定负荷下火电机组最优运行初压的确定

针对传统的压力优化方法在迭代寻优过程中存在的一些问题,结合汽轮机变工况理论,提出汽轮机定负荷下主蒸汽压力的优化计算方法,利用粒子群算法(PSO)对最优压力进行求取,得出不同负荷下主蒸汽压力的最优运行值,并以某1 000 MW汽轮机为例进行了分析.结果表明:该方法很好地解决了定负荷下压力寻优问题,且可以得出机组的最佳滑压运行方式和最优运行初压,即80％负荷以上时,保持25 MPa定压运行;80％负荷以下时,机组保持2阀全开滑压运行模式,在低负荷区2阀全开滑压运行模式的热经济性明显高于3阀全开滑压运行模式.     

超临界600MW汽轮机滑压优化运行的试验研究

介绍了某电厂超临界600MW机组滑压优化运行的试验研究.通过分别在510MW、480MW、420MW、360MW、300MW工况下进行定滑压运行性能对比试验,得到了机组调门管理曲线优化后的滑压运行曲线.新的滑压运行方式有效地降低了汽轮机热耗率,提高了机组变负荷时的运行经济性.     

亚临界N330-17.75/540/540型汽轮机定、滑压运行分析

通过对N330-17.75/540/540型汽轮机在定压、滑压运行工况的热力参数及相关性能参数进行对比分析,论证机组滑压运行的特点,并得出机组定、滑压运行经济性能曲线,从而确定机组定、滑压运行经济性较佳的负荷范围.     

适应火电机组灵活运行的滑压曲线优化方法

为了保证机组在调峰过程中快速响应负荷指令以及减小主蒸汽压力的波动,分析了汽轮机初压变化对机组安全性、稳定性、经济性和快速性的影响以及不同负荷段对上述特性的需求,结合最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)和混沌粒子群优化(CPSO)算法建立了热耗率预测模型并确定660 MW机组各典型负荷下的最优初压。提出了将性能试验优化曲线与文章优化曲线相结合的新的滑压策略,即机组在动态调节时采用文章优化曲线运行,而在稳定工况下采用性能试验优化曲线运行,并将该滑压策略添加到协调控制系统的主蒸汽压力设定值生成回路中进行仿真验证。结果表明:新的滑压策略不仅能提高机组在动态调节时的变负荷速率,还能维持机组在稳态工况时的经济性。     

超超临界汽轮机全负荷段性能优化试验研究

为了得到机组经济性在全负荷段变化较小时的滑压曲线,对某1 000 MW超超临界汽轮机组进行了全负荷段工况性能试验、宽负荷配汽方式性能试验、变背压特性性能试验及循环水泵优化试验,对全负荷段工况滑压曲线进行优化,并根据机组实际背压特性曲线和循环水泵优化试验结果调整滑压曲线,得到了经济性较优且满足负荷响应速率的滑压曲线。结果表明:同负荷下不同高压调节阀开度运行时,全开方式运行高压缸效率最高,热耗率最低,经济性最好,但负荷响应却较慢,采用38%高压调节阀开度可以满足负荷响应速率需求。     

汽轮机滑压运行方式的经济性实验分析

以国电电力某电厂2号汽轮机为例,通过对汽轮机机组滑压运行方式优化试验,对不同运行方式不同负荷下的汽轮机经济性进行了分析和比较,确定了部分负荷时,阀点滑压和部分阀门全开滑压运行的经济性,给出了滑压运行状态下的优化曲线,并探讨了滑压运行方式阀门的控制策略。随后得出了机组采用复合滑压运行时,可以提高整个机组的经济性,可以增加机组使用寿命。汽轮机滑压运行方式的优化研究对热经济性的影响以及对现场节能降耗都具有十分重要的意义。     

