人工湿地系统污水净化机理及其影响因素研究

通过阐述人工湿地分类及净化污水的机理,并综合国内外人工湿地的研究进展,对影响净化效果的关键因素进行了分析。综述结果表明,人工湿地的出现和发展为净化污水提供了一条新的途径,用人工湿地净化污水也是未来污水处理领域发展的一种趋势。     

不同基质湿地对污水净化效果的研究

基质是人工湿地系统中的重要组成部分,为了研究不同类型的基质材料对污水的净化能力,设计建设了5种常见基质材料的人工湿地进行污水处理效果分析。通过试验,得出了5种湿地基质对污水浊度、溶解氧、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、化学需氧量以及总磷的去除效果。根据试验分析结果,筛选出净化能力较强的基质作为人工湿地基质,可以提高人工湿地对污水的净化能力、延长材料的使用时间,减少湿地建设的投资成本。     

人工湿地处理农村生活污水效果研究

介绍人工湿地的特点和处理污水的机理,包括人工湿地的类型、净化机理等。通过试验证明,人工湿地处理农村生活污水效果较好,具有较高的生态效益和经济效益。     

滨海地区人工湿地技术探讨——以天津南港工业区人工湿地工程为例

分析了滨海盐碱地区环境对人工湿地工程的影响,以天津南港工业区人工湿地工程为例,总结了滨海地区人工湿地工程的关键技术,探讨了滨海地区建设人工湿地工程的可行性,认为在滨海盐碱地区采用人工湿地工艺进行污水和废水的处理是完全可行的。     

污水人工土壤植物床处理

污水湿地处理的研究始于 2 0世纪 5 0年代 ,有系统地利用湿地处理污水始于 70年代。人工湿地污水处理技术的发展主要经历了两个阶段 :①利用保持原有结构而以泥沼形式存在的天然湿地和氧化塘结合起来处理污水的阶段 ;②人工建造的、以不同粒径的砾石和豆石为滤料 ,种植一定类型有效植物的植物床 (人工土壤植物床 )处理污水并进入规模化应用的阶段。介绍了人工土壤植物床的工艺布置、人工土壤及植物在污水处理中的作用并提供了一些数据。     

人工湿地在汾河生态修复污水处理中的应用

多年来,汾河沿岸生活、生产污水的排放对汾河造成了较大污染,对此,国家加大投入对汾河进行生态修复,其中人工湿地在污水处理中占重要地位。介绍了汾河人工湿地的实施情况,详细阐述了污水预处理系统、潜流湿地、表流湿地和景观湿地的实施方法和生化机理及其取得的良好效益。     

人工湿地在江西农村水环境生态治理中的应用研究

随着城镇化进程不断加快,农村水环境形势不容乐观,利用人工湿地处理污水是改善农村水环境的一种有效途径。文章介绍了国内外人工湿地生态治理技术的研究进展和应用,以江西省抚州市临川区大岗镇污水设施完善工程为典型案例进行了应用效果评估,最后给出了人工湿地在江西省农村水环境生态治理方面还处于初步推广阶段、未来研究中应进一步加强人工湿地净化能力研究等结论。     

堵塞对湿地内水流流态及污水处理效果的影响

通过在污水中加入氯化钠示踪剂,研究人工湿地及其对照系统内水力停留时间的分布(HRTD),探讨潜流人工湿地和垂直流人工湿地中植物在堵塞前后对水流流态的影响,探讨堵塞对上述两种人工湿地水流流态的影响。结果表明:对于潜流人工湿地(SFCW),堵塞前湿地植物缩短了水力停留时间(HRT),堵塞后延长了HRT;对于垂直流人工湿地(VFCW),堵塞前湿地植物对水流流态无明显影响,堵塞后延长了湿地内的HRT。堵塞对湿地内水流流态影响明显,潜流和垂直流湿地由于堵塞其HRT分别延长了12.3%,22.6%。堵塞后湿地对污水的净化能力都要强于堵塞前,但是湿地的污水处理量减小,堵塞严重时湿地丧失其污水净化功能。     

