水稻病害及其防治

本文简要介绍了我国稻瘟病、白叶估病、纹枯病、稻曲病、叶类枯病、粒黑粉病、干尖线早病、亚苗病与病毒病等水稻病害的发生规律及防治研究的进展。提出以农业防治为基础，药剂防治为辅助的综合防治策略。主要有多抗品种的评价和利用、控害保健栽培和多效药剂的运用等。     

三唑酮防治水稻穗期三种病害的药效试验

亩用15%三唑酮粉剂50克与40%多菌灵胶悬剂50克混合防治水稻纹枯病效果仅次于井冈霉素单用25克和三唑酮单用100克的防效,差异不显著。但能提高防治稻粒黑粉病和稻叶黑粉病的效果,且对水稻早衰有一定的延缓作用,降低空秕率、增加千粒重、提高产量。因此,适用于以纹枯病为主,稻粒、稻叶黑粉病同时发生的稻田。     

水稻病虫害防治

<正>1病害防治水稻播种至秧田期稻农要重点防治种土传病害恶苗病、苗稻瘟、干尖线虫病等;在水稻破口期要重点防治穗瘟、稻曲病等病害;水稻穗期要重点防治纹枯病、稻曲病、细菌性病害和穗颈瘟。     

复方多菌铜通过技术鉴定

稻曲病、俗称黑粉病、乌米等,专危害水稻谷粒。被害稻粒畸形,呈黑青色近球形粉块状。发病水稻,病穗率轻则为20％左右,重则达38％以上。不但影响水稻质量和米质,而且危害人、畜健康。近年来,稻曲病发生逐年加重,已成为我省水稻生产主要病害之一。为此,沈阳农药厂     

几种杀菌剂防治稻粒黑粉病药效试验

稻粒黑粉病是南方杂交水稻制种区一种普遍而严重发生的病害。它不但影响制种产量而且还大大降低种子质量。对该病的防治国内报道较少。为了探索防治稻粒黑粉病的有效药剂、用量及最适使用时期,我站对几种杀菌剂进行了防治稻粒黑粉病的药效筛选试验,经过小区和大面积示范试验,选出了一些对稻粒黑粉病有效的药剂。一、药剂种类及来源供试药剂:40%灭病威胶悬剂;45%超微粒硫胶悬剂;20%三唑酮乳油;60%超微多菌灵可湿性粉剂。以上药剂均由湖南省植保植检站提供。二、试验方法     

75％肟菌·戊唑醇WG防治滨海稻区主要病害最佳施用时期的研究

对75％肟菌·戊唑醇WG（NATIVO）防治滨海稻区主要病害的最佳施用时期进行了研究。结果表明,该药剂防治水稻稻瘟病的最佳施用时期是孕穗末期和齐穗期,防效达到91．11％;防治稻曲病和纹枯病的最佳施用时期也是孕穗末期和齐穗期,防效分别可达79．11％、83．75％。     

三唑酮对水稻中后期病害的防治效果

随着栽培技术的不断改进和水稻生产水平的提高,中后期病害对产量的提高影响极大。7月下旬,一般中稻处于分蘖末期,纹枯病、叶尖枯病、叶黑肿病、粒黑粉病、稻曲病、云形病、鞘腐病等多种病害常相继混合发生,造成功能叶旱枯,结实率和千粒重下降。一般发生年份,损失产量1成左右,严重发生年份,损失产量可达2成。我们从1983年开始进行三唑酮(粉锈宁)小区试验和大面积示范,并已在全县推广应用,取得了较明显的防病增产效果。一、供试药剂:20%三唑酮乳油(建湖县农药厂生产),40%多菌灵胶悬剂.25%多菌     

水稻抽穗扬花期多雨高湿谨防黑粉病发生

水稻粒黑粉病又称粒黑穗病，俗称黑粒谷、乌米谷等，为真菌病害，系对外检疫对象。过去各主要稻区多为零星发生，自大力推广杂交稻以来，各地发病均较普遍，严重影响杂交水稻特别是制种田的产量和质量。下面介绍这一病害的主要症状、发病特点和防治方法，供参考。     

杂交稻制种田稻粒黑粉病药剂防治试验

水稻稻粒黑粉病的发生为害自推广杂交水稻以来,在我地逐年加重,特别是杂交水稻制种田和不育系繁殖田母本为害最重。据调查,一般田块损失10%左右,严重的达20～40%。为提高制种产量,增加制种农户的经济效益,于1989年进行了制种田稻粒黑粉病的药剂防治试验。现将结果报道如下:     

稻曲病防治药剂筛选与防治适期研究

<正>水稻稻曲病是世界性真菌病害,属子囊菌纲麦角菌科,也被称为伪黑穗病、黑球菌及青粉病。稻曲病一般可使水稻减产10%～40%,最严重时可减产80%以上,同时对米质有严重的影响。影响稻曲病防治效果的最主要因素一是药剂的选择,二是防治适期的掌握。为了研究和筛选防治水稻稻曲     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。