柴油抗磨剂对柴油质量影响分析

随着国Ⅳ、国Ⅴ车用柴油标准的实施,柴油抗磨剂的使用范围不断扩大。不同抗磨剂由于其组成、性质等差异,影响商品柴油质量、使用性能,并出现乳化、酸值偏高、氧化安定性(以总不溶物计)超标问题等,已严重威胁车用柴油质量的稳定。本文介绍了抗磨剂的质量要求,分析了酸/酯型抗磨剂生产工艺、性能特点以及与其他添加剂配伍性等对柴油性能质量的影响,有助于企业合理选择、使用柴油抗磨剂并有效解决加剂柴油的质量问题。     

煤直接液化柴油润滑性研究及抗磨剂的选用

介绍了神华煤直接液化柴油的性质和柴油抗磨剂种类,分析发现低氧、低氮和低多环芳烃是导致柴油润滑性能不足的原因。通过对比脂肪酸型和脂肪酸酯型抗磨剂在煤直接液化柴油中的使用效果以及十六烷值改进剂对其效果的影响,发现脂肪酸酯型抗磨剂在降低柴油磨痕直径和与十六烷值改进剂配伍性方面优于脂肪酸型抗磨剂。脂肪酸酯型抗磨剂在神华煤直接液化项目中的工业应用表明,柴油磨痕直径较采用酸型剂时降低了21.4%,酸度由0.045 mg/mL降至0.005 mg/mL,且抗磨剂和十六烷值改进剂添加量大幅降低,每年可节约成本约270万元。     

脂肪酸型抗磨剂在柴油调和中的应用

随着柴油质量的不断升级,加氢精制生产过程中硫和芳烃被大量脱除,柴油的润滑性越来越差,因此需要加入抗磨剂改善其润滑性。中石化安庆分公司选用脂肪酸型抗磨剂在柴油调和中进行应用。探讨了抗磨剂的加入对柴油酸度等质量指标的影响,认为抗磨剂加剂量为150mg/kg时具有良好的使用效果和经济效益。     

解决柴油磨斑直径与酸度矛盾问题

柴油产品中通过添加酸型柴油抗磨剂来改善柴油的润滑性能,而酸型柴油抗磨剂在改善柴油润滑性同时,也增加了柴油的酸度,即增加了柴油的腐蚀性。本文通过严把抗磨剂进厂关、油品小试寻找最佳调和比、生产中延长调和时间等三方面进行探索,解决柴油磨斑直径与酸度的矛盾问题,提高柴油交库一次合格率,降低生产、化验成本。     

TH-KM01柴油抗磨剂在加氢精制柴油的应用

考察了油酸三乙酰胺酸和柴油抗磨剂对加氢精制柴油抗磨性能、抗乳化性能的作用和影响。研究表明:柴油抗磨剂具有抗磨性能好、抗乳化能力强、酸值低的特点,可以全面满足加氢裂化柴油抗磨剂的要求;添加量为80mg/kg时,柴油磨痕直径都低于国标 420 WS1.4/μm。     

发展生物柴油之我见

一、生物柴油定义和浅解 生物柴油(Biodiesel)是一种源生于植物油或动物油脂肪酸的单烷基酯,而不是完整的三酰基甘油(甘油三酸酯).以生物柴油与石油为基料的柴油机燃料的掺合物,也常被称作"生物柴油"[1].但是这种叫法在技术上并不是很准确,更确切地说,它应被称为"生物柴油掺合物(Biodiesel Blends)".同时,按照加入的数量命名,可表明生物柴油组份的百分率.依此方法,纯粹生物柴油叫B100,同理B20是指内含20%(以体积计)生物柴油和80%石油为基料的柴油.     

生物基柴油抗磨剂酯化反应催化剂研究进展

随着燃油规范以及环境保护有关要求的不断更新,对车用柴油品质要求也逐步升级,低硫化将会成为未来车用柴油发展的必然趋势。然而,由于柴油中去除了具有抗磨功能的天然硫组分,导致柴油的润滑性能大幅降低,从而增加了零部件之间的磨损。因此,可通过添加抗磨剂,依靠其溶于柴油中在摩擦表面形成的定向吸附膜实现润滑的目的。相比于传统的抗磨剂,生物基柴油抗磨剂因具有非烃元素含量极低、可生物降解、能够满足不断发展的环保要求等特性,逐渐成为柴油抗磨剂的主要研究方向。酯化反应作为生物基柴油抗磨剂制备过程中的一种工艺,催化剂的选取对此影响较大。因此,本文对近年来生物基柴油抗磨剂酯化反应催化剂进行了总结、简述。     

