论GH901合金真空熔炼铸锭中硼的宏观偏析

硼以间隙固溶态和与Mo形成Mo3B2的化合态两种形式存在于GH901合金中。在GH901合金真空熔炼过程中，硼并不挥发，被氧化的可能性也极小。 GH901合金真空熔炼铸锭中硼的宏观偏析，是由硼在GH901合金中的三大特点决定的。硼的最大特点是：在氢、硼、碳、氮和氧这样一些典型的间隙元素中它是原子半径最大的一个，具有强烈的微观和宏观偏析倾向。在晶粒尺度的微观范围内，硼强烈向晶界和枝晶间偏聚；在铸锭尺度的宏观范围内，硼具有明显向结构密度较低的晶区偏聚的倾向，因而铸锭外层细晶区由于结构致密，硼含量相对低些，而柱状晶区由于组织致密度稍差，硼的含量相对高些。硼的另一个特点是，具有与Mo形成Mo3B2的很强的化学亲和力，但由于GH901合金中总硼含量少，大部分硼将首先间隙固溶于晶界和树枝晶间界，随后冷却时以二次Mo3B2的形式析出，而以一次Mo3B2的形式在铸锭凝固过程中最后结晶的硼量不很多，因而，铸锭中心的等轴晶区中硼的含量不会太高。硼的第三个特点是在高温下的扩散系数很大，因而铸锭均匀化处理时，随着M3B2的溶解，间隙固溶态硼的数量急剧增加，硼明显地表现出从外层的细晶区向内层的柱状晶区进一步偏聚的倾向。 GH901合金真空熔炼铸锭中硼的宏观偏析程度取决于铸锭表面细晶区的厚度和Mo在铸锭截面上分布的均匀程度。因而，真空感应熔炼铸锭中硼的宏观偏析程度主要取决于浇注温度、全熔后的保温温度和保温时间。而真空电弧重熔铸锭中硼的宏观偏析主要与熔池的大小和深度有关，因而主要取决于稳定熔炼电流的大小。 铸锭经变形，破碎铸态组织，获得均匀一致的再结晶组织后，由于消除了晶区结构密度差，可使硼在制件截面上的分布趋于均匀一致。     

GH350合金铸锭元素偏析及其均匀化热处理

 利用光学显微镜、扫描显微镜及能谱仪,研究了经双联真空(VIM+VAR)冶炼生产的130mm自耗锭GH350合金铸态和不同均匀化过程中显微组织和元素偏析的规律。结果表明,铸态GH350合金中存在复杂的第二相组织和严重的枝晶偏析,Nb、Ti、Ta等溶质元素大量偏聚于枝晶间的Laves相等第二相中,而Cr、Mo等元素则偏聚于枝晶干。并且发现铸态GH350合金经1180℃×40h炉冷后,枝晶偏析基本消除,合金成分基本均匀。     

铸态钇锆合金的组织结构及维氏硬度的研究

为了研究Zr对钇合金铸态组织结构、元素分布和维氏硬度的影响,本文使用磁悬浮感应熔炼,对钇合金进行5次熔炼,得到成分偏差小于0.3%、杂质含量低于0.05%、表面质量好的钇合金铸锭。采用X射线衍射（XRD）对合金的物相结构进行标定,随着Zr含量的添加,合金中α-Zr的特征峰逐渐明显,且Y在铸态合金中显示出了固溶度的扩展,对α-Y的晶格参数进行计算,得到室温下Zr在铸态合金中的极限固溶度,约为4%（质量分数）。使用光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电镜（SEM）、能谱仪（EDS）对合金的组织进行分析,当Zr的含量小于5%时,钇锆合金组织由简单的等轴晶组成;当Zr的含量大于5%时,晶界处有共晶组织出现。随着Zr含量的增加,晶粒尺寸逐渐减小,说明Zr对Y合金有显著的晶粒细化的作用。经EDS检测,元素Zr主要在晶界位置分布。使用数显维氏硬度计对材料的维氏硬度进行测量,发现当Zr的添加量为1%～20%时,合金元素Zr的添加会增强钇合金的维氏硬度。     

