放电等离子体烧结复合稀土钼阴极的次级发射性能及组织的研究

研究了放电等离子体烧结(SPS)复合稀土氧化物的钼阴极材料的二次电子发射系数、致密化、组织、结构，对发射后的材料表面进行了微观组织观察，并与常规烧结(CIP-S)方法进行了比较。在低于常规烧结温度180℃-280℃，保温3min得到的复合稀土氧化物的钼阴极材料的晶粒明显细化，相对密度达95．6％-98．8％，因在激活发射过程中能快速在阴极表面形成高比例的稀土氧化物膜，使二次电子发射系数高于CIP—S烧结材料。但SPS烧结温度高于l600℃，晶粒将急剧长大，二次发射系数也显著下降.     

稀土-钼阴极二次电子发射性能研究

采用固固掺杂、液固掺杂和液液掺杂方法制备了稀土氧化物掺杂钼粉,随后利用等离子体快速烧结(spark plasma sinterin,SPS)和传统的压制与高温烧结分别制备稀土-钼金属陶瓷材料,利用金相显微镜、发射性能测试方法对样品的微观结构和二次电子发射性能进行了研究。结果表明:稀土氧化物均匀掺杂和组织的细化有利于材料发射性能提高。经过高温氢气处理,使得样品激活温度大幅降低,发射系数大幅提高。     

复合稀土钼材料次级发射性能

利用溶胶-凝胶法制备稀土氧化物掺杂钼粉,随后利用放电等离子体烧结法将该粉末制备成稀土钼金属陶瓷材料,利用SEM、DTA、电子发射性能测试等方法对样品次级电子发射性能进行研究.结果表明:稀土氧化物均匀掺杂和组织的细化有利于材料发射性能提高,但不能降低其激活温度;经过高温氢气处理,样品的真空激活温度大幅降低,发射系数提高;稀土氧化物易吸收水分和气体的特性导致后续真空激活过程中阴极表层钼氧化,而高温氢气处理消除了样品中多余的水分和气体,保持了样品中金属与氧化物的相间分布状态,这是样品在活化前后发射性能发生变化的主要原因.     

中国有色金属学报2004年第14卷总目次

材料科学与工程期数　页码晶界对低压电解电容器铝箔腐蚀结构的影响毛卫民 ,陈　垒 ,萨丽曼 ,余永宁 ,李云峰 (1)　 (1)……MA制备W Ni Fe纳米复合粉末的工艺优化范景莲 ,汪登龙 ,黄伯云 ,曹建虎 ,马运柱 (1)　 (6 )……微量La2 O3对钼的韧化作用张久兴 ,刘燕琴 ,刘丹敏 ,周美玲 ,左铁镛 (1)　 (13)…………………………复合稀土氧化物 钼 铼金属陶瓷阴极的次级发射性能杨　飒 ,周美玲 ,王金淑 ,李洪义 ,张久兴 (1)　 (18)……………………………………………………新型 6 0Si4 0Al合金封装材料的喷射成形制备张永安 ,刘红伟 ,朱宝宏 …     

折叠波导行波管铪栅极退火温度及其性能

在充分考虑电子枪栅极的工作环境后,对铪(Hf)栅极进行了800、900和1000℃的真空退火处理,对其组织、织构特点进行了分析,并利用离子束辅助沉积技术在Ba-W阴极表面分别沉积金属钼膜和铪膜,以模拟栅控行波管中钼栅极和铪栅极表面吸附阴极蒸发物质时的表面状态,测试了这两种栅极表面“热电子发射”能力和“二次电子发射”系数.结果表明,随着退火温度的升高,铪(Hf)栅极的结晶度、晶粒尺寸增加,织构减少,铪的最佳退火温度为900℃,铪栅极表面吸附的阴极发射物质要远少于钼栅极,用金属铪作栅极材料能有效抑制栅电子发射.     

