原料油汽化特性对催化裂化反应结焦过程影响的CFD模拟

为考察原料油汽化特性影响,在一套百万吨级工业FCC提升管中,基于多相欧拉模型耦合EMMS曳力和传质、油滴汽化和十二集总反应动力学模型,采用三维CFD模拟研究气液固三相流动、汽化、反应、结焦的复杂过程,新开发结焦预测模型定量预测结焦状况,对比研究不同原料油雾化液滴粒径和起始汽化温度下各相和反应组分浓度场、温度场分布和结焦程度。结果表明,模拟方法可较准确预测汽化、反应生焦和结焦过程,不同雾化液滴粒径和起始汽化温度通过流场分布和汽化快慢影响液相油滴汽化率和反应转化率;合适液滴粒径(60 μm)和起始汽化温度(654 K)可提升轻油、汽油、液化石油气目标产品收率并改善结焦程度。     

原料油汽化特性对催化裂化反应结焦过程影响的CFD模拟

为考察原料油汽化特性影响,在一套百万吨级工业FCC提升管中,基于多相欧拉模型耦合EMMS曳力和传质、油滴汽化和十二集总反应动力学模型,采用三维CFD模拟研究气液固三相流动、汽化、反应、结焦的复杂过程,新开发结焦预测模型定量预测结焦状况,对比研究不同原料油雾化液滴粒径和起始汽化温度下各相和反应组分浓度场、温度场分布和结焦程度。结果表明,模拟方法可较准确预测汽化、反应生焦和结焦过程,不同雾化液滴粒径和起始汽化温度通过流场分布和汽化快慢影响液相油滴汽化率和反应转化率;合适液滴粒径(60 μm)和起始汽化温度(654 K)可提升轻油、汽油、液化石油气目标产品收率并改善结焦程度。     

垂直管内不互溶液滴群直接接触汽化传热

在一气升式外循环实验设备中研究了冷剂正戊烷与热流体水在垂直管内直接接触汽化传热过程。根据单液滴不互溶冷剂汽化关联式，推导出多液滴汽化过程中局部和平均体积传热系数表达式，表达式较好地解释了实验结果。讨论了冷剂表观流速、冷剂与热流体间的传热温差对体积传热量ｑｖ和体积传热系数ａｖ的影响；以及冷剂表观流速对冷却温差的影响。     

浮法玻璃表面锡类颗粒污染物起源及治理措施分析

通过对浮法玻璃生产线渣箱内部污染物的分析、污染物与锡槽内气流分析,确定了浮法玻璃板表面锡类污染物颗粒主要来源于锡槽内锡液的汽化蒸发产生的锡液滴,提出了通过采取措施减少锡槽内锡液的汽化蒸发量,减少锡槽空间内气流中的锡液滴浓度来预防浮法玻璃锡类污染物,达到减少玻璃板表面污染的目的。     

混空轻烃燃气液相析出成核热力学分析

混空轻烃燃气是将液态轻烃原料汽化、与空气按一定比例混合制成的可燃气体,是一种清洁燃料。但以戊烷为主的轻烃原料常温下为液态,汽化混合后的燃气存在露点较高问题。采用成核热力学理论研究局部温度、压力变化引起的相变/成核驱动力,进而研究液滴的成核能,得到混空轻烃燃气液相析出的成核机理、成核能及其与过冷度和过饱和度的关联关系。结果表明,相变/成核所需过冷度和过饱和度随温度、压力的增加而降低;尽管发生完全相变所需过冷度及过饱和度较高,较难达到,但液相析出成核所需过冷度及过饱和度则极易达到,因此防止燃料露点形成的重点是控制从成核到完全相变的发生。     

水平铜板表面液滴冻结过程的数值模拟

为了探究水平铜板表面温度和液滴体积大小对液滴冻结过程的影响规律,以及冻结过程中液滴内部固液相界面变化和温度场分布,文中基于能量守恒原理,建立了单个静止液滴冻结的数值模型进行模拟研究.研究结果表明:液滴冻结过程中,固液相界面呈凹型状态;随着液滴冻结的进行,固液相界面推进速度呈先快后慢的变化趋势,模拟结果和对应的实验数据吻...     

