堆内超临界水回路辐照装置物理参数模拟研究

堆内超临界水回路对我国超临界水堆燃料和结构材料的辐照腐蚀实验具有重要意义,辐照装置位于反应堆堆芯栅格,是超临界水回路的核心部件。采用MCNP程序模拟研究辐照装置的关键物理参数,并考虑超临界水热物特性对物理参数的反馈效应。计算得到辐照装置热中子注量率为4.72×10¹³ cm^-2•s^-1,快中子注量率为1.55×10¹⁴ cm^-2•s^-1,辐照产热率为14.7 kW,反应性引入为0.045%。     

Study on the influence of three-grid assembly thermal deformation on breakdown times and an ion extraction process

In order to study the influence of three-grid assembly thermal deformation caused by heat accumulation on breakdown times and an ion extraction process,a hot gap test and a breakdown time test are carried out to obtain thermal deformation of the grids when the thruster is in 5 k W operation mode.Meanwhile,the fluid simulation method and particle-in-cell-Monte Carlo collision(PICMCC) method are adopted to simulate the ion extraction process according to the previous test results.The numerical calculation results are verified by the ion thruster performance test.The results show that after about 1.2 h operation,the hot gap between the screen grid and the accelerator grid reduce to 0.25–0.3 mm,while the hot gap between the accelerator grid and the decelerator grid increase from 1 mm to about 1.4 mm when the grids reach thermal equilibrium,and the hot gap is almost unchanged.In addition,the breakdown times experiment shows that 0.26 mm is the minimal safe hot gap for the grid assembly as the breakdown times improves significantly when the gap is smaller than this value.Fluid simulation results show that the plasma density of the screen grid is in the range 6?×10~(17)–6?×?10~(18) m~(13) and displays a parabolic characteristic,while the electron temperature gradually increases along the axial direction.The PIC-MCC results show that the current falling of an ion beam through a single aperture is significant.Meanwhile,the intercepted current of the accelerator grid and the decelerator grid both increase with the change in the hot gap.The ion beam current has optimal perveance status without thermal deformation,and the intercepted current of the accelerator grid and the decelerator grid are 3.65 m A and 6.26 m A,respectively.Furthermore,under the effect of thermal deformation,the ion beam current has over-perveance status,and the intercepted current of the accelerator grid and the decelerator grid are 10.46 m A and 18.24 m A,respectively.Performance test results indicate that the breakdown times increase obviously.The intercepted current of the accelerator grid and the decelerator grid increases to 13 m A and 16.5 m A,respectively,due to the change in the hot gap after 1.5 h operation.The numerical calculation results are well consistent with performance test results,and the error comes mainly from the test uncertainty of the hot gap.     

Analysis of Numerical Simulation Results of LIPS-200 Lifetime Experiments

Accelerator grid structural and electron backstreaming failures are the most important factors affecting the ion thruster's lifetime.During the thruster's operation,Charge Exchange Xenon(CEX) ions are generated from collisions between plasma and neutral atoms.Those CEX ions grid's barrel and wall frequently,which cause the failures of the grid system.In order to validate whether the 20 cm Lanzhou Ion Propulsion System(LIPS-200) satisfies China's communication satellite platform's application requirement for North-South Station Keeping(NSSK),this study analyzed the measured depth of the pit/groove on the accelerator grid's wall and aperture diameter's variation and estimated the operating lifetime of the ion thruster.Different from the previous method,in this paper,the experimental results after the 5500 h of accumulated operation of the LIPS-200 ion thruster are presented firstly.Then,based on these results,theoretical analysis and numerical calculations were firstly performed to predict the on-orbit lifetime of LIPS-200.The results obtained were more accurate to calculate the reliability and analyze the failure modes of the ion thruster.The results indicated that the predicted lifetime of LIPS-200's was about 13218.1 h which could satisfy the required lifetime requirement of 11000 h very well.     