间接空冷机组定滑压曲线优化试验研究

随着电力系统能源结构的变化,大量火电机组开始承担电网调峰任务。鉴于传统的定滑压曲线均以背压保持不变为基础,无法满足背压变化受气温影响较大的空冷机组的变负荷经济运行要求。在分析了空冷机组背压大范围变化对汽轮机最优滑压运行曲线影响的基础上,提出一种结合试验比较和局部能耗分析的方法;并以某300MW间接空冷机组为例,开展间接空冷机组定滑压运行曲线的优化工作,结果证明该方法对于提高空冷机组变背压、变负荷运行的经济性具有一定实际应用价值。     

热电联产机组抽汽供热期的汽轮机滑压运行优化方法

目前,为了平抑电网中的规模化新能源电源的随机波动,越来越多的大功率火电机组势必要进行深度变负荷运行,滑压运行是降低机组深度调峰发电煤耗的重要手段之一。本文针对热电联产机组的纯凝工况的滑压运行曲线在采暖期不能正常投运问题进行研究,提出了一种以供热抽汽量作为修正参数的热电联产机组抽汽供热期汽轮机滑压运行优化方法,给出了最优主蒸汽压力的获取方法和机组DCS改造的实现策略。此方法不仅能够满足滑压运行时的供热抽汽量需求,而且利用二维函数查询方法近似实现了三维滑压运行曲线。此外,此滑压运行优化方法还具备很好的可扩展性,可以根据实际供热工况对植入的滑压曲线进行调整,因此,具备很好的工程应用及推广价值。最后,通过实际300 MW机组的实际优化改造试验,验证了该滑压运行优化方式的有效性。这对提高热电联产机组在深度变负荷运行时的经济性具有非常重要的意义。     

基于改进的磷虾群优化算法的汽轮机初压优化研究

以求解汽轮机变工况运行时的最优主蒸汽压力为目标,首先根据汽轮机运行数据,利用回声状态网络(ESNs)建立热耗率预测模型,然后利用改进的磷虾群优化(I-KH)算法的全局搜索能力,在可行的主蒸汽压力范围内对所建预测模型进行主蒸汽压力寻优,并将优化后的汽轮机滑压运行曲线与厂家设计压力曲线进行对比.结果表明:优化后机组各个负荷下对应的热耗率均有所下降;按照优化后的汽轮机滑压运行曲线运行可有效降低机组热耗率.     

超临界600MW汽轮机运行优化研究

针对目前600 MW汽轮机在我国电网中需参与调峰的问题,提出了用顺序阀配汽方式替代原复合配汽方式的方案,并优化机组滑压运行曲线,使汽轮机在仅修改DEH逻辑和锅炉滑压压力的前提下,提高超临界600 MW汽轮机在部分负荷下的实际运行经济性。通过理论计算和试验验证,运行优化可使机组在部分负荷下各负荷的算术平均热耗降低约37 kJ/(kW.h)。     

Matching of a DC motor to a photovoltaic generator using a step-upconverter with a current-locked loop

A photovoltaic (PV) generator is a nonlinear device having insolation-dependent volt-ampere characteristics. Because of its relatively high cost, the system designer is interested in optimum matching of the motor and its mechanical load to the PV generator so that maximum power is obtained during the entire operating period. However, since the maximum-power point varies with solar insolation, it is difficult to achieve an optimum matching that is valid for all insolation levels. In this paper it is shown that for maximum power, the generator current must be directly proportional to insolation. This remarkable property is utilized to achieve insolation-independent optimum matching. A shunt DC motor driving a centrifugal water pump is supplied from a PV generator via a step-up converter whose duty ratio is controlled using a current-locked feedback loop     

Natural convection of a non-Newtonian fluid about a horizontal cylinder and a sphere in a porous medium

The problem of natural convection of a non-Newtonian fluid about a horizontal isothermal cylinder and an isothermal sphere in the porous medium is considered. The present study is based on the boundary layer approximation and only suitable for a high Rayleigh number. Similarity solutions are obtained by using the fourth order Runge-Kutta method. The effects of the wall temperature T_W and the new power-law index n on the characteristics of heat transfer are discussed.     