Y对铸态Al-2.5%Cu合金组织和性能影响的研究

采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、拉伸试验机、涡流导电率仪等实验手段,研究质量分数为0~0.25%的Y对Al-2.5%Cu合金铸态组织和性能的影响。结果表明,Y加入Al-2.5%Cu合金中主要形成Al6Cu6Y与Al3Y相弥散分布在晶界上,且Y可以显著细化α-Al枝晶并减小二次枝晶间距,但随着Y含量的增加,导电率呈平缓下降趋势;Y加入量小于0.20%时,随含量增加细晶作用明显;当Y含量为0.20%时,铸态合金组织中晶粒细化效果最为显著,晶粒尺寸减小至30μm左右,第二相出现球化现象,力学及耐热性能达到峰值;当Y加入达到0.25%时,晶粒粗化,力学及耐热性能下降。     

添加Ag对Cu-15Ni-8Sn 合金组织及性能的影响

通过对不同Ag含量的Cu-15Ni-8Sn合金铸态、固溶态和时效态的微观组织进行分析,研究了Ag添加对 Cu-15Ni-8Sn 合金组织及性能的影响。结果表明,适量Ag元素的添加能够减少铸态Cu-15Ni-8Sn合金 的枝晶间距,抑制显微偏析,改善合金的铸态组织。此外,当Ag含量为0.2 wt.%~ 0.5 wt.% 时,可有效抑制时效过程中不连续沉淀相的析出,从而改善合金的力学性能。但是,当Ag添加量大于等于0.5 wt.% 时,对不连续沉淀的抑制效果减弱。     

GH4169合金凝固过程中Nb偏析的计算

采用一种新的方法,研究了GH4169合金真空自耗工业铸锭中Nb的偏析。采用金相定量分析和电子探针显微分析方法研究了微观组织和元素分布,其中枝晶轴相质量分数约为65%、其Nb含量约为2.4%。枝晶轴凝固结束时,剩余液相中Nb含量约为10.9%。此时,枝晶间相开始析出,其中Nb含量随着凝固的进行逐渐升高。最后,当剩余液相质量分数约为5.8%时,Laves/γ共晶反应发生,凝固过程结束。     

镍基高温合金GH4151的偏析及相析出行为

摘要：利用电子探针(EPMA)、场发射扫描电镜（SEM）及差热分析（DTA）研究了GH4151合金的元素偏析行为、铸态组织特征以及析出相种类,并对合金凝固过程进行讨论。结果表明：GH4151合金凝固过程中,W元素偏聚于枝晶干,Mo、Nb、Ti元素偏聚于枝晶间,Co、Cr、Al元素几乎不发生偏析,Nb、Ti元素偏析较重。GH4151铸锭心部为粗大的等轴晶,主要析出相包括强化相γ′相、一次碳化物、η相、（γ+γ′）共晶相以及Laves相,其中枝晶间分布的η相、（γ+γ′）共晶相和Laves相为低温脆性相在凝固末期形成,扩大了合金的凝固区间,从而导致合金热裂敏感性增加。     

锆和钪对Al-Mg铸造合金组织和力学性能的影响

通过金相显微镜、拉伸力学性能测试、XRD等手段研究了在铸造Al-Mg合金中添加不同含量的钪和锆后合金的铸态组织。结果表明,合金添加钪和锆后,明显减小了枝晶网胞尺寸,细化了晶粒。当锆和钪的添加量分别为0.2%、0.4%时,铸造Al-Mg合金组织具有良好的综合性能。     

