一种分布式实时数据库提交协议

传统的事务提交协议不适合实时环境的需要，并且文献中现有的几个实时提交协议限制了实时事务执行的并发度，影响了实时事务的定时限制，该文针对分布式实时数据库系统的提交处理提供了2SC协议，它增加了事务执行的并发度且有助于事务截止期的满足，文中首先提出了一个分布式实时事务经历模型，着重讨论了事务因为冲突操作而引起的提交依赖和夭折依赖，然后给出了2SC（双空间提交）协议规则，根据该协议分布式实时事务的提交处理在两个空间中完成：结点的局部事务空间和系统的全局事务空间，在局部事务空间中，当处于准备状态的参与者夭折时，仅仅夭折其夭折依赖集中的事务而不会夭折其提交依赖集中的事务；在适当的条件下，处于准备状态的参与者允许其它事务访问其锁住的数据，在全局事务空间中，参与者能够在进入准备之前主动夭折，即当一个事务在进入准备状态之前就超过了截止期，其协调者和所有的参与者都将“寂寞死”，接着该文证明了2SC协议的正确性，即确保分布式事务提交的原子性，同时分析了该协议固有的优点比如提高事务执行的并发度和减缓事务的串联夭折等，并且2SC协议能够和现有的并发控制协议有机地结合在一起，确保分布式实时事务可串行化和提交的原子性，最后通过一个模拟实验证实了2SC协议的性能比较优越。     

分布式实时事务提交协议

在分布式实时数据库系统中，保证事务原子性的唯一途径是研究和开发出一个实时的原子提交协议．首先详细分析了事务因数据访问冲突而形成的各种依赖关系，在此基础上提出了实时的原子乐观提交协议——2SC协议，该协议减少了事务的等待时间，提高了事务的并发度，且能无缝地和现有的并发控制协议集成在一起，保证事务的可串行化和原子性．通过模拟实验研究表明，采用该协议能够减少超过截止期的事务数目。     

移动分布式实时事务实时原子提交

形式地给出了移动分布式实时事务实时原子提交协议的定义,在此基础上提出了适合于移动分布式实时事务的实时原子提交协议：一阶段实时原子提交协议(1PRACP)。1PRACP通过参与者与协调者的一次消息交换,在一个阶段完成移动分布式实时事务提交活动;结合超时恢复处理协议,1PRACP能避免由于站点故障或网络通信链路故障而导致的阻塞。对1PRACP进行了性能比较和评测,显示了它在各方面的优越性。     

分布式实时事务提交处理

由于提交处理的复杂性,分布式实时事务很难满足其截止期.提出了一种新的提交协议A2SC(主动的双空间提交),它适合于分布式实时事务提交处理的需要.分析了由于数据冲突访问而形成的各种依赖关系.当处于准备状态的事务和处于提交状态的事务发生数据冲突访问时,A2SC允许处于执行状态的事务在一种控制的方式下乐观地访问锁住的数据.当处于准备状态的事务夭折时,仅仅只有其夭折依赖集中的事务夭折.进一步提出了"没有结果的运行"的观念.当一个事务发现它是没有结果的允许时,它将主动夭折.进行了广泛的模拟实验比较A2SC和其它协议比如基准协议、PROMPT和DDCR的性能.模拟结果表明A2SC在最小化错过截止期的事务数方面较成功,因此A2SC适合于高性能分布式实时事务.     

移动分布式实时嵌套事务提交

在移动分布式计算环境中,事务移动性和无线网络固有的缺陷使得传统的分布式实时事务管理机制不足以支持移动分布式实时事务的执行,故有必要为移动实时事务研究新的事务处理机制,以提高其成功率.着重研究移动实时事务的提交机制.首先,通过分析移动分布环境中实时事务的特点给出了一个基于功能替代的移动实时嵌套事务模型.然后,提出了一个基于此模型的三层提交结构以及能够保证移动实时事务原子性和结构正确性的三阶段实时提交协议3PRTC(three-phase real-time commit).性能测试表明,所提出的事务模型及其提交机制能够提高实时事务的成功率.     

一种基于移动环境的混合乐观实时事务处理策略

随着移动计算技术的快速发展，移动环境下涉及到实时事务处理的应用需求正逐渐增长．由于移动环境下固有特性：高的网络延迟、频繁的断接性和移动性等，采用传统的事务处理技术，在移动环境下很难满足事务的截止期要求．提出了一种基于高优先级两段锁的混合乐观实时事务并发控制协议(HORTCC—SHP2PL)．该协议在移动实时事务处理中将乐观并发控制和高优先级两段锁结舍起来，利用两阶段提交协议实现移动实时事务的全局提交．为了进一步减少移动实时事务重启的数目．在并发控制协议中引入了相似性的概念．仿真实验显示．与分布式高优先级两段锁(HP2PL)比较，HORTCC—SHP2PL明显地减少了实时事务错过截止期的比率，提高了事务的并发度，能更好的满足移动实时事务截止期的要求．     

一种移动分布式实时事务原子提交协议

介绍了移动分布式实时事务的工作模式,在此基础上提出了应用于移动分布式实时事务的实时原子交换协议:两层实时原子提交协议.通过引入改进的TCP三次握手协议,完成移动终端与固定数据库系统的交互.对协议的正确性进行了证明.两层实时原子提交协议能够有效避免由于网络故障或者移动终端故障引起的通信堵塞.     