折叠波导行波管铪栅极退火温度及其性能（英文）

在充分考虑电子枪栅极的工作环境后,对铪(Hf)栅极进行了800、900和1000℃的真空退火处理,对其组织、织构特点进行了分析,并利用离子束辅助沉积技术在Ba-W阴极表面分别沉积金属钼膜和铪膜,以模拟栅控行波管中钼栅极和铪栅极表面吸附阴极蒸发物质时的表面状态,测试了这两种栅极表面"热电子发射"能力和"二次电子发射"系数。结果表明,随着退火温度的升高,铪(Hf)栅极的结晶度、晶粒尺寸增加,织构减少,铪的最佳退火温度为900℃,铪栅极表面吸附的阴极发射物质要远少于钼栅极,用金属铪作栅极材料能有效抑制栅电子发射。     

稀土钨电极在电推进系统中的耐烧蚀性能研究

阴极作为电弧加热发动机的“心脏”,担负着加热工质气体产生推进力的作用,由于卫星服役周期长,点火次数频繁,对阴极材料的寿命及耐烧损性能提出了很高的要求。为寻求耐烧损性能优异的阴极材料,以W-La-Ce-Y与W-La-Y-Zr电极为基础,采用氢还原-中频烧结的方法制备W-La-Ce-Y-Re与W-La-Y-Zr-Re电极材料。模拟发动机实际工况在250A电流下进行燃弧试验,测量燃弧后电极的质量损失并对电极尖端的组织形貌进行观察表征。结果表明,加铼电极在燃弧2h后的烧损质量更少,尖端形貌变化程度更小,耐烧损性能更好。在扫描电镜下观察到铼的加入抑制了尖端表面枝晶的生长,弱化了钨基体晶粒的再结晶程度,并探讨了稀土氧化物的迁移途径;在金相显微镜下观察到加铼电极的再结晶晶粒更细小,铼起到了细化再结晶晶粒的作用。在不同工作电流下测得加铼电极的阴极压降更低,铼的加入提升了电极材料的电子发射性能。     

La2O3对激光熔覆镍基金属陶瓷复合层组织及耐磨性的影响

利用5kW的CO2激光器在低碳钢基体表面熔覆含La2O3的镍基TiC金属陶瓷复合层，研究了不同含量的La2O3对激光熔覆镍基金属陶瓷复合层组织及性能的影响。研究结果表明，在镍基金属陶瓷复合层中加入一定量的稀土氧化物La2O3可有效改善熔覆复合层的组织及性能，减少复合层中的裂纹，孔洞，夹杂，加速复合层中TiC颗粒的溶解和改善TiC颗粒的表面形状，同时使熔覆复合层的组织及硬度更加均匀。     

钼及钼合金研究与应用进展

综述了钼单晶、钼铼合金、钼钛锆（TZM）合金、钼硅合金、稀土钼合金、钼铜合金的研究现状与应用进展，详细介绍了稀土钼合金的研究与应用，包括稀土钼的韧化作用机理、稀土掺杂钼粉的粒度控制、稀土钼合金力学性能和热发射性能研究。由于钼及钼合金具有高温性能好、热传导率高、膨胀系数低等特性，因此在航空航天、核能工业等诸多领域得到广泛应用。今后，发展新的制备工艺，提供更高性能的材料，开辟新的应用领域成为钼及钼合金发展的关键。     

CeO_2对镍基金属陶瓷复合层组织和耐腐蚀性能的影响

利用 5kWCO2 激光器在 5Cr2 1Mn9Ni4N不锈钢基体表面成功熔覆了含不同CeO2 量的镍基金属陶瓷复合层。研究了稀土氧化物CeO2 对激光熔覆金属陶瓷复合层显微组织形态和耐腐蚀性能的影响 ,发现稀土氧化物CeO2 能加速碳化钨颗粒的溶解 ,促使钨与铬形成金属间化合物 ;激光熔覆镍基金属陶瓷复合层的耐硫酸腐蚀能力显著优于 1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢 ;且含 0 5 %CeO2 (质量分数 )的激光熔覆层的耐腐蚀能力比含 1 5 %CeO2 (质量分数 )和不含CeO2 的激光熔覆层都要强     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.