铸型温度对单晶高温合金叶片凝固组织的影响

在高温度梯度真空定向凝固炉中,采用螺旋选晶法通过3种不同铸型温度分别制备了[001]取向的DD6单晶高温合金叶片,利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了不同工艺条件下合金的铸态组织,研究了铸型温度对单晶高温合金凝固组织的影响。结果表明,随着铸型温度的升高,合金的一次枝晶间距和二次枝晶间距变小,合金元素的偏析程度降低,枝晶干和枝晶间的铸态γ′相尺寸减小,共晶的尺寸和含量稍有减小,显微疏松的尺寸和体积分数稍有减小。     

CSP生产线生产Ti微合金化高强耐候钢铸态组织研究

对CSP生产的Ti微合金化高强耐候钢的铸坯组织、化学成分偏析、枝晶间距、夹杂物进行研究,结果表明,CSP生产的Ti微合金化高强耐候钢铸坯的低倍组织在结构上和传统板坯及CSP生产的普通集装箱铸坯相差不大,但高强耐候钢铸坯组织更为细密,一次枝晶间距、二次枝晶间距较普通集装箱铸坯稍小.铸坯中偏析较严重的元素是C、S、P,其它元素偏析较轻.铸坯中大颗粒夹杂物较少,主要是Al、Ti、Ca、S类夹杂物,由于Ti、Ca、S含量较少,夹杂物含量较低.而通过对Al类夹杂物进行分析,发现Al类夹杂物在连铸坯横截面上均匀分布,没有明显的偏聚,夹杂物含量在0.001 4%～0.002 2%波动,符合夹杂物存在特性,波动幅度在正常范围内,铸坯中Al夹杂物大部分粒度在2.5 μm以下.     

Homogenization Processes in Single-Crystal and Granular ZhS32-VI High-Temperature Alloys

The microstructure, the segregation of alloying elements, and the diffusion processes in the ZhS32-VI nickel superalloys fabricated by single-crystal casting and argon gas atomization followed by vacuum heat treatment are studied by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive electron-probe microanalysis. It is found that vacuum heat treatment at 1280°C of ZhS32-VI alloy granules without the application of external pressure can be used to fabricate a homogeneous alloy with a polycrystalline structure and a grain size of 10–30 μm. The microporosity in this alloy is no higher than that in cast nickel superalloys.     

Inconel 625 合金粉末的雾化制备方法对比

分别采用旋转电极、等离子雾化、无坩埚雾化、真空气雾化、水雾化制备出了Inconel 625粉末。对粉末的球形度、流动性、松装密度、氧含量等性能进行了对比。结果表明,旋转电极方法制备的Inconel625粉末球形度最好,均匀性最佳,但是较难制备出细粒径粉末。无坩埚雾化制备出的粉末性能综合性能相对较好,能够制备出球形度较好的较西粒径粉末。水雾化法制备出的粉末氧含量及球形度等性能最差。     

High Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels Manufactured by Nitrogen Gas Alloying and Adding Nitrided Ferroalloys

 A simple and feasible method for the production of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels involves nitrogen gas alloying and adding nitrided ferroalloys under normal atmospheric conditions. Alloying by nitrogen gas bubbling in Fe Cr Mn Mo series alloys was carried out in MoSi2 resistance furnace and air induction furnace under normal atmospheric conditions. The results showed that nitrogen alloying could be accelerated by increasing nitrogen gas flow rate, prolonging residence time of bubbles, increasing gas/molten steel interfaces, and decreasing the sulphur and oxygen contents in molten steel. Nitrogen content of 069% in 18Cr18Mn was obtained using air induction furnace by bubbling of nitrogen gas from porous plug. In addition, the nickel free, high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels with sound and compact macrostructure had been produced in the laboratory using vacuum induction furnace and electroslag remelting furnace under nitrogen atmosphere by the addition of nitrided alloy with the maximum nitrogen content of 081%. Pores were observed in the ingots obtained by melting and casting in vacuum induction furnace with the addition of nitrided ferroalloys and under nitrogen atmosphere. After electroslag remelting of the cast ingots, they were all sound and were free of pores. The yield of nitrogen increased with the decrease of melting rate in the ESR process. Due to electroslag remelting under nitrogen atmosphere and the consequential addition of aluminum as deoxidizer to the slag, the loss of manganese decreased obviously. There existed mainly irregular Al2O3 inclusions and MnS inclusions in ESR ingots, and the size of most of the inclusions was less than 5 μm. After homogenization of the hot rolled plate at 1 150 ℃×1 h followed by water quenching, the microstructure consisted of homogeneous austenite.     

