射流角度对叶尖间隙泄漏流动换热特性的影响

采用数值方法模拟了某涡轮叶尖间隙流动换热特性,分析了射流孔角度和吹风比对间隙泄漏流量、气动效率和气膜冷效的影响。研究结果表明:在叶尖表面注入冷却射流对间隙泄漏流有阻塞作用,且随着射流角度的增加而增大;因此间隙泄漏流量随着射流角度的增加而减小,气动效率随着射流角度增加而增大;同时,叶尖表面气膜冷效随着射流角度的增加而减小。此外,冷却射流的阻塞作用随着吹风比的增加而增大,因此间隙泄漏流量随着吹风比的增加而减小;涡轮气动效率随着吹风比的增加而增大;同时,气膜冷效随着吹风比的增大而增大。     

叶型表面曲率对离散孔气膜冷却性能的影响

由于型面曲率的影响,涡轮叶片前缘和吸力面的冷却气膜易于脱离型面,气膜冷却效果下降。本研究将叶片型线分段拟合,建立了多个单一曲率的曲面模型(R/D=-30、-75、120、∞),研究涡轮叶片表面曲率对于气膜冷却的影响。流动与传热的数值模拟采用Fluent软件,湍流模型选择RNGk-ε模型,模拟方法经平板流动进行的结果验证是可靠的。在不同吹风比(M=0.5、1.2、2.0)条件下,计算比较了不同曲率曲面上气膜单孔下游的壁面传热系数以及局部平均气膜冷却效率。结果表明:涡轮叶片型面曲率对气膜冷却效果的影响与吹风比有关。不同曲率的型线部分,应该设计采用不同的吹风比,气膜冷却效果可能取得最佳。低吹风比M<1时,凹面曲率对气膜换热系数是强化,凸面基本没有作用。高吹风比M>1时,曲率不影响换热能力,冷却效果则取决与气膜相对于型面的流动状态和与主流的掺混能力。     

端壁相对运动对叶顶流动传热特性影响的研究

采用求解三维Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)和标准k-w紊流模型的方法数值研究了端壁与动叶相对运动时动叶顶部的气动换热特性。以实验测量的叶栅为研究对象验证了所采用的数值方法和紊流模型的有效性。分析了端壁与叶顶有无相对运动时叶顶间隙高度对动叶顶部气动换热特性的影响。研究结果表明:端壁与叶顶存在相对运动时,叶顶换热系数随着间隙高度的增大而增大。在小叶顶间隙(s=0.2%H)时叶顶表面平均换热系数最小,动叶顶部前缘处的换热系数显著降低且泄漏流方向发生较大偏转。同时近顶部的吸力面侧前缘换热系数较大,随着叶顶间隙高度增大该区域的换热系数降低。端壁与叶顶无相对运动时,随着叶顶间隙高度的增加叶顶换热系数先增大后减小且在叶顶间隙中间弦长处产生大范围流动分离,当s=0.5%H时叶顶平均换热系数最大。小叶顶间隙(s=0.2%H)时端壁与叶顶存在相对运动时,动叶气动效率比端壁与叶顶无相对运动提高0.5%。大叶顶间隙(s=2.0%H)时端壁与叶顶无相对运动时,动叶气动效率比端壁与叶顶存在相对运动提高0.29%。     

叶片前缘表面气膜冷却的实验研究

燃气轮机叶片前缘处有很多高换热区,其中叶片前缘表面处是最先与高温燃气接触的位置,存在承受较高的热负荷的问题,目前较为常见的解决办法是气膜加冲击冷却。通过实验对比不同吹风比、不同曲率位置气膜冷却排孔的温度分布,得出以下结论:冷却效果以出气孔为起点向下游不断减弱,并且在不同的排孔处,下游减弱的趋势不同;当吹风比M1时,吸力面气膜冷却有效度随吹风比的增加而逐渐增加;当吹风比M1时,气膜冷却有效度随吹风比的增加而减小;下游曲率的增加可以有效地增加气膜冷却效果。     