基于预分析的实时事务处理

实时数据库系统中事务可能有实时限制（典型地为截止期），事务超过截止期可能给系统带来灾难性后果，这就要求系统能对事务的执行进行预分析与预安排，传统事务处理由于事务执行过程中的多种不确定因素（数据I／O，页面缺失，事务之间的各种相关性等），事务执行具有动态不可预报性，提出了一种事务预分析处理的三段法，数据说明阶段的静态预分析提取事务静态信息；初始动态预分析阶段构造事务的“影了事务”，并在适当的时机调度影子事务执行，以保证事务操作之前所需数据已在内存，事务执行时动态预分析阶段构造事务的相关性，为事务执行的结构，行为及时间正确性提供统一的实现机制，事务执行具有更好的可预报性，从而事务能更好地满足截止期。     

一种改进的分布式实时事务调度协议

分布式实时事务调度协议用于实现事务间读写的并发控制,以满足事务的一致性与隔离性要求.本文改进了动态调整时间间隔的乐观并发控制协议,提出了一种分布式实时事务调度协议DOCC-DATI,协议分为读阶段、等待阶段、准备阶段和提交阶段.协议在读阶段和等待阶段利用事务的优先级信息,动态调整事务的串行化顺序,使高优先级事务优先进入验证阶段,并通过阻塞机制避免部分低优先级事务的不必要重启.由于分布式环境下处于准备阶段的数据不可访问,这将增加事务的阻塞时间,因此本文允许处于准备阶段的事务借出数据给低优先事务.为避免传统的两阶段提交协议中由单点故障而导致的实时事务阻塞,本文通过Paxos一致性算法提交分布式实时事务.提议的方法在一个模拟的分布式实时数据库环境中得以应用,显示出了优良的结果.     

实时数据库事务的正确性及实现算法

实时数据库系统中事务可以有定时限制（典型地为截止期）,事务超过截止期可能给系统带来灾难性后果,事务不光要满足数据库的完整性与一致性,而且要满足在时间上的正确性以及事务之间在结构上的正确性,传统的事务处理方法仅着眼于事务存取数据库的正确性,对于时间正确性与结构正确性无能为力,详细讲座了实时事务的正确性,包含结果正确性、时间正确性、行为正确性及结构正确性,已有的研究成果中大多用不央的算法及策略来保证不同的正确性要求;给出了保证实时事务正确性的一个统一的图论算法。     

Real-time index concurrency control

Real time database systems are expected to rely heavily on indexes to speed up data access and thereby help more transactions meet their deadlines. Accordingly, high performance index concurrency control (ICC) protocols are required to prevent contention for the index from becoming a bottleneck. We develop real time variants of a representative set of classical B-tree ICC protocols and, using a detailed simulation model, compare their performance for real time transactions with firm deadlines. We also present and evaluate a real time ICC protocol called GUARD-link that augments the classical B-link protocol with a feedback based admission control mechanism. Both point and range queries, as well as the undos of the index action transactions are included in the study. The performance metrics used in evaluating the ICC protocols are the percentage of transactions that miss their deadlines and the fairness with respect to transaction type and size. Experimental results show that the performance characteristics of the real time version of an ICC protocol could be significantly different from the performance of the same protocol in a conventional (nonreal time) database system. In particular, B-link protocols, which are reputed to provide the best overall performance in conventional database systems, perform poorly under heavy real time loads. The new GUARD-link protocol, however, although based on the B-link approach, delivers the best performance (with respect to all performance metrics) for a variety of real time transaction workloads, by virtue of its admission control mechanism. GUARD-link provides close to ideal fairness in most environments     

Data access scheduling in firm real-time database systems

A major challenge addressed by conventional database systems has been to efficiently implement the transaction model, which provides the properties of atomicity, serializability, and permanence. Real-time applications have added a complex new dimension to this challenge by placing deadlines on the response time of the database system. In this paper, we examine the problem of real-time data access scheduling, that is, the problem of scheduling the data accesses of real-time transactions in order to meet their deadlines. In particular, we focus on firm deadline real-time database applications, where transactions that miss their deadlines are discarded and the objective of the real-time database system is to minimize the number of missed deadlines. Within this framework, we use a detailed simulation model to compare the performance of several real-time locking protocols and optimistic concurrency control algorithms under a variety of real-time transaction workloads. The results of our study show that in moving from the conventional database system domain to the real-time domain, there are new performance-related forces that come into effect. Our experiments demonstrate that these factors can cause performance recommendations that were valid in a conventional database setting to be significantly altered in the corresponding real-time setting.This work was done while the author was with the Computer Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison. This research was partially supported by the National Science Foundation under grant IRI-8657323.     