用于n/γ混合场测量的涂硼电离室研制

研制了一种能同时测量混合场中γ和中子注量率的涂硼电离室,并实验测试了其性能。涂硼电离室由两个大小和结构一致的腔室组成：1个仅对γ灵敏,另1个对γ与中子均灵敏。用强度为2.7×10⁷ s^-1 的Am-Be源测得电离室的中子灵敏度达9.2×10^-16 A/(cm^-2•s^-1),在剂量率为5.24 μGy/h的¹³⁷Cs γ场中,电离室的γ灵敏度达7.36×10^-16 A/(MeV•cm^-2•s^-1)。涂硼电离室I-V曲线坪长为600 V,坪斜小于4%/100 V,在工作电压为-400 V时,其γ补偿修正系数<5%,可用于核设施周围的混合场监测。     

磷酸二丁酯在2.0 mol/L HNO3介质中的水解动力学

通过红外光谱、气质联用和离子色谱等分析方法确定了磷酸二丁酯在后处理常见工况2.0 mol/L HNO₃下的反应产物主要为丁醇、丁酸、丙酸、磷酸一丁酯和磷酸根离子等。采用离子色谱定量分析测定了磷酸一丁酯和磷酸根离子的浓度与反应时间和温度的关系,计算了磷酸二丁酯水解反应的速率常数,并对测定数据进行了计算拟合。结果表明：在110~150 ℃范围内,磷酸二丁酯的水解速率随温度的升高呈指数增长,满足准一级反应动力学方程;110 ℃和150 ℃的一级水解速率常数分别为6.30×10^-3 s^-1和2.10×10^-1 s^-1,二级水解速率常数分别为3.10×10^-3 s^-1和1.98×10^-1 s^-1;一级水解反应的指前因子为9.38×10¹² s^-1,对应的活化能为111.0 kJ/mol,二级水解反应的指前因子为1.09×10¹⁶ s^-1,对应的活化能为135.2 kJ/mol。动力学计算值与实验值的误差在±9%以内。     

BRISOL钠同位素放射性核束的产生

北京放射性核束装置在线同位素分离器（BRISOL）采用100 MeV、200 μA回旋加速器提供的质子束打靶产生中、短寿命放射性核束,在线分析后供物理用户使用,其质量分辨率好于20 000。为开展²⁰Na核的奇异衰变特性研究,研制了氧化镁靶,并采用100 MeV质子束轰击氧化镁靶在线产生了^20～26Na⁺的钠同位素放射性核束。当质子束流强为8 μA时,²⁰Na⁺离子束的最大产额为2×10⁵ s^-1,²¹Na⁺离子束的最大产额为4×10⁸ s^-1。完成了北京放射性核束装置首个放射性核束物理实验,累计供束近200 h。     

Diagnosing the Fine Structure of Electron Energy Within the ECRIT Ion Source

The ion source of the electron cyclotron resonance ion thruster(ECRIT) extracts ions from its ECR plasma to generate thrust, and has the property of low gas consumption(2 sccm,standard-state cubic centimeter per minute) and high durability. Due to the indispensable effects of the primary electron in gas discharge, it is important to experimentally clarify the electron energy structure within the ion source of the ECRIT through analyzing the electron energy distribution function(EEDF) of the plasma inside the thruster. In this article the Langmuir probe diagnosing method was used to diagnose the EEDF, from which the effective electron temperature, plasma density and the electron energy probability function(EEPF) were deduced. The experimental results show that the magnetic field influences the curves of EEDF and EEPF and make the effective plasma parameter nonuniform. The diagnosed electron temperature and density from sample points increased from 4 eV/2×10~(16)m~(-3) to 10 eV/4×10~(16)m(-3) with increasing distances from both the axis and the screen grid of the ion source. Electron temperature and density peaking near the wall coincided with the discharge process. However, a double Maxwellian electron distribution was unexpectedly observed at the position near the axis of the ion source and about 30 mm from the screen grid. Besides, the double Maxwellian electron distribution was more likely to emerge at high power and a low gas flow rate. These phenomena were believed to relate to the arrangements of the gas inlets and the magnetic field where the double Maxwellian electron distribution exits. The results of this research may enhance the understanding of the plasma generation process in the ion source of this type and help to improve its performance.     