多变气热参数下大尺度槽深叶顶的流动换热特性

为了研究具有渐缩型面凹槽在不同深度下叶顶间隙的流动换热特性,针对某一级高压涡轮,在发动机五种典型工况下通过改变其凹槽深度,采用k-ω湍流模型以及自适应湍流模拟方法(SATES)分别进行定常和非定常的数值仿真分析。研究结果表明,凹槽深度是影响间隙泄漏流动和叶顶换热特性的重要因素,同时该影响趋势也受涡轮工作状态的限制。相比于深凹槽,浅凹槽方案的间隙泄漏量明显降低,对应的涡轮动叶出口总压损失系数也有所降低,这在涡轮小流量状态时尤为明显。然而,深凹槽设计在降低叶顶热负荷方面表现更好,其中槽深0.8H方案比槽深0.1H方案的叶顶平均努塞尔数降低38.3%～95.3%。定常和非定常两种计算方法主要影响了间隙内局部泄漏量和叶顶前部热负荷的预测值,并未改变流动换热特性的分布趋势。     

基于流热耦合的燃气轮机透平叶顶冷却设计

燃气轮机透平叶顶区域存在复杂的流动和换热问题,承受很高的热负荷。为了降低透平动叶叶顶温度,在透平叶顶现有结构的基础上提出气膜冷却和气膜+内冷通道冷却两种叶顶冷却方案,并通过流热耦合计算分析冷却升级前后叶顶区域的换热和流动特性。研究发现：叶顶气膜冷却方案可有效降低叶顶温度,特别是叶顶前缘至中弦区域;而气膜＋内冷通道冷却方案基于外部气膜冷却,结合内部冷却通道设计,可进一步降低叶顶尾缘的温度;与原型叶片相比,气膜+内部冷气通道的复合冷却设计可以使叶顶尾缘最高温度降低24 K。     

短长径比圆锥组合孔及心形孔的气膜冷却流动特性研究

为改善薄壁双层壁叶片的气膜冷却特性,基于圆锥孔构建了圆锥组合孔,并对心形孔结构进行优化,研究了2种气膜孔在不同吹风比下的冷却、流动特性以及气膜孔内涡旋结构对射流涡旋结构的影响.结果 表明:气膜孔入口处射流发展对出口射流的冷却、流动特性具有决定作用;气膜孔下游射流涡旋结构与吹风比有关,当吹风比为1.0时,心形孔和圆锥组合孔的气膜冷却效率均达到最高;心形孔下游中心区域为典型的反肾形涡旋结构,当吹风比为1.0时其气膜冷却效率相较于圆锥组合孔提高了约8％.     

双叉排孔脉动射流气膜冷却效率的实验与数值模拟研究

采用高精度红外热像仪测量了平板绝热气膜冷却效率,比较了双叉排孔和单排孔气膜冷却效率,分析了吹风比(M=0.65,1.0,1.5)和脉动频率(St=0,0.01,0.015,0.025)以及孔间作用对气膜冷却效率的影响,结合数值计算得到的瞬态流场和温度场分析了脉动射流气膜冷却下的流动传热机理。结果表明：在稳态射流工况下,单排孔的气膜冷却效率随着吹风比的增加而减小,双叉排孔的气膜冷却效率却随着吹风比的增加而增大;在脉动射流时,单排和双叉排孔的气膜冷却效率在低吹风比下低于稳态射流,在高吹风比下,脉动射流对气膜冷却效率的影响减小,且低频脉动射流气膜冷却效率略高于稳态射流。     

不同叶顶结构对燃气透平动叶顶部气膜冷却性能的影响

对不同叶顶结构的GE-E3叶片的气膜冷却现象进行了数值研究,比较了三种不同的叶顶结构：平顶、凹槽顶和平顶开槽孔结构在叶顶部的流动和冷却现象,并分析了吹风比对这三种结构的冷却性能的影响。发现凹槽顶和平顶开槽孔在结构上具有相似性;在叶顶开槽后,既降低了射流动量,又降低了顶端泄漏流速,有助于提高冷却效果,同时由于凹槽顶的槽比开槽孔的槽大,冷却气体和燃气在槽内充分混合,使得凹槽顶结构具有最高的冷却效率值和最低的换热系数值,平顶开槽孔结构次之。     