Correctness criteria for multilevel secure transactions

The benefits of distributed systems and shared database resources are widely recognized, but they often cannot be exploited by users who must protect their data by using label-based access controls. In particular, users of label-based data need to read and write data at different security levels within a single database transaction, which is not currently possible without violating multilevel security constraints. The paper presents a formal model of multilevel transactions which provide this capability. We define four ACIS (atomicity, consistency, isolation, and security) correctness properties of multilevel transactions. While atomicity, consistency and isolation are mutually achievable in standard single-site and distributed transactions, we show that the security requirements of multilevel transactions conflict with some of these goals. This forces trade-offs to be made among the ACIS correctness properties, and we define appropriate partial correctness properties. Due to such trade-offs, an important problem is to design multilevel transaction execution protocols which achieve the greatest possible degree of correctness. These protocols must provide a variety of approaches to making trade-offs according to the differing priorities of various users. We present three transaction execution protocols which achieve a high degree of correctness. These protocols exemplify the correctness trade-offs proven in the paper, and offer realistic implementation options     

The PROMPT real-time commit protocol

We investigate the performance implications of providing transaction atomicity for firm-deadline real-time applications, operating on distributed data. Using a detailed simulation model, the real-time performance of a representative set of classical transaction commit protocols is evaluated. The experimental results show that data distribution has a significant influence on real-time performance and that the choice of commit protocol clearly affects the magnitude of this influence. We also propose and evaluate a new commit protocol, PROMPT (Permits Reading Of Modified Prepared-data for Timeliness), that is specifically designed for the real-time domain. PROMPT allows transactions to “optimistically” borrow, in a controlled manner, the updated data of transactions currently in their commit phase. This controlled borrowing reduces the data inaccessibility and the priority inversion that is inherent in distributed real-time commit processing. A simulation-based evaluation shows PROMPT to be highly successful, as compared to the classical commit protocols, in minimizing the number of missed transaction deadlines. In fact, its performance is close to the best on-line performance that could be achieved using the optimistic lending approach. Further, it is easy to implement and incorporate in current database system software. Finally, PROMPT is compared against an alternative priority inheritance-based approach to addressing priority inversion during commit processing. The results indicate that priority inheritance does not provide tangible performance benefits     

Real-time concurrency control in a multiprocessor environment

Although many high-performance computer systems are now multiprocessor-based, little work has been done in real-time concurrency control of transaction executions in a multiprocessor environment. Real-time concurrency control protocols designed for uniprocessor or distributed environments may not fit the needs of multiprocessor-based real-time database systems because of a lower concurrency degree of transaction executions and a larger number of priority inversions. This paper proposes the concept of a priority cap to bound the maximum number of priority inversions in multiprocessor-based real-time database systems to meet transaction deadlines. We also explore the concept of two-version data to increase the system concurrency level and to explore the abundant computing resources of multiprocessor computer systems. The capability of the proposed methodology is evaluated in a multiprocessor real-time database system under different workloads, database sizes and processor configurations. It is shown that the benefits of the priority cap in reducing the blocking time of urgent transactions are far greater than the losses involved in committing less urgent transactions. The idea of two-version data also greatly improves the system performance because of a much higher concurrency degree in the system     

Processing real-time transactions in a replicated database system

A database system supporting a real-time application has to provide real-time information to the executing transactions. Each real-time transaction is associated with a timing constraint, typically in the form of a deadline. It is difficult to satisfy all timing constraints due to the consistency requirements of the underlying database. In scheduling the transactions it is aimed to process as many transactions as possible within their deadlines. Replicated database systems possess desirable features for real-time applications, such as a high level of data availability, and potentially improved response time for queries. On the other hand, multiple copy updates lead to a considerable overhead due to the communication required among the data sites holding the copies. In this paper, we investigate the impact of storing multiple copies of data on satisfying the timing constraints of real-time transactions. A detailed performance model of a distributed database system is employed in evaluating the effects of various workload parameters and design alternatives on the system performance. The performance is expressed in terms of the fraction of satisfied transaction deadlines. A comparison of several real-time concurrency control protocols, which are based on different approaches in involving timing constraints of transactions in scheduling, is also provided in performance experiments. Recommended by: A. ElmagarmidThis work was initiated while the author was at the Computer Science Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.