Well-type phoswich counter for low-flux X-ray/γ-ray detection

Phoswich counters that can detect low-flux hard-X-ray/γ-ray from localized sources are described. The counter consists of a small inorganic scintillator with a fast decay time (the detection part) glued to the interior bottom surface of a well-shaped block of another inorganic scintillator with a slow decay time (the shielding part). The first model counter was built by using a new scintillator, gadolinium silicate (GSO), in the decision part and CsI(Tl) in the shielding part. A detector system consisting of 64 such phoswich counters (total area ~740 cm²) was flown onboard a balloon, setting a limit to the ⁵⁷Co line flux from SN 1987A, at ~10^-4 cm^-2 s The sensitivity for continuum flux was around a few ×10 ^-6 cm^-2 s^-1 keV^-1 between 100 and 200 keV. In the second model, CsI(Tl) was replaced by bismuth germanate (BGO), and radioactive contaminations in GSO were reduced. Improvements are planned to reach a sensitivity (3σ) around 5×10^-7 cm^-1 s^-1 keV^-1 for the continuum     

30%TBP-煤油-HNO3体系的α辐解行为Ⅰ.溶剂辐解生成DBP/MBP的规律

用气相色谱法研究了²³⁸Pu为α源的30%TBP-煤油-HNO₃体系的辐解产物DBP和MBP的生成情况,研究了反萃剂、反萃条件和钚等因素对DBP/MBP分析的影响,考察了辐照累积剂量、剂量率和稀释剂等因素对DBP和MBP生成量的影响。结果表明：DBP和MBP生成量随吸收剂量、剂量率的增加而增大;在剂量率73.7Gy/min、累积剂量5×10⁵Gy时,DBP浓度达到7.09×10^-2mol/L,MBP浓度达到9.84×10^-3mol/L;在吸收剂量5×10⁵Gy时,加氢煤油、正十二烷和特种煤油中的DBP生成量分别为4.45×10^-2、4.44×10^-2 、4.35×10^-2mol/L,MBP生成量为3.52×10^-3、3.50×10^-3、3.52×10^-3mol/L,在吸收剂量5×10⁵Gy时,三种稀释剂的DBP和MBP的生成量近似相等;在吸收剂量5×10⁴Gy时,α辐照的DBP和MBP的生成量分别为5.57×10^-2mol/L和5.10×10^-3mol/L,对应的γ辐照的为2.50 ×10^-3mol/L和3.14×10^-4mol/L,α辐照产生的DBP和MBP的生成量明显大于γ辐照的。     

低能电子辐照对环氧树脂性能的影响

为了研究低能电子辐照对环氧树脂的体积电阻率、邵氏硬度、拉伸强度和官能团结构的影响,本文在电子辐照能量为30 keV,注量率1×10¹¹ cm^-2•s^-1,总注量为1.6×10¹⁴ cm^-2,真空度10^-6 Pa条件下,结合国家标准对辐照前、后环氧树脂材料的机械性能和结构进行表征。结果表明,辐照后环氧树脂材料的体积电阻率、邵氏硬度、拉伸强度等宏观物理性能均有下降。傅里叶红外光谱图显示环氧树脂主要官能团强度降低,产生的•H、•OH等自由基与聚合物分子上的羟基与氢结合。研究结果对环氧树脂材料在辐射环境中的使用具有重要意义。     

医院中子照射器中子束流出口处热中子注量率的测量

医院中子照射器是基于微型反应堆而设计的专门用于硼中子俘获治疗（BNCT）的核反应堆装置,其额定功率为30 kW。在堆芯相对两侧分别设有一条热中子束流和超热中子束流用于病人照射,在热中子束流内引出一条实验用热中子束流,用于瞬发γ法测量病人血硼浓度。本工作利用²³⁵U裂变靶和白云母探测片测量了热、超热和实验用热中子束流出口处的热中子绝对注量率。结果显示,在30 kW额定功率运行时,热、超热和实验用热中子束流出口处的热中子注量率分别为1.67×10⁹、2.44×10⁷和3.03×10⁶ cm^-2•s^-1。以上结果达到了BNCT设计要求,并能满足瞬发γ测量血硼浓度的要求。     

