有桩群河道水流紊动特性探究

为了分析桩群对河道水流紊动特性的影响,利用声学多普勒流速仪(ADV)测量了矩形断面明渠中在修建桩群前后不同断面不同垂线、不同测点的三向流速,计算出水质点的三维无量纲化的紊动强度,并分析其分布规律和变化特征.试验表明:水流的横向紊动强度和纵向紊动强度具有相似的分布规律;纵向紊动强度远远大于横向和垂向紊动强度;桩群使水流垂向紊动强度变化幅度最大,该试验研究可为桩群对水流结构的影响分析提供参考.     

有无植物条件下明渠水流紊动特性对比

在可变坡水槽中,模拟了带枝杈植物对明渠水流的干扰作用,借助超声多普勒流速仪(ADV)测量了不同水深下垂线不同测点的瞬时流速,计算了各测点的三维时均流速、脉动强度及雷诺应力等紊动参数,通过与无植物干扰的明渠均匀流紊动特性进行对比,分析植物对水流紊动参数的影响规律。试验结果表明:在有植物明渠水流中,时均流速呈三区分布特征;脉动强度及雷诺应力均在植物顶部附近出现最大值;脉动强度明显增大,在3个方向上趋于接近;可以用植物顶部以上的雷诺应力分布推求摩阻流速。     

变断面明渠柔性植物水流特性试验研究

在变断面明渠,利用ADV测量流速,研究断面突然扩大情况下模型植物和真实植物的水流特性。结果表明:在水流稳定区域,布设真实鸢尾草和塑料鸢尾草模型的流速分布、雷诺应力分布和紊动强度分布具有一定相似性;雷诺应力和紊动强度在相对水深为0.6～1.1区域达到峰值,且从峰值区域向两端递减,总体上植物下部区域的紊动强度比植物上部区域大;同种植物紊动强度沿x、z方向的分布形式存在较大差别,紊动强度存在明显各向异性。     

矩形明渠中矩形边墩周围紊动强度和雷诺应力分布特性试验

利用声学多普勒流速仪(ADV)测量矩形断面明渠中矩形边墩周围不同垂线、不同测点的瞬时流速,计算出水质点的三维相对紊动强度和雷诺应力,分析其变化特征。试验表明,紊动强度和雷诺应力在边墩周围明显增大且具有相类似的分布特征。该研究可为水流的紊动结构、丁坝与桥梁矩形边墩的水流紊动特性和冲刷机理提供验证资料。     

开孔促淤板周围水流紊动特性试验研究

为深入了解开孔促淤板周围的水流特性,通过室内概化水槽试验分析了开孔促淤板前后的水流紊动特性,采用声学多普勒流速仪(ADV)测量了开孔促淤板前后典型断面上的三维瞬时流速,分析了典型断面上的时均流速、紊动强度、雷诺切应力和紊动能的分布规律。试验结果表明:板后近板区出现回流区,且回流区与开孔促淤板格栅位置相对应;板后水流相对紊动强度、雷诺切应力及相对紊动能明显大于板前,开孔促淤板对板后近板区水流影响较大;随着与开孔促淤板距离的增大,回流现象消失,流速变化趋于稳定,水流相对紊动强度减小且最终趋于稳定,相对紊动能出现折减且折减率逐渐降低;靠近近板区xOy面雷诺切应力大于yOz面雷诺切应力,靠近下游xOy面雷诺切应力与yOz面雷诺切应力相差较小。     

有植被河道的水力特性研究

利用三维超声波多普勒流速仪(ADV)量测有植被时水槽不同测点位置的瞬时流场。分析了测点位置和水深与植被高度比对时均流速分布的影响。试验结果表明植被层上下水流结构复杂,柔性植被的存在使垂线流速降低,所测得的流速分布在植被层顶部附近呈现“<”形状,在植被区域内部流速分布近似为“3”形。分析了植被区水流紊动强度和雷诺应力的垂线分布情况。水流紊动强度和雷诺应力在植被区域的上层相对较大,说明在该处发生着剧烈的质量和动量交换以及很强的剪切作用。     