浅谈人工湿地污水处理技术

阐述了人工湿地的定义,分类和净化污水的原理,简单探讨了湿地植物的作用和人工湿地植物的选择,例举了人工湿地污水处理技术在我国的应用以及出现的一些问题。     

潜流人工湿地水力设计浅议

人工湿地水处理技术是模拟自然条件人为创建湿地,利用自然界微生物学、生物学、物理和化学过程来处理污水。在发达国家应用非常广泛。目前我国对人工湿地的设计还没有形成规范化的标准和导则。着重论述EPA人工湿地手册中潜流人工湿地的水力设计理论、步骤等,并针对其局限性提出了改进措施,以期为国内的人工湿地工程设计提供技术参考。     

The role of plant uptake on the removal of organic matter and nutrients in subsurface flow constructed wetlands: a simulation study.

Plants in constructed wetlands have several functions related to the treatment processes. It is generally agreed that nutrient uptake is a minor factor in constructed wetlands treating wastewater compared to the loadings applied. For low loaded systems plant uptake can contribute a significant amount to nutrient removal. The contribution of plant uptake is simulated for different qualities of water to be treated using the multi-component reactive transport module CW2D. CW2D is able to describe the biochemical elimination and transformation processes for organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus in subsurface flow constructed wetlands. The model for plant uptake implemented describes nutrient uptake coupled to water uptake. Literature values are used to calculate potential water and nutrient uptake rates. For a constructed wetland treating municipal wastewater a potential nutrient uptake of about 1.9% of the influent nitrogen and phosphorus load can be expected. For lower loaded systems the potential uptake is significantly higher, e.g. 46% of the nitrogen load for treatment of greywater. The potential uptake rates could only be simulated for high loaded systems i.e. constructed wetlands treating wastewater. For low loaded systems the nutrient concentrations in the liquid phase were too low to simulate the potential uptake rates using the implemented model for plant uptake.     

Municipal wastewater treatment with pond-constructed wetland system: a case study.

The performance of a pond-constructed wetland system in the treatment of municipal wastewater in Kiaochow city was studied; and comparison with oxidation ponds system was conducted. In the post-constructed wetland, the removal of COD, TN and TP is 24%, 58.5% and 24.8% respectively. The treated effluent from the constructed wetland can meet the Chinese National Agricultural and Irrigation Standard. The comparison between pond-constructed wetland system and oxidation pond system shows that total nitrogen removal in a constructed wetland is better than that in an oxidation pond and the TP removal is inferior. A possible reason is the low dissolved oxygen concentration in the wetland. Constructed wetlands can restrain the growth of algae effectively, and can produce obvious ecological and economical benefits.     

Wastewater treatment in tsunami affected areas of Thailand by constructed wetlands.

The tsunami of December 2004 destroyed infrastructure in many coastal areas in South-East Asia. In January 2005, the Danish Government gave a tsunami relief grant to Thailand to re-establish the wastewater management services in some of the areas affected by the tsunami. This paper describes the systems which have been built at three locations: (a) Baan Pru Teau: A newly-built township for tsunami victims which was constructed with the contribution of the Thai Red Cross. Conventional septic tanks were installed for the treatment of blackwater from each household and its effluent and grey water (40 m3/day) are collected and treated at a 220 m2 subsurface flow constructed wetland. (b) Koh Phi Phi Don island: A wastewater collection system for the main business and hotel area of the island, a pumping station and a pressure pipe to the treatment facility, a multi-stage constructed wetland system and a system for reuse of treated wastewater. The constructed wetland system (capacity 400 m3/day) consists of vertical flow, horizontal subsurface flow, free water surface flow and pond units. Because the treatment plant is surrounded by resorts, restaurants and shops, the constructed wetland systems are designed with terrains as scenic landscaping. (c) Patong: A 5,000 m2 constructed wetland system has been established to treat polluted water from drainage canals which collect overflow from septic tanks and grey water from residential areas. It is envisaged that these three systems will serve as prototype demonstration systems for appropriate wastewater management in Thailand and other tropical countries.     