AB-BNCT中子靶物理设计分析

质子加速器适用于为硼中子俘获治疗提供中子源,其中子源强及能谱较反应堆中子源更具可调性。中子靶物理计算分析是加速器中子源设计的基础,为其提供粒子能量、流强等参数需求分析,并为靶体结构尺寸设计、中子慢化和屏蔽分析等提供前端参数。本文利用MCNPX蒙特卡罗程序,通过对质子打靶的中子产额和能谱、靶体能量沉积、打靶后靶材放射性活度和中子出射空间角分布等进行研究,提出能量2.5 MeV质子轰击100～200 μm锂靶的设计,并用模拟计算数据论证其合理性。该设计中子源在1 mA流强质子轰击下,源强可达9.74×10¹¹ s^-1;拟设计15 mA、2.5 MeV质子束产生的中子源,在治疗过程中靶材放射性活度累积最大值约为1.44×10¹³ Bq。     

LiCl-KCl熔盐中钍的电极过程研究

通过循环伏安法和计时电位法,研究LiCl-KCl熔盐中Th⁴⁺在723～803 K内在Mo电极上的电极过程。结果表明,Th⁴⁺在Mo电极上的电极过程受离子扩散步骤控制,扩散系数D随温度T变化的经验公式为ln D＝33.94-2.879×10⁴/T,形式电位的经验公式为E _vsCl-^0′/Cl²＝-3.45+7.5×10^-4T。     

兰州大学的中子发生器研制及应用展望

1988年兰州大学成功研制了3×10¹² s^-1的ZF-300强流中子发生器,主要用于核数据测量、材料辐照损伤等研究。为进一步开展活化法中子核数据测量、裂变物理等研究,兰州大学启动了基于倍压加速器的ZF-400强流中子发生器研制工程,该中子发生器的设计指标为D束流能量400 keV、D束流强度大于30 mA、D-D中子产额大于5×10¹⁰ s^-1,D-T中子产额大于5×10¹² s^-1。在裂变物理研究方面,已成功发展了描述裂变核断点裂变势的势驱动模型（potential-driving model）,并开展了中子诱发典型锕系核素裂变发射中子前裂变产物的质量分布计算研究;将potential-driving model植入Geant4程序,发展了用于裂变发射中子后裂变产物质量分布、动能分布、裂变中子能谱等模拟的蒙特卡罗方法,并开展了可靠性评估研究;研制了一套用于裂变产物实验测量的双屏栅电离室（TFGIC）,并完成了初步实验测试。在中子应用技术方面,为满足小型化中子应用技术系统的研发需求,兰州大学成功研制了长度984 mm、直径234 mm的紧凑型中子发生器,通过在引出加速电极和靶之间加电阻的方式产生偏置电场,实现对靶上二次电子的抑制。在自注入靶条件和150 keV氘束流能量下,D-D中子产额可大于5×10⁸ s^-1,该中子发生器已具备产生D-T中子产额大于10¹⁰ s^-1量级的潜力。完成了基于紧凑型D-T中子发生器的快中子准直屏蔽体的设计,并研发了基于微通道板的快中子成像探测器,初步D-T快中成像测试显示,图像空间分辨率约为500 μm。开展了基于紧凑型D-D中子发生器的核燃料棒²³⁵U富集度及均匀性检测系统研发,仿真研究表明,在D-D中子产额5×10⁸ s^-1条件下,对核燃料棒中10%范围内的²³⁵U富集度相对变化的检测置信度可达到99%。     

Preparation of High Specific Activity Strontium-89 Solution in High Flux Engineering Test Reactor

⁸⁹SrCl₂ is an important radioactive drug for the bone metastasis. It is included in the new pharmacopoeia in 2015 and has a promising future in the market. Depending on the high flux engineering test reactor(HFETR), the process of preparation of high specific activity⁸⁹SrCl₂ solution by nuclear reaction ⁸⁸Sr(n, γ)⁸⁹Sr was studied. High purity enriched⁸⁸SrCO₃ was used as target material and irradiated for 56 days under the condition of thermal neutron fluence rate about 2×10¹⁴ n•cm^-2•s^-1. After dissolution and filtration, the colorless⁸⁹SrCl2 solution was obtained. The specific activity of⁸⁹SrCl₂ solution was 7.77×10⁹-1.08×10¹⁰ Bq•g^-1, the activity concentration was 3.59×10⁸-1.21×10⁹ Bq•mL^-1, the gamma impurity content was 0.11%-0.14%, the Al impurity content was much lower than 2 μg•mL^-1(activity concentration 7.4×10⁷ Bq• mL^-1).⁸⁹SrCl₂ solution had been tested to meet the requirements of the industry and could be used as raw material for the production of injection. The development of single 7.4×10¹⁰ Bq level preparation device of high purity and high specific activity of ⁸⁹Sr had been finished. This research is important for localization of isotope products.     