部分冰盖下水流水力特性数值模拟

运用Fluent软件建立雷诺应力模型,模拟不同冰盖覆盖度下恒定均匀流流场,从纵向时均流速、二次流、雷诺应力、紊动能等方面揭示部分冰盖下水流的水力特性。结果表明：岸冰的形成会导致冰盖下水流在断面上重新分配,明流区流速增大,冰盖下流速减小;横向动量交换产生复杂的二次流结构,涡体形状、数量、大小和位置随着冰盖覆盖度的增加而变化;雷诺应力断面分布较复杂,冰盖附近区域雷诺应力为负值,负值区范围与冰盖覆盖度密切相关,并凸向明流区;冰盖、边壁和床面的粗糙度不同导致紊动能在断面上的分布呈现出明显的差异,冰盖区紊动能大于明流区的值,反映出岸冰对冰盖下水流结构影响的复杂性。     

不同糙体对水流和糙率特性影响试验研究

利用三维ADV进行光壁石和塑料草加糙后的流速测量,比较加糙后流速、紊动强度和雷诺应力等垂向与横向分布.结果表明:加糙后流速垂向分布呈"J"型,紊动强度略呈"J"型,雷诺应力呈">"型,且塑料草对水流特性变化的影响较大;相同参数条件下加糙间距、水深越小,流量越大,流速呈"J"型分布越明显、紊动作用也越强、雷诺应力的最大值...     

明渠近壁区水流的紊动特性分析

根据ADV采集的试验水槽中的三维流速,运用紊流统计理论,从流速概率分布、紊动强度、雷诺应力和紊动动能概率分布方面,对明渠近壁区水流的紊动特性进行了分析。可得:在近壁区,横向、纵向分流速及合成瞬时流速的概率分布与正态分布相似,而垂向上则偏差较大;横向的紊动强度和雷诺应力的分布形式与纵向相似,值略小,垂向趋于一个常数;利用试验数据统计得到的紊动动能概率分布与同性均匀湍流条件下理论推导的概率分布进行了对比,说明三维流场结构下,紊动动能的概率分布更符合卡方分布。进一步根据紊流的三维紊动特性,指出应该根据水流涡团运动在方向和大小上的瞬变性,从三维方向上考虑泥沙起动时的受力。     

密排粗糙床面明渠水流的紊动特性

为揭示密排粗糙床面对明渠水流紊动参数的定量影响规律,采用不同直径的圆形玻璃珠制作了3种密排加糙床面,基于光滑床面和加糙床面明渠紊流PIV流场测试资料,探讨了加糙后紊动强度、雷诺应力和紊动能等参数的变化特征。结果表明:床面粗糙对紊动参数的影响主要体现在内区,而外区紊动参数的变化相对较小。加糙后纵向和垂向紊动强度相对值u’⁺、v’⁺在内区呈现不同的变化规律,流量相同时,粗糙雷诺数Re_*越大,v’⁺越大,而u’⁺越小;床面粗糙对内区水流有抑制纵向紊动和加强垂向紊动的双重作用,而对外区水流有加强纵、垂双向紊动的作用;床面加糙对垂向紊动强度的影响总体大于纵向。加糙后内、外区的雷诺应力绝对值均增大,内区增幅尤为明显,雷诺应力增大的原因在于水流质点混掺强度和频次均增大。不同工况紊动能相对值E⁺在内区差异明显,随着相对水深η的增大,E⁺差异逐渐减小,在水面附近趋于一致;加糙后内区紊动能绝对值总体减小,而外区紊动能绝对值有所增大,内、外区紊动能变化与床...     

生态河道种植圈对水流水力特性的影响

采用三维超声波多普勒测速仪对河道生态修复中种植圈布设前后的工况量测,比较了布设种植圈前后的流速分布、紊动强度和雷诺应力的变化．结果表明,布设种植圈后,纵向流速分布波动明显,相对紊动强度和雷诺应力均略有增加．     

FLOW STRUCTURE OF PARTLY VEGETATED OPEN-CHANNEL FLOWS WITH EELGRASS

Aquatic vegetation can influence the transport of sediment and contaminants by changing the mean velocity and turbulent flow structure in channels. It is important to understand the hydraulics of the flows over vegetation in order to manage fluvial processes. Experiments in an open-channel flume with natural vegetation were carried out to study the influence of vegetation on the flows. In a half channel with two different densities of vegetation, the flow velocity, Reynolds stresses, and turbulence intensities were measured using an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). We obtained velocity profiles in the lateral direction, Reynolds stresses in the vertical direction, and the flow transition between the vegetated and non-vegetated zones in different flow regimes. The results show that the streamwise velocity in the vegetated zone with higher density is almost entirely blocked. Reynolds stress distribution distinguishes with two different regions: inside and above the vegetation canopies. The turbulence intensities increase with increasing Reynolds number. The coherent vortices dominate the vertical transport of momentum and are advected clockwise between the vegetated zone and non-vegetated zone by secondary currents (a relatively minor flow superimposed on the primary flow, with significantly different speed and direction), generated by the anisotropy of the turbulence.     