非定常尾迹及其对动叶气膜冷却影响的数值研究

针对前缘设有3排气膜孔的动叶,采用数值模拟方法对其静叶尾迹的非定常特性进行了研究,分析了静叶尾迹对动叶气膜冷却的影响.通过模拟吹风比分别为0.5、1和2时的工况,结合对应工况下的等熵图,对动叶升力系数和阻力系数进行了频谱分析,得到动叶表面的静压分布和传热系数分布.结果表明：随着吹风比的增大,下游叶栅通道的熵值有所减小,尾迹涡脱落频率没有明显变化;动叶压力面静压随着吹风比的增加而降低,压力梯度减小,传热系数则增大,换热增强,冷却效果较好;吸力面静压随着吹风比的增大而逐渐升高,形成了以吸力面最大曲率处为中心的负压区,传热系数增大,但靠近吸力面尾缘部分的换热效果优于前缘部分.     

Flowfield and heat transfer past an unshrouded gas turbine blade tip with different shapes

This paper describes the numerical investigations of flow and heat transfer in an unshrouded turbine rotor blade of a heavy duty gas turbine with four tip configurations. By comparing the calculated contours of heat transfer coefficients on the flat tip of the HP turbine rotor blade in the GE-E³ aircraft engine with the corresponding experimental data, the κ-ω turbulence model was chosen for the present numerical simulations. The inlet and outlet boundary conditions for the turbine rotor blade are specified as the real gas turbine, which were obtained from the 3D full stage simulations. The rotor blade and the hub endwall are rotary and the casing is stationary. The influences of tip configurations on the tip leakage flow and blade tip heat transfer were discussed. It’s showed that the different tip configurations changed the leakage flow patterns and the pressure distributions on the suction surface near the blade tip. Compared with the flat tip, the total pressure loss caused by the leakage flow was decreased for the full squealer tip and pressure side squealer tip, while increased for the suction side squealer tip. The suction side squealer tip results in the lowest averaged heat transfer coefficient on the blade tip compared to the other tip configurations.     

Gas Turbine Blade Tip Heat Transfer and Cooling: A Literature Survey

Gas turbines are widely used for aircraft propulsion, land-base power generation, and other industrial applications like trains, marines, automobiles, etc. To satisfy the fast development of advanced gas turbines, the operating temperature must be increased to improve the thermal efficiency and output work of the gas turbine engine. However, the heat transferred to the turbine blade is substantially increased as the turbine inlet temperature is continuously increased. Thus, it is very important to cool the turbine blades for a long durability and safe operation. Cooling the blade must include cooling of the key regions being exposed to the hot gas. The blade tip region is such a critical area and is indeed difficult to cool. This results from the tip clearance gap where the complex tip leakage flow occurs and thereby local high heat loads prevail. This paper presents a literature survey of blade tip leakage flow and heat transfer, as well as research of external and internal cooling technologies. The present paper does not intend to review all published results in this field, nor review all papers from the past to now. This paper is limited to a review of recently available published works by several researchers, especially from 2001 to present, concerning blade tip leakage flow associated with heat transfer, and external or/and internal tip cooling technologies.     

Film cooling on a gas turbine blade pressure side or suction side with axial shaped holes

The film cooling effectiveness on the surface of a high pressure turbine blade is measured using the pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technique. Four rows of axial laid-back, fan-shaped cooling holes are distributed on the pressure side while two such rows are provided on the suction side. The coolant is only injected to either the pressure side or suction side of the blade at five average blowing ratios ranging from 0.4 to 1.5. The presence of wakes due to upstream vanes is simulated by placing a periodic set of rods upstream of the test blade. Effect of the upstream wakes is recorded at four different phase locations with equal intervals along the pitch-wise direction. The freestream Mach numbers at cascade inlet and exit are 0.27 and 0.44, respectively. Results reveal that the tip leakage vortices and endwall vortices sweep the coolant film on the suction side to the midspan region. The film cooling effectiveness on the suction side is usually higher than that on the pressure side except the regions affected by the secondary vortices. The presence of upstream wakes results in lower film cooling effectiveness on the blade surface. The moderate blowing ratios (M = 0.6 or M = 0.9) give higher film cooling effectiveness immediately downstream of the film cooling holes. Further downstream of the holes, higher blowing ratios cover wider surface area.     