超临界反溶剂过程传质数学模型

建立了有机溶剂(甲苯)液滴与超临界反溶剂(超临界CO2)之间的传质模型,用于模拟超临界反溶剂制备微纳米粉体材料的传质过程。该模型考虑了双向传质过程,既有反溶剂向溶液的扩散过程,又有溶液中的溶剂向反溶剂的“汽化”过程。液滴的传质行为是影响颗粒形态和尺寸分布的关键因素。假定传质是在一个孤立的微小液滴与包围着它的反溶剂连续相间进行的,利用描述液滴内和液滴外某一点行为的连续方程、扩散方程、能量方程和动量方程,及界面上的守恒条件进行耦合,从而建立传质过程的数学模型,并给出求解方程和求解的边界条件和初始条件,进行数值求解。     

微型弯管中双重乳液流体动力学特性的可视化实验研究

设计并搭建了双重乳液液滴在微型弯管中流动的可视化实验装置,动态观测了双重乳液液滴在微型弯管中的界面演化过程,研究了不同弯管角度和外液相流量对双重乳液液滴变形程度的影响,分析了双重乳液在弯管中的流型演化规律。研究结果表明:弯管角度越大,液滴受到的离心力就越大,双重乳液液滴的变形程度就相应增加;随着外流体流量的增大,液滴所受到的剪切力和离心力就增大,从而加剧了液滴的变形程度。     

气液喷射反应器内液滴粒径分布PLIF研究

气液喷射反应器是一种高强度反应器,反应器内部液滴粒径大小和分布对反应收率和选择性具有决定性影响。本文建立了气液喷射反应器内液滴粒径分布测量实验装置,并利用面激光诱导荧光（PLIF）技术对气液喷射反应器内液滴粒径分布进行了研究,得到不同气液流率情况下的液滴粒径的分布规律,结果显示：液相流率不变时,随气相流率的增大,反应器内液滴平均粒径逐渐减小,分布范围变小; 气相流率不变时,随液相流率的增大,液滴平均粒径逐渐减小,粒径分布趋于集中。     

液相性质对新型洗涤冷却室内液滴夹带的影响

采用等速取样法对床层气液鼓泡区上方分离空间的液滴夹带进行了实验测定,研究了液相性质对液滴夹带的影响. 结果表明,同一静态液位下,随气速增加,气液分离空间高度逐渐减小,液滴夹带量增大;出口处液滴夹带量E在径向上总体变化不大,贴近壁面处偏小,主要受气体出口处气体回流流动的影响;液滴夹带量随液相物质表面张力减小而增大,随液体粘度增大而增大,表面张力从72.8 mN/m减小到25.8 mN/m液滴夹带量增大2.5倍,液体粘度从1 mPa×s增加到2.3 mPa×s液滴夹带量增大1倍. 液体物性对液滴夹带量的影响较显著,由此建立了液滴夹带量与物性参数的经验关联式,为改善洗涤冷却室内部结构提供了理论依据.     

气泡在热液相介质中上升时的传热与传质

本文对气泡在热液相介质中上升时的传热与传质进行了分析,建立了数学模型,并进行了数值解,其结果可以说明气液相界面蒸发的特征。本文还通过实验对理论模型进行了验证。     

Liquid circulation hydrodynamics in an external loop airlift reactor

The radial profiles of axial liquid velocity and gas hold‐ups are investigated in the riser of a pilot plant scale external loop airlift reactor (ELAR) using a modified Pavlov tube and differential pressure technique. The experimental investigation reveals that there exist two different kinds of liquid circulation structures in an ELAR, which has rarely been reported in the literature, namely internal liquid circulation, which exists only in the riser and external liquid circulation, which circulates through the downcomer. A power–law relationship is used to correlate the gas hold‐up and superficial gas velocity, which gives good agreement with experimental data. Experiments for axial liquid velocity profiles are analysed in analogy to a model described for a conventional bubble column. The results predicted by the model are in excellent agreement with the experimental data obtained under various operating conditions. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

乳状液膜分离Zn^2＋的界面传质阻力及传质模型

用Ｌｗｅｉｓ恒界面传质池对乳状液膜分离Ｚｎ＾２＋的传质阻力进行实验研究，结果表明由于表面活性剂单分子层的形成，使界面传质阻力占整个传质阻力的８５％。在此基础上所建立的既考虑界面传质阻力又考虑膜破碎的液膜传质模型能使用理论计算值与实验测定值符合较好。     

Liquid Phase RTD Studies in Sectionalized Bubble Column

The liquid phase backmixing has been reduced significantly by introducing horizontal perforated sieve plates into a 6.2 cm diameter and 77 cm height and in a 20 cm diameter and 90 cm height bubble columns. For the visbreaking operation of the petroleum residue, where the bubble column is used as soaker such a sectionalization has been suggested. The effect of the introduction of different gas quantities at various axial locations has also been studied to check the effect of increasing gas quantity formed in the visbreaking operation. The nonideality in the liquid phase backmixing has been studied by measuring liquid phase RTD and analysed by using one parameter dispersion model. A new parameter FP (flow parameter) has been defined and a correlation to predict liquid phase dispersion coefficient has been developed which covers the entire range of variables used in the present work.     