Experimental study of a novel hybrid constructed wetland for water reuse and its application in Southern China

A new type of hybrid constructed wetland (CW), consisting of both vertical-baffled flow wetland (VBFW) and horizontal subsurface flow wetland (HSFW), has been deployed in Southern China to naturally accelerate the removal of organic matter and nitrogen. The hybrid CW system is characterised by a combination of continuous baffled flow vertical wetland and 'S' pattern horizontal subsurface flow wetland with natural aeration ditches to increase the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the HSFW bed. An internal circulatory system from the HSFW effluent back to the VBFW may optionally be operated to enhance the biological denitrification effect. Cyperus alternifolius is the main macrophyte in the wetland bed. The performance of the hybrid CW was studied with a pilot-scale system and three full-scale systems for municipal sewage treatment in Southern China. The results suggest that this new hybrid CW can achieve removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus of better than 83.6, 95.0, 71.7, 64.5 and 68.1% respectively, with a specific wetland bed area of 0.70-0.93 m(2) PE(-1). The mean effluent concentrations of these parameters would meet the regulatory discharge limits for wastewater treatment systems (GB18918, 2002) and reuse in the context of agricultural irrigation solutions in China.     

Danish guidelines for small-scale constructed wetland systems for onsite treatment of domestic sewage.

The Danish Ministry of Environment and Energy has passed new legislation that requires the wastewater from single houses and dwellings in rural areas to be treated adequately before discharge into the aquatic environment. Therefore official guidelines for a number of onsite treatment solutions have been produced. These include guidelines for soakaways, biological sand filters, technical systems as well as different types of constructed wetland systems. This paper summarises briefly the guidelines for horizontal flow constructed wetlands, vertical flow constructed wetlands, and willow systems with no outflow and with soil infiltration. There is still a lack of a compact onsite solution that will fulfil the treatment classes demanding 90% removal of phosphorus. Therefore work is presently being carried out to identify simpler and robust P-removal solutions.     

Twenty years experience with constructed wetland systems in Denmark--what did we learn?

Full scale constructed wetland systems for wastewater treatment have been in operation in Denmark since 1983, mainly for the treatment of domestic sewage from small villages. The systems are constructed as soil-based horizontal subsurface flow systems but, because of low soil hydraulic conductivity, surface runoff is evident in most of the systems. Two decades of experience show that soil-based systems are generally efficient in removing suspended solids and BOD, but the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus is lower (typically 30-50%) and the systems do not nitrify ammonium. Contrary to earlier claims, the reeds do not increase the hydraulic conductivity of cohesive soils as much as necessary to secure sub-surface flow. Operation needs of soil-based reed beds are low and normally restricted to emptying of the sedimentation tank, cleaning of the distribution system and mowing of the grass around the system. The dead plant material and accumulated litter on the surface of the systems improve performance after the initial years. A significant number of systems have been shut down or extended with other technologies in order to meet new effluent standards, particularly demands for nitrification. New constructed wetland systems are either compact vertical flow systems which provide good nitrification, willow systems with no discharge or restored wetland systems for nitrate removal. If efficient removal of phosphorus is required, this is achieved by chemical precipitation in the sedimentation tank.     

Treatments of oil-refinery and steel-mill wastewaters by mesocosm constructed wetland systems.