Numerical predictions of augmented heat transfer of an internal blade tip-wall by hemispherical dimples

The heat transferred to the turbine blade is substantially increased as the turbine inlet temperature is increased. Improved cooling methods are therefore needed for the turbine blades to ensure a long durability and safe operation. The blade tip region is exposed to very hot gas flow, and suffers high local thermal loads due to the external tip leakage flow. A common way to cool the tip is to design serpentine passages with 180° turn under the blade tip-cap taking advantage of the three-dimensional turning effect and impingement. Increased internal convective cooling is therefore required to increase the blade tip lifetime. In this paper, augmented heat transfer of a blade tip with internal hemispherical dimples has been investigated numerically. The computational models consist of two-pass channels with 180° turn and arrays of dimples depressed on the internal tip-cap. Turbulent convective heat transfer between the fluid and dimples, and heat conduction within dimples and tip are simultaneously computed. The inlet Reynolds number is ranging from 100,000 to 600,000. Details of the 3D fluid flow and heat transfer over the tip-walls are presented. Comparisons of the overall performance of the models are presented. It is found that due to the combination of turning impingement and dimple-induced advection flow, the heat transfer coefficient of the dimpled tip is up to two times higher than that of a smooth tip with less than 5% pressure drop penalty. It is suggested that the use of dimples is suitable for augmenting blade tip cooling to achieve an optimal balance between thermal and mechanical design requirements.     

凹槽式叶顶流动换热的数值研究

针对叶尖间隙高度对凹槽式叶顶流动与换热的影响展开数值研究,评估4种湍流模型在叶顶换热方面的预测能力.结果表明：凹槽肩壁顶部、凹槽腔底部近前缘区域和叶顶尾缘为高换热区,凹槽腔底的中部和尾部区域为低换热区;不同湍流模型对叶尖间隙泄漏量预测差别很小,但泄漏流流动状态差异很大,这是造成不同湍流模型对叶顶换热预测存在重大差别的原因;在研究的间隙范围内,叶尖间隙泄漏量和叶顶换热强度随间隙高度的增大而增加;在所选的4种湍流模型中,k-ω模型是叶顶换热数值模拟较好的湍流模型选择.     

Numerical prediction on turbine blade internal tip cooling with pin-fin and dimple/protrusion structures

ABSTRACT

Effective cooling techniques are required urgently because of high thermal loads on the blade tip region. The 180° turning bend is recognized to perform well in heat transfer on a blade tip. The thermal fluid-solid coupling models of the internal tip region with pin-fin-dimples/protrusions are established in the present paper. The local flow characteristics near the 180° turning bend, average Nu/Nu₀, and the friction loss on the impingement surfaces are obtained. The local flow field near the tip surface is influenced by the 180° turning bend, where the fluid impingement, cross-flow convection and deflection of the secondary flow exist. The average Nu of dimple/protrusion structures is increased by 3.2%-31.5% comparing to that of a smooth case. After arranging pin-fin-dimple/protrusion, the average Nu is increased to 31.2%-127.3%, much higher than dimple/protrusion structures. Furthermore, the arrangement of pin-fin-dimple/protrusion brings no significant increase in the friction, which indicates an efficient heat transfer structure with little resistance.     

Investigation of the Influence of Inclination Angle and Diffusion Angle on the Film Cooling Performance of Chevron Shaped Hole

The film cooling performance of chevron holes with different inclination angles and exit lateral diffusion angles has been studied experimentally and numerically. The inclination angles include 35° and 55°. The exit lateral diffusion angles include 20° and 25°. The film cooling effectiveness, heat transfer coefficient and discharge coefficient were measured on a flat plate model by transient liquid crystal measurement technique under four blowing ratios. The results show that the large inclination angle reduces the film cooling effectiveness. The influence of diffusion angle has two aspects: the large diffusion angle leads to mainstream ingestion and decreases film cooling effectiveness at M=1.0 and 1.5; however, the large diffusion angle increases the film cooling effectiveness at high blowing ratio of 2.0, because the larger hole exit area decreases the normal momentum component of the film jet. The large inclination angle decreases the heat transfer coefficient in the right downstream region at M=0.5 and 1.0. The large diffusion angle enhances the heat transfer in the right downstream of the holes in M=0.5～1.5 conditions. The chevron hole with large inclination angle generally has the highest discharge coefficient.