黏附层以及退火气氛对Au/Si共晶体系中硅扩散的影响研究

采用真空蒸镀方法在Si衬底上制备了Si/Au、Si/Ni/Au和Si/Ti/Au结构多层膜,进行多种条件下的退火实验,研究了不同黏附层对Au/Si共晶体系中硅扩散的影响.实验结果表明,黏附层对硅的扩散起到阻挡作用,Ti层与Ni层作为阻挡层在较低温度下发生失效,退火气氛对阻挡层的失效具有显著影响.这表明Au/Si体系中扩散阻挡层失效的机制并不是直接的固相反应.文章提出势垒模型来解释扩散阻挡层的失效机制.     

Cu金属化系统双扩散阻挡层的研究

采用二次离子质谱仪(SIMS)测试了SiON和Ta双层扩散阻挡层及Ta扩散阻挡层的阻挡性能;采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)测量了沉积态有Ta阻挡层和无阻挡层Cu膜的晶体学取向结构;利用电子薄膜应力测试仪测量了具有双层阻挡层Cu膜的应力分布状况。测试结果表明,双阻挡层中Ta黏附层有效地将Cu附着于Si基片上,并对Cu具有一定的阻挡效果,而SiON层则有效地阻止了Cu向SiO2中的扩散。与Ta阻挡层相比,双阻挡层具有较好阻挡性能。有Ta阻挡层的Cu膜的{111}织构明显强于无阻挡层的Cu膜。离子注氮后,薄膜样品应力平均值为206MPa;而电镀Cu膜后,样品应力平均值为-661.7MPa。     

Cu金属化系统双扩散阻挡层的研究

采用二次离子质谱仪（SIMSl测试了SiON和Ta双层扩散阻挡层及Ta扩散阻挡层的阻挡性能;采用X射线衍射仪（XRD）测量了沉积态有Ta阻挡层和无阻挡层Cu膜的晶体学取向结构;利用电子薄膜应力测试仪测量了具有双层阻挡层Cu膜的应力分布状况。测试结果表明,双阻挡层中Ta黏附层有效地将Cu附着于Si基片上,并对Cu具有一定的阻挡效果,而SiON层则有效地阻止了Cu向SiO2中的扩散。与Ta阻挡层相比,双阻挡层具有较好阻挡性能。有Ta阻挡层的Cu膜的（111）织构明显强于无阻挡层的Cu膜。离子注氮后,薄膜样品应力平均值为206MPa;而电镀Cu膜后,样品应力平均值为-661．7MPa。     

氧化多孔硅上制作Cu电感的研究

给出了一种厚膜氧化多孔硅(OPS)层上制作Cu电感的新型工艺技术。由于OPS是一种低损耗的材料,铜的电阻率很低,采用OPS隔离硅衬底和Cu线圈能够降低电感的寄生损耗,提高电感Q值。实验过程中将孔隙度>56%的多孔硅厚膜利用两步氧化法氧化为OPS厚膜,通过种子层溅射/光刻/电镀Cu/刻蚀种子层的方法完成了Cu线圈的电镀。获得了1nH的电感,其Q值在10GHz的频率下达到了9,电感的自谐振频率超过20GHz。     

TiW合金阻挡层对Cu/Cu~(2+)扩散的阻挡能力研究

通过对Cu/Cu2+在TiW及硅中的扩散理论分析,从理论上预测了薄TiW合金阻挡层存在的潜在可靠性问题.对一个发射结结深为0.38 μm的PNP管β值的研究表明,80 nm以上厚度的TiW合金层可以在AlCu/TiW/Si系统中作为Cu/Cu2+的扩散阻挡层.     

金属与导电材料

Y2000-62562-182 0103555铜工艺(含5篇论文)=Cu process[会,英]//Proceed-ings of the IEEE 2000 International Interconnect Tech-nology Conference.—182～196(ZC)本部分有关铜工艺的5篇文章讨论了采用 DC 和脉冲反向工艺的电化学淀积 Cu 膜的间隙填充后的薄膜特性与表面剖面,化学汽相淀积铜薄膜淀积,室温电镀铜的显微结构,铜金属化用反应溅射 TaNx 层的扩散阻挡层的评价,以及先进铜互连应用的电镀后现场快速退火工艺。     