高硫柴油制备硫化切削油的研究

以中大中国石油公司催化裂化柴油为原料,经氧化-萃取工艺对柴油进行脱硫得到合格的低硫柴油。同时,脱硫工艺过程中会产生一部分硫质量分数高的柴油,这部分高硫柴油很难处理。笔者研究了高硫柴油制备硫化切削油的工艺过程。首先通过蒸馏切除轻馏分来提高高硫柴油的闪点、黏度、硫质量分数,然后采用酸、碱精制进行脱色脱臭,提高其氧化安定性,制得合格的基础油,再加入防锈剂、抗磨剂等添加剂制备硫化切削油。结果表明,加入防锈剂、抗磨剂后制备的硫化切削油各项性能指标均符合标准硫化切削油的要求,具有良好的防锈、润滑、抗磨等性能,是一种可以在极压条件下使用,性能较好的硫化切削油,添加剂用量少,生产成本低。     

生物柴油高性能结晶抑制剂的研究

生物柴油是典型的"绿色能源",但相比石化柴油,低温流动性较差,这一性质严重限制了其在低温环境下的应用。添加低温流动改进剂是一种方便、快捷、有效的改善生物柴油低温流动性的方式。本文以四聚蓖麻油酸酯、马来酸酐、蓖麻油酸、环氧丙烷等为原料,合成了一种以长链树状脂肪酸酯为主要成分的化合物。在生物柴油中添加一定条件下制得的树状长链脂肪酸酯分子可有效地降低生物柴油的凝固点,从而对改进生物柴油低温流动性起到积极作用,可使生物柴油得到更广泛的推广和应用,对新能源的开发利用具有重要意义。     

单蓖麻酸甘油酯低硫柴油抗磨剂的制备及其性能评价

在一定的条件下,以蓖麻酸和甘油反应合成单蓖麻酸甘油酯。将合成的物质用四球机进行抗磨性能的评价,结果表明:抗磨剂在低硫柴油中的添加量为100~300μg/g,磨斑直径比空白试验最低降了30%。将合成的蓖麻酸甘油酯与油酸、蓖麻酸、市售抗磨剂相比较,测试其抗磨效果,结果表明:单蓖麻酸甘油酯的效果略差一些,但是降低了抗磨剂的酸值,不影响低硫柴油的各种理化性质,也不会和其他柴油添加剂反应。     

柴油润滑性及润滑性添加剂的研究进展

柴油的低硫化成为发展的必然趋势,柴油出现了润滑性差的现象。综述了影响柴油润滑性的因素和磨损机理及低硫柴油的润滑性添加剂,认为酯类是极具应用前景的抗磨剂;并对柴油润滑性的研究方向提出了建议。     

生物柴油低温流动改进剂复配研究

采用碱催化法制备菜籽油生物柴油和棕榈油生物柴油,对其主要品质指标进行分析;考察了添加不同的柴油低温流动改进剂及其复配物对生物柴油低温流动性能的影响。结果表明,柴油低温流动改进剂能够改善生物柴油低温流动性能;将其进行复配后,能表现出协同效应,取得更好的降滤效果,尤其能使饱和脂肪酸甲酯含量高的棕榈油生物柴油冷滤点降低8℃;不同生物柴油对柴油低温流动改进剂或其复配物感受性存在较大差异,不饱和脂肪酸甲酯含量高,且脂肪酸甲酯种类较多、分布较广的菜籽油生物柴油对单一低温流动改进剂感受性好,而饱和脂肪酸甲酯含量高,且脂肪酸甲酯种类分布较集中的棕榈油生物柴油对复配物感受性好。     

Dependence of biodiesel fuel properties on the structure of fatty acid alkyl esters

Biodiesel, defined as the mono-alkyl esters of vegetable oils or animal fats, is an “alternative” diesel fuel that is becoming accepted in a steadily growing number of countries around the world. Since the source of biodiesel varies with the location and other sources such as recycled oils are continuously gaining interest, it is important to possess data on how the various fatty acid profiles of the different sources can influence biodiesel fuel properties. The properties of the various individual fatty esters that comprise biodiesel determine the overall fuel properties of the biodiesel fuel. In turn, the properties of the various fatty esters are determined by the structural features of the fatty acid and the alcohol moieties that comprise a fatty ester. Structural features that influence the physical and fuel properties of a fatty ester molecule are chain length, degree of unsaturation, and branching of the chain. Important fuel properties of biodiesel that are influenced by the fatty acid profile and, in turn, by the structural features of the various fatty esters are cetane number and ultimately exhaust emissions, heat of combustion, cold flow, oxidative stability, viscosity, and lubricity.     

