about 5%, despite the fact that most probably it is completely transformed into fresh martensite in front of a propagating crack. Higher fracture toughness of the matrix of high-speed steels rich in molybdenum should be explained exlusively by a larger content of retained austenite. Transformations in the martensitic part of the matrix of the alloys richer in molybdenum clearly reduce the advantageous effect of retained austenite on this steel feature.     

低温强变形奥氏体的马氏体相变

 研究了Fe 32%Ni合金在形变温度550 ℃、形变速率2×10-2 s-1的实验条件下,经过多道多向锻压变形后奥氏体的马氏体相变过程。采用电阻法、XRD分别研究了累积应变量对Ms点以及马氏体生成量的影响;采用TEM对形变位错密度以及马氏体组织进行了分析。结果表明：随着累积应变量的增大,奥氏体组织不断细化,深冷处理后马氏体生成量逐渐减少,Ms点逐渐降低,最终趋于恒定。原因是奥氏体的细晶强化以及形变位错的引入导致母相加工硬化抑制了马氏体形核,随着形变的累积,奥氏体的晶粒细化效果逐渐减弱,使得马氏体生成量减少的趋势也逐渐减弱,最终趋于恒定。