含柔性植被明渠水流水力特性的试验研究

采用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术对含柔性淹没植被明渠水流的水力特性进行试验研究。利用人造水草模拟天然柔性植被,对不同密度、不同流量条件下含柔性植被明渠恒定均匀流场进行了测量,得到了淹没植被情况下纵向流速、雷诺应力、紊动强度沿垂向分布与曼宁系数的变化情况。试验结果表明:纵向流速的垂向分布可以分为3区,包括自由水面区、中间冠层区和近床面区。自由水面区流速随植被密度增大而增大,中间冠层区与近床面区流速随植被密度增大而减小。雷诺应力与紊动强度的峰值出现在植被冠区顶部附近,并随着植被密度增大而增大。     

推移质运动对清水和宾汉体泥浆湍流结构的影响

通过试验研究了清水湍流和泥浆湍流中加入推移质后时均流速分布、脉动强度、概率密度分布、相关系数、频谱密度分布等的变化.试验结果证明,清水和泥浆湍流中加入推移质后时均流速减小,时均流速梯度增大,脉动加强.泥浆过渡区湍流上部为层流,有流核,加入推移质后,上部层流转变为湍流,流核消失.分析证明,这是由于推移质运动增大了雷诺应力和时均流速梯度,因而增大了时均流动向脉动传递的能量的缘故,清水湍流中加入推移质后脉速概率密度分布偏离正态,偏态系数加大.泥浆湍流中加入推移质后相关系数降低,脉动的随机性增大.泥浆湍流的脉动能量集中于低频脉动.由于推移质也可以吸收低频脉动能来支持其运动,所以加入推移质后泥浆湍流的低频脉动能量降低,高频脉动能量增大.     

Large eddy simulation of turbulent flow structure and characteristics in an annular jet pump

The large eddy simulation(LES) of the flow characteristics in an annular jet pump(AJP) is conducted, and the flow characteristics are systematically analyzed from both time-averaged and instantaneous aspects. The jet expansion, the velocity distribution and the energy are considered to analyze the time-averaged evolution of the flow field in the AJP. The transient flow characteristics can also be acquired from the analysis of the turbulence intensity and the Reynolds stress. The simulation demonstrates that in the time-averaged characteristics, the potential cores increase linearly with the increase of the flow ratio. With the flow development, the jet half-width gradually increases and the residual energy coefficient decreases. Compared with the distribution of the time-averaged axial velocity, that of the instantaneous velocity is more complex and disorderly. The high intensity of the axial turbulence mainly occurs in the mixing layer and the near-wall regions of the diffuser. The annular distribution of the Reynolds stress is mainly in the mixing layer and the recirculation region. There is a low-stress zone between the mixing layer and the high-stress region in the wall-boundary layer. The intensity of the spanwise vortexes is larger than that of the streamwise vortexes, and therefore, the former make greater contribution to the total vorticity. This research provides a better understanding of the flow characteristics in the AJP.     

PIV EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF FLOW STRUCTURE IN RECTANGULAR CHANNEL WITH TRANSVERSELY PLACED SPIRAL COIL INSERT

The flow field in a rectangular channel with a transversely placed spiral coil insert is investigated by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements in both transverse and longitudinal sections. The experimental results show that multi-longitudinal vortices are induced downstream of the spiral coil and are distributed as a symmetrical vortex array along the horizontal central line of the transverse section. Along the mainstream, due to the spiral motion of the longitudinal vortices, the velocity fluctuates in a manner of the damped sinusoidal curve and the velocity component in the wall normal direction is improved in the channel. Compared with the flow field in a smooth channel it is found that the movement of the longitudinal vortices can cause a continuous disturbance near the channel walls and thus enhances the fluid velocity in the near wall region, which consequently leads to the reduction of the velocity gradient and a more uniform velocity distribution. With the increase of the Reynolds number, the induced longitudinal vortices gain strength and become straighter and closer to the channel walls, thus the turbulence intensity is further enhanced in this area.