ABSORPTION OF GASES IN GROWING DROPLETS

The situation where a stationary droplet in a supersaturated medium is growing by condensation of a vapor and simultaneously absorbing a gas is theoretically analyzed to study the effect of growth on absorption rate. The absorption rate is assumed to be liquid phase diffusion controlled, and the unsteady state liquid phase diffusion equation with moving boundary has been solved by a similarity technique. The results indicate that for fast droplet growth rates, induced by relatively high degrees of supersaturation, the absorption rate is significantly enhanced, leading to higher solute concentration near the surface than that observed for a similar droplet of finite size. For slow growth rates, the results are not significantly different from the quasi-stationary results.     

ABSORPTION OF GASES IN GROWING DROPLETS

The situation where a stationary droplet in a supersaturated medium is growing by condensation of a vapor and simultaneously absorbing a gas is theoretically analyzed to study the effect of growth on absorption rate. The absorption rate is assumed to be liquid phase diffusion controlled, and the unsteady state liquid phase diffusion equation with moving boundary has been solved by a similarity technique. The results indicate that for fast droplet growth rates, induced by relatively high degrees of supersaturation, the absorption rate is significantly enhanced, leading to higher solute concentration near the surface than that observed for a similar droplet of finite size. For slow growth rates, the results are not significantly different from the quasi-stationary results.     

Effects of Membrane Parameters on Performance of Vapor Permeation through a Composite Supported Liquid Membrane

Abstract

Support liquid membranes have been used in air dehumidification due to their inherent high mass transfer rates. In this study, the effects of membrane structural parameters on vapor permeation through a LiCl solution based supported liquid membrane are investigated. To aid in the analysis, a mass transfer model has been proposed for moisture transfer through the membrane, which is composed of a supported liquid layer sandwiched by two hydrophobic protective layers. The model takes into account of the resistance in boundary layers, in the protective hydrophobic layers, and in the supported liquid layer. It is a transient model. It also reflects the distributed nature of moisture permeation through the membrane. The results found that the emission rate exhibits a non‐uniform distribution nature on the membrane surface. The structural parameters of the support and the protective layers, such as thickness, pore diameters, and porosity, have great effects on vapor permeation.     

周向液体层对战斗部破片加速过程的影响

为研究外部液体介质对杀伤战斗部破片加速过程的影响,设计了液体层厚度与装药直径之比为1∶1的模拟样机,开展了满腔、半满和空腔3种状态下的模拟样机静爆试验,得到周向液体层包覆下战斗部的破片速度,并利用LS-DYNA软件对3种状态下装药加速破片的过程进行了分析,与试验结果进行了对比。结果表明,外部液体介质影响了战斗部装药爆轰能量的分配,进而降低了装药加载破片的性能,在满腔状态下破片的速度仅能达到空腔状态下的55%~60%;半满状态时,水介质的径向惯性约束作用使得爆轰产物并未均等地向各个方向膨胀作功,而是向无水方向流动较快(类似于局部泄爆),其能量出现不均衡分配,进而有效提高了无水一侧破片的速度,达到空腔状态下的1.65倍。数值模拟的结果与实验结果相吻合,进一步验证了周向液体层对战斗部破片加速过程的影响。     

Liquid crystalline polysurfactant

Summary A new kind of amphiphilic polymer (PAMC₁₆S) has been synthesized where the amphiphilic moiety is attached as a side chain via the hydrophilic end to the polymer backbone. DSC, POM, and WAXD study revealed that the polysurfactant formed thermotropic liquid crystalline phase. The liquid crystalline domains appeared after annealed at the melt for a period of time, and evolved with annealing. It was indicated that the thermodynamic effect played a significant role on the self—aggregation of hydrophobic ends, so as to form liquid crystalline structure. X—ray investigation suggested that the mesophase structure could be described as smectic with lamellar type of packing, in which alkyl tails aggregated to form layer. A model of supermolecular structure was given.     

Liquid‐Liquid Stratified Flow through Horizontal Conduits

The stratified configuration is one of the basic and most important distributions during two phase flow through horizontal pipes. A number of studies have been carried out to understand gas‐liquid stratified flows. However, not much is known regarding the simultaneous flow of two immiscible liquids. There is no guarantee that the information available for gas‐liquid cases can be extended to liquid‐liquid flows. Therefore, the present work attempts a detailed investigation of liquid‐liquid stratified flow through horizontal conduits. Gas‐liquid flow exhibits either smooth or wavy stratified orientations, while liquid‐liquid flow exhibits other distinct stratified patterns like three layer flow, oil dispersed in water, and water flow, etc. Due to this, regime maps and transition equations available for predicting the regimes in gas‐liquid flow cannot be extended for liquid‐liquid cases by merely substituting phase physical properties in the equations. Further efforts have been made to estimate the in‐situ liquid holdup from experiments and theory. The analysis considers the pronounced effect of surface tension, and attempts to modify the Taitel‐Dukler model to account for the curved interface observed in these cases. The curved interface model of Brauner has been validated with experimental data from the present work and those reported in literature. It gives a better prediction of liquid holdup in oil‐water flows and reduces to the Taitel‐Dukler model for air‐water systems.