紧耦合气雾化参数对3D打印用金属粉末性能的影响

利用自主设计研发的紧耦合雾化制粉装置,采用真空感应熔炼气雾化工艺制备3D打印用Inconel 625合金粉末,通过调整雾化参数研究导液管内径对粉末粒度分布、表面形貌、氧含量(质量分数)及流动性能等特性的影响.结果表明:使用紧耦合雾化制粉装置制备出的粉末粒度范围较广,收得率较高,其中尺寸小于53μm的粉末收得率可达50％...     

Effect of liquid–solid pouring on the as-cast structure and the distribution of nonmetallic inclusions in a 24.2-t steel 38KhN3MFA ingot

The primary dendrite structure and the distribution of nonmetallic inclusions in large-scale 24.2-t forging ingots of 38KhN3MFA steel cast by a standard technology and with the inoculation of a metallic stream are studied. The dendrite parameter in the inoculated ingot is found to be significantly smaller than that in the usual ingot. Therefore, the solidification process in the inoculated ingot should be faster than that in the usual ingot. This is confirmed by a more homogeneous dendrite structure of the inoculated ingot. The estimation of contamination with nonmetallic inclusions shows that nonmetallic inclusions in the ingots under comparison are of the same type, and among them are oxides, sulfides and oxysulfides. The study of the distribution of nonmetallic inclusions shows that the ingots to be compared are mainly contaminated with oxysulfide nonmetallic inclusions, and the contents of oxide and sulfide nonmetallic inclusions are minimal. The experimental ingot has lower total contamination with nonmetallic inclusions than that of the reference ingot. In this case, the inoculators having formed from a metallic melt stream do not favor an increase in the contamination of steel with nonmetallic (among them are oxide) inclusions. The study of the structure of large metal volumes shows that the inoculation of the stream is accompanied by an increase in the number of metallic droplets, which transform into solid particles in flight and increase the solidification rate when reach a solidifying ingot. This process suppresses the development of segregation phenomena in the cast metal and decreases the chemical and physical heterogeneities.     

The microstructure and phase relationships in rapidly solidified type 304 stainless steel powders

The microstructure and relative amounts of fcc and bcc phases have been studied for rapidly solidified Type 304 stainless steel powders produced by vacuum gas atomization (VGA) and centrifugal atomization (CA). The VGA powder solidifies with a cellular microstructure while the CA powder has a dendritic microstructure. The volume fraction of fcc phase in the CA powder is found to increase from 40 Pct to 97 Pct with increasing particle size from 30 to 125 μm. In the VGA powder, the volume fraction of fcc phase is found to decrease from about 90 Pct to 77 Pct over the same range of particle sizes. The origins of the fcc and bcc phases in each powder are considered. It is concluded that bcc is present as both a primary crystallization phase in the smaller CA particles (<75 μm) and as compositionally stabilized eutectic ferrite at the cell walls of particles of both CA and VGA powders in which fcc was the primary crystallization phase.     

钇对Al-Cu-Mg-Mn合金组织与性能的影响

采用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪及扫描电镜等研究手段,研究了质量分数为0%～0.4%的Y在Al-Cu-Mg-Mn合金中存在形式及对其组织性能的影响,研究结果表明：Y含量在低于0.3%范围时,随含量增加合金细化效果逐渐增加;当Y含量为0.3%时,铸态组织中晶粒细化与组织均匀化效果明显;当Y含量大于0.3%时,合金的铸态组织中晶粒随着其含量的增加又逐渐粗化;Y加入合金中主要形成Cu4Al8Y,合金组织性能得到改善.     