Evaluating Esters Derived from Mustard Oil (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sinapis alba</Emphasis>) as Potential Diesel Additives

Biodiesel was produced from mustard oil utilizing transesterification with methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol to evaluate the characteristics of mustard biodiesel as an additive to regular diesel. Mustard oil was transesterified with alcohol at 6:1 alcohol to oil molar ratio, using KOH as a catalyst at 1 wt%. The maximum ester content achieved by this method was only 66%. Distillation was then used to purify the ester, raising the ester content to 99.8%. Alternatively, mustard oil methyl ester (MME) can be mixed with esters derived from canola oil or soybean oil to achieve an ASTM quality biodiesel. Biodiesel derived from mustard showed great potential as lubricity additive for regular diesel fuel. With an addition of 1% MME, lubricity of diesel fuel was improved by 43.7%. It is also found that methyl ester is the best lubricity additive among all esters (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and butyl-ester). MME can be used at −16 °C without freezing whereas monounsaturated compounds (oleic, eicosenoic, and erucic esters) largely present in esters derived from mustard oil can tolerate −42 to −58 °C. Monounsaturated esters derived from higher alcohols such as butyl alcohol demonstrated a superior low temperature tolerance (−58 °C) as compared to that derived from lower alcohol such as methyl alcohol (−42 °C).     

Lubricity-Enhancing Low-Temperature Diesel Fuel Additives

Branched chain alkyl esters have lower crystallization temperatures than those with straight chain headgroups. We investigated the effect of branched chain headgroups on the cold flow properties and lubricity of alkyl esters. Commercial grade canola methyl ester was transformed into branched chain alkyl esters through a two or three-stage base-catalyzed transesterification reaction with 1-methoxy-2-propanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol. Conversion rates between 85 and 95% were achieved. The alkyl esters exhibited improved cold flow properties. The pour points were reduced from −12 to −27 °C as a result of incorporating branched headgroups. Addition of 0.1 or 0.2% (v/v) 1-methoxy-2-propyl alkyl ester improved the lubricity of a commercial pre-production ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel, as determined by increased lubricity number and reduced wear scar diameter. The inclusion of methyl-tert butyl ether or ethanolamides additives to ULSD containing alkyl esters had an antagonistic effect on lubricity. The branched-chain alkyl esters have the potential to be used as lubricity-enhancing and low-temperature fuel additives.     

Screening vegetable oil alcohol esters as fuel lubricity enhancers

Methyl and ethyl monoalkyl esters of various vegetable oils were produced for determining the effects of type of alcohol and fatty acid profile of the vegetable oil on the lubricity of the ester. Four methyl esters and six ethyl esters were analyzed for wear properties using the American Society for Testing and Materials method D 6079, Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels by the High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig. Ethyl esters showed noticeable improvement compared to methyl esters in the wear properties of each ester tested. No correlation was found between lubricity improvement and fatty acid profile of the ester, except that esters of castor oil had improved lubricity over other oils with similar carbon chain-length (C₁₈) fatty acids.     

Development of multifunctional additives based on vegetable oils for high quality diesel and biodiesel

The increasing qualitative requirements of the modern diesel fuels can be satisfied by applying environmental friendly blending components and additive-packages having high performance level.The aim of our experimental work was to produce multifunctional additives based on rapeseed oil methyl ester by applying radical initiation. This process is more environmental friendly and energy economic respect to the widely used thermal synthesis method for the production of polyisobutylene (PIB)-succinimide type additives. Beside, our aim was to use raw materials originated from partly renewable source to meet the biodegradability requirements. These synthesized additives showed same or even better detergent–dispersant properties compared to the traditional PIB-succinimides and also provided corrosion inhibiting and lubricity improving effects when applied in diesel fuel, 5% biodiesel containing diesel fuel and 100% biodiesel.     

馏程与化学组成对柴油润滑性能的影响

考察了不同加工工艺生产的柴油样品的化学组成和馏程对柴油润滑性的影响与关系.结果表明,柴油润滑性高低顺序为催化柴油高于直馏柴油高于加氢精制柴油,柴油中极性组分含量越少,饱和烃含量越高,润滑性越差;随着柴油馏分沸点的提高,柴油抗磨性能逐渐提高,尤其是在300～325 ℃、325～350℃馏分时,加氩精制柴油的磨斑直径分别达...     

High-Performance Multifunctional Fuel Additives Derived from Renewable Fatty Acids and Phosphazene

The increasing need for high-quality diesel fuel can be fulfilled by using environmental friendly, high-performance additives. We have synthesized novel fatty acid-derived multifunctional additives coupled with phosphazene moiety having the backbone of alternative nitrogen and phosphorous atoms which provided stability, while the additives possessed affinity for the metal surface to form a surface-complex film leading to the hindered metal contact and providing friction-reducing and antiwear properties. In addition, the applicability of the synthesized additives was investigated by testing the anti-oxidant and anticorrosion properties in polyethylene glycol (PEG200) which was taken as the reference base fluid. A rotating bomb oxidation test was used to evaluate the anti-oxidant characteristics, and a four-ball test for the tribological properties. Among the synthesized additives, phosphazene ester of erucic acid exhibited the best antiwear and antifriction properties; however, phosphazene ester of oleic acid was found to be the best anti-oxidant additive.