利用测热技术测量核反应堆中子通量密度

一种新型中子探测器被研究,其原理是利用带电离子在矿物中沉积的能量退火时会以热量的方式释放出来,通过测量释放的热量而确定中子通量密度。对新型中子探测器进行刻度,在反应堆内某位置测量的热中子通量密度为5.108×10¹¹ cm^-2•s^-1,与标定的热中子通量密度(5.000×10¹¹ cm^-2•s^-1)在2%内符合,说明该探测器可测量中子通量密度。本文方法制作的探测器体积小,可制作成不同形状,便于反应堆不同环境下的中子通量密度测量。选取相应中子能量反应截面较大的元素,该探测器还可测量不同中子能量的通量密度。     

125I在压实北山花岗岩粉中毛细管内扩散

为了解¹²⁹I在我国深地质处置库重点研究区围岩中的迁移行为,为选址预评价提供基础数据,利用批式吸附实验法和改进的毛细管内扩散法研究了碘离子在北山花岗岩粉中的吸附和扩散行为,分析了不同控制条件对碘离子的表观扩散系数(D_a)的影响。结果表明：在固液比为20 g/L,碘离子在北山花岗岩粉上的吸附几乎可以忽略;扩散实验中¹²⁵I^-的D_a值为8.2×10^-11~1.4×10^-9 m²/s,表明碘离子在压实北山花岗岩岩粉中的扩散速率很快;¹²⁵I^-的D_a值随扩散温度的升高而变大,随扩散源液离子强度的增加而变大,随同位素载体浓度的升高而变大,¹²⁵I^-的扩散速率随溶液pH值的上升整体有减小的趋势。     

氟盐冷却高温堆主冷却剂系统16N源项分析

基于SCALE6.1程序包中的三维蒙特卡罗输运程序KENO-Ⅵ对氟盐冷却高温堆（FHR）堆芯中子能谱进行计算,利用Mathematica程序建立了¹⁶N源项在主冷却剂系统内的流动模型,对FHR的主冷却剂系统¹⁶N源项进行定量分析,对不同流速情况下主冷却剂系统不同区域¹⁶N源强分布进行研究。结果表明：当冷却剂体积流量大于4.15×10² cm³•s^-1、小于4.15×10⁶ cm³•s^-1时,流动效应对主冷却剂系统内¹⁶N源项浓度分布影响显著,在FHR的设计基准流量（4.15×10⁴ cm³•s^-1）情况下,堆芯中¹⁶N源项占总¹⁶N源项的76.98%,上腔室为18.89%,其余区域放射性活度占¹⁶N总量的4.13%。所建立分析方法及结论可为FHR的工程设计、辐射防护设计及源项的精确分析等提供参考。     

棒束通道中格架对传热影响的实验研究

针对格架下游传热问题,开展了格架对5×5棒束通道中传热影响的实验研究,实验Re约为1000～30000,浮升力参数Bo*为2×10^-7～3×10^-3。观察实验结果发现,格架下游传热与浮升力参数存在较强关联,当浮升力参数较大时,格架下游传热较复杂,且不同于人们以往对格架下游传热的认识。通过对实验数据分析,提出了新的预测格架下游传热的经验关系式,此关系式考虑了浮升力对格架下游传热的影响,且能较好地对格架下游传热进行预测。     

229Th的分离和测量方法

²²⁹Th是一个适合于同位素稀释质谱法(IDMS)分析环境样品中钍同位素浓度的同位素稀释剂。建立了一种稳定可靠的从²³³U溶液中提取高纯²²⁹Th同位素稀释剂的方法,该方法采用串联阴离子交换柱分离U和Th同位素,全流程²³⁸U和²³²Th的回收率接近100%。采用多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱（MC-ICP-MS）反同位素稀释法准确标定了制备的²²⁹Th同位素稀释剂的浓度,为1.959×10^-9(1±0.5%) g/g,²³⁰Th与²²⁹Th的同位素比值为3.322×10^-3,并根据测量过程评定了稀释剂浓度的不确定度。