In this study, two types of industrial wastewater, oil-refining and steel-milling, were selected for investigating their feasibility of treatment by mesocosm constructed wetland systems. The secondly treated effluents from the wastewater treatment plants were directly discharged into the systems controlled at different flow rates. Three wetland mesocosms were installed in the two industries: mesocosms A and B were in the oil refinery, and mesocosm C was in the steel mill. The substratum media used in wetland systems were sand (mesocosm A) and gravel (mesocosms B and C), while the vegetation types selected were reeds (mesocosms A and B) and mixed species of reeds and cattails (mesocosm C). The flow regimes were controlled as free water surface (FWS) and subsurface flow (SSF) for the sand- and gravel-beds, respectively. According to the experimental results, we found that the system treating oil-refining wastewater performed better than that treating steel-milling wastewater learned by comparing the removal efficiencies of COD, total N and total P. In addition, it was found that for oil-refining wastewater treatments, the SSF wetland system (mesocosm B) performed better than FWS (mesocosm A) wetland system when comparing both of their removal of pollutants and growth of vegetation. Besides, the effluents from these two industrial wetland treatment systems might be reclaimed and reused for boiler water, cooling, cleaning and miscellaneous purposes in industries. Further treatments are required if the constructed wetland effluents are thought about being reused for processing in industries.     

Design and operation of an eco-system for municipal wastewater treatment and utilization.

An eco-system consisting of integrated ponds and constructed wetland systems is employed in Dongying City, Shandong Province for the treatment and utilization of municipal wastewater with design capacity of 100,000 m(3)/d. The total capital cost of this system is 680 Yuan (RMB) or US dollars 82/m(3)/d, or about half that of the conventional system based on activated sludge process, and the O/M cost is 0.1 Yuan (RMB) or US dollars 0.012/m(3), only one fifth that of conventional treatment systems. The performance of the wastewater treatment and utilization eco-system is quite good with a final effluent COD, BOD, SS, NH3-N and TP of 45-65 mg/l, 7-32 mg/l, 12-35 mg/l, 2-13 mg/l and 0.2-1.8mg/l respectively and the annual average removals of COD, BOD, SS, NH3-N and TP are 69.1%, 78.3%, 76.4%, 62.1% and 52.9%o respectively, which is much better than that of conventional pond system or constructed wetland used separately and illustrates that the artificial and integrated eco-system is more effective and efficient than the simple natural eco-system.     

Effect of polyaluminium chloride on phosphorus removal in constructed wetlands treated with swine wastewater

Total phosphorus (TP) removal in aged constructed wetlands poses a challenge, especially when treated with swine wastewater with high concentrations of phosphorus (P). Our earlier studies with anaerobic lagoon swine wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands showed a decline in P removal (45-22%) with increased years of operation. These particular wetlands have been treated with swine wastewater every year since the first application in 1997. Preliminary lab-scale studies were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) in the removal of phosphate-P (PO4-P) from swine wastewater. The experimental objective was to increase the phosphorus treatment efficiency in constructed wetland by adding PAC as a precipitating agent. PAC was added by continuous injection to each wetland system at a rate of 3 L day(-1) (1:5 dilution of concentrated PAC). Swine wastewater was added from an anaerobic lagoon to four constructed wetland cells (11m wide x 40m long) at TP loads of 5.4-6.1 kg ha(-1) day(-1) in two experimental periods, September to November of 2008 and 2009. Treatment efficiency of two wetland systems: marsh-pond-marsh (M-P-M) and continuous marsh (CM) was compared. The wetlands were planted with cattails (Typha latifolia L.) and bulrushes (Scirpus americanus). In 2008, PAC treatment showed an increase of 27.5 and 40.8% of TP removal over control in M-P-M and CM respectively. Similar trend was also observed in the following year. PAC as a flocculant and precipitating agent showed potential to enhance TP removal in constructed wetlands treated with swine wastewater.     

厌氧—接触氧化渠—垂直潜流型人工湿地处理农村生活污水研究

选择厌氧—接触氧化渠—垂直潜流型人工湿地工艺处理农村生活污水,分析比较了各工艺段DO水平,接触氧化渠充氧效果明显.通过对COD、NH3—N和TP浓度及去除率的研究发现,厌氧池去除率较稳定,对各污染物去除率最高可达72％、49.54％和66.36％,接触氧化渠和人工湿地对各污染物也有较高去除率,但并不稳定.系统运行稳定后,出水水质整体可达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)二级标准,部分时段可达一级B标准.