The effect of grain refining on macrosegregation and dendrite arm spacing of direct chill cast AA5182

The effect of titanium and titanium diboride inoculation on the spatial variation of local solidification time for direct chill (DC) cast ingots of aluminum alloy 5182 (AA5182) was studied. The results have been compared to those of an ingot cast without grain refining. To accomplish this, the effect of grain refining on a number of ingot characteristics such as grain size, macrosegregation, spatial variation of dendrite arm spacing, and thermal conductivity was investigated. Furthermore, the effect of grain refining on the well-known relationship between dendrite arm spacing and local solidification time had to be established for AA5182. The results indicated that the spatial variation of dendrite arm spacing in the industrial ingots was independent of grain refining, although the nonrefined ingot produced significantly finer dendrite arm spacings in its center. This was attributed to the influence of showering crystals in the nonrefined ingot. The relationship between dendrite arm spacing and local solidification time was also found to be independent of grain refining.     

水冷铜模与砂模铸造M2钢显微组织对比

采用实验室25 kg高频真空感应炉熔炼M2钢,并用水冷铜模和砂模均浇铸为横截面100 mm×50 mm的M2钢铸锭,研究冷却速度对M2钢二次枝晶间距、渗透率、碳化物和晶粒尺寸及分布的影响.研究结果表明:M2钢凝固过程中,快的冷却速度能有效减小二次枝晶间距、渗透率、晶粒和网状碳化物的尺寸,同时可以改善晶粒和网状碳化物的分布和均匀性;砂模和水冷铜模M2钢铸锭的平均二次枝晶间距分别为42.5μm和21.6μm,平均冷却速度为1.06 K·s-1和12.50 K·s-1,平均渗透率分别为0.13μm2和0.035μm2.快的冷却速度能有效减轻中心碳偏析程度,砂模和水冷铜模模铸的M2钢铸锭中心碳化物面积分数分别为0.46和0.30,且其较各自的平均值分别增大38.7%和2.2%;水冷铜模铸锭平均晶粒尺寸（43.1μm）较砂模铸锭的平均晶粒尺寸（72.6μm）减小约40.7%,铸锭中心晶粒尺寸减小43.2%,且水冷铜模铸锭的晶粒尺寸较砂模铸锭均匀.文中获得了M2钢凝固过程中晶粒尺寸与冷却速度的关系式.      

Ti?Al?8V?5Fe合金粉末的制备及性能

为制备3D打印用粉末原料,选用真空自耗电弧熔炼技术制备的无“β斑”Ti?1Al?8V?5Fe（Ti185）合金锭,经高温锻造成?100 mm棒材作为电极棒,采用等离子旋转电极雾化技术制备球形Ti185合金粉末,利用振动筛分法、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射分析等手段对粉末性能进行表征。结果表明:Ti185合金粉末粒度分布较宽,主要在44～150 μm之间,粉末的氧含量（质量分数）≤0.14%,粒度≤44 μm粉末的收得率为11.6%。粒度≤150 μm粉末的流动性为24.79 [s?(50 g)?1],松装密度为2.79 g?cm?3,振实密度为2.99 g?cm?3。等离子旋转电极雾化技术冷却速度快,所制备的Ti185合金粉末均为β相,粉末颗粒球形度较高,基本无卫星粉。此外,粒度≥124 μm的粉末表面为胞状枝晶组织,存在少量很浅的凸凹不平的微小缩孔,内部组织为快速凝固形成的胞状结构,晶界粗大明显,呈多点形核特征。随着粉末粒度的减小,冷却速度提高,粉末颗粒表面的胞状枝晶组织逐渐减少,粒度44 μm以下粉末颗粒的表面较光滑,内部组织形核点明显增多且呈现放射状生长趋势,组织明显细化。