Cu互连线显微结构和应力的AFM及SNAM分析

在ULSI中采用Cu互连线代替Al以增加电子器件的传输速度和提高器件的可靠性，Cu的激活能约为1．2eV，而Al的激活能约为0．7eV,Cu互连线寿命约为Al的3－5倍。Cu大马士革互连线的制备工艺为：在硅衬底上热氧化生成的SiO2上开出凹槽，在凹槽中先后沉积阻挡层Ta和晶种层Cu，然后由电镀的Cu层将凹槽填满，最后采用化学机械抛光将凹槽外多余的Cu研磨掉，Cu互连线的尺寸为：200um长，0．5μm厚，宽度分别为0．35，0．5，1至3μm不等，部分样品分别在200℃，300℃和450℃下经过30min退火。利用原子力显微镜（AFM）和扫描近场声学显微镜（SNAM），同时获得形貌像和声像，分别了Cu大马士革凹槽构造引起的机械应力和沉积引起的热应力对Cu互连线显微结构及可靠性的影响，SNAM是在Topometrix公司AFM基础上建造的实验装置，实验采用的机械振动频率在600Hz-100kHz之间。分析测试结果如下：1．AFM和SNAM可以实现对微米和亚微米特征尺寸的Cu互连线的局域应力分布和显微结构的原位分析。2．采用AFM，TEM、XRD观察和测试了Cu互连线的晶体结构，分析了大马士革凹槽工艺 对Cu晶粒尺寸及取向的影响。平坦的沉积态Cu膜的晶粒尺寸约为100nm；而由大马士革工艺制备的凹槽中的Cu互连线的晶粒尺寸约为70－80nm，凹槽结构抑制了晶粒生长，平坦的沉积态Cu膜有较强的（111）织构；而凹槽中的Cu互连线的（111）织构减弱，（200）和其它的晶体取向分量增强。3．SNAM声阻尼信号对材料局域应力的变化敏感，SNAM声图衬底可显示出局域应力的分布，在沉积态的Cu互连线声图中，金属和SiO2介电层的界面处像衬度强，表明该处为应力较高的区域，而在退火后的Cu互连线的声图中，金属和SiO2介电层的界面处像衬度弱，表明退火后该处应力减小，我们对Cu膜进行了宏观应力的测试，退火后应力值从沉积态的661MPa减少至359Mpa，这与SNAM声成像的结果相符合。     

铜(钛)和铜(铬)自形成阻挡层性能表征

采用直流磁控溅射法分别将Cu (Ti)和Cu (Cr)合金层沉积在SiO2/Si衬底上,随后将制得的样品在真空(2×10-3 Pa)中退火1h,退火温度为300 ～ 700℃.对Cu (Ti)及Cu (Cr)自形成阻挡层进行对比研究,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察并表征样品的微观结构.通过半导体分析仪测试样品的电学性能,并分析了其热稳定性.结果表明,在Cu膜中分别加入少量的Ti或Cr可使Cu沿〈111〉晶向择优取向生长.两种样品交界面处的Cu及Si元素含量迅速下降,表明在交界面处自形成阻挡层,抑制了Cu与Si元素之间的扩散.Cu (Ti) /SiO2/Si和Cu (Cr) /SiO2/Si样品漏电流测试结果表明,Cr自形成的阻挡层具有更好的热稳定性.     

氮化钛阻挡层化学机械抛光液的研究

为了解决Cu互连线污染和形成高阻铜硅化物以及Cu与SiO2粘附性差等问题,提出增加扩散阻挡层的解决方案。主要关于氮化钛阻挡层化学机械抛光的研究。分析了氮化钛的抛光机理,研究了氧化剂浓度及抛光液的pH对抛光速率的影响,最后配制了适合氮化钛阻挡层的碱性抛光液。     

铜互连新型阻挡层材料的研究进展

铜互连阻挡层材料起到防止铜与介质材料发生扩散的重要作用。因此,阻挡层材料需要满足高稳定性、与铜和介质材料良好的粘附性以及较低的电阻。自1990年代以来,氮化钽/钽(TaN/Ta)作为铜的阻挡层和衬垫层得到了广泛的应用。然而,随着晶体管尺寸微缩,互连延时对芯片速度的影响越来越重要。由于TaN/Ta的电阻率高且无法直接电镀铜,已经逐渐难以满足需求。文章综述了铜互连阻挡层材料的最新进展,包括铂族金属基材料、自组装单分子层、二维材料和高熵合金,以期对金属互连技术的发展提供帮助。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.