Studies on a two-staged micro-combustor for a micro-reformer integrated with a micro-evaporator

A new micro-combustor configuration for a micro fuel-cell reformer integrated with a micro-evaporator is studied experimentally and computationally. The micro-combustor as a heat source is designed for a 10–15 W micro-reformer using the steam reforming method. In order to satisfy the primary requirements for designing a micro-combustor integrated with a micro-evaporator, i.e., stable burning in a small confinement and maximum heat transfer through a wall, the present micro-combustor is a simply cylinder, which is easy to fabricate, but is two-staged (expanding downstream) to control ignition and stable burning. The aspect ratio and wall thickness of the micro-combustor substantially affect ignition and thermal characteristics. For optimized design conditions, a pre-mixed micro-flame is easily ignited in the expanded second-stage combustor, moves into the smaller first-stage combustor, and finally is stabilized therein. The measured and predicted temperature distributions across the micro-combustor walls indicate that heat generated in the micro-combustor is well transferred. Thus, the present micro-combustor configuration can be applied to practical micro-reformers integrated with a micro-evaporator for use with fuel cells.     

Coupling a two-temperature model and a one-temperature model at a fluid-porous interface

We study a convective heat transfer problem in a fluid-porous domain in the case of the local thermal non-equilibrium assumption (LTNE). The issue of this study is to determine appropriate boundary conditions to model heat transfer, while using models with a different number of equations: a two-temperature model in the homogeneous porous region versus a one-temperature model in the free region. To proceed, a two-step up-scaling approach is used, which has the particularity to provide closed jump relations depending on intrinsic characteristic of the interface. Thus, the use of jump or continuity conditions depend only on the interface location inside the fluid-porous transition region. The pertinence of the approach is illustrated on a 2D convective heat transfer problem considering a solid heat source in the porous medium.     

Using a fin with a parabolic concentrator

The consequences of using a fin collector in focusing solar collectors is examined and is found to have merits.     

Bioconvection in a squeezing flow of a micropolar fluid in a horizontal channel

The bioconvection flow of an incompressible micropolar fluid containing microorganisms between two infinite stretchable parallel plates is considered. A mathematical model, with a fully coupled nonlinear system of equations describing the total mass, momentum, thermal energy, mass diffusion, and microorganisms is presented. The governing equations are reduced to a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations with the help of suitable transformations. The resulting nonlinear ordinary differential equations are linearized using successive linearization method, and the resulting system of linear equations is solved using the Chebyshev collocation method. The detailed analysis illustrating the influences of various physical parameters, such as the micropolar coupling number, squeezing parameter, the bioconvection Schmidt number, Prandtl numbers, Lewis number, and bioconvection Peclet number on the velocity, microrotation, temperature, concentration and motile microorganism distributions, skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, Sherwood number, and density number of motile microorganism, is examined. The influence of the squeezing parameter is to increase the dimensionless velocities and temperature and to decrease the local Nusselt number and local Sherwood number. The density number of motile microorganism is decreasing with squeezing parameter, bioconvection Lewis number, bioconvection Peclet number, and bioconvection Schmidt number.     

Exploration of heat transfer effect in a magnetohydrodynamics flow of a micropolar fluid between a porous and a nonporous disk

An analysis is carried out for the flow characteristics of a conducting micropolar fluid. The fluid was passed in between two parallel disks of infinite radii. The novelty of the study is to consider one of the disks as porous and the other one as nonporous, and the external magnetic field is applied along the transverse direction of the flow. The flow phenomena for the polar fluid characterized by the magnetic effect in conjunction with the temperature equation reduce to a set of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations using the requisite transformations and nondimensionalization. An analytical approach such as the variation parameter method is employed to tackle the system efficiently. To emphasize the effect of various physical parameters contributing to the flow phenomena, that is, non-zero tangential slip, Reynolds number, Prandtl number, magnetic parameter, and material parameter on the flow profiles of axial and radial velocities, the microrotation and temperature profiles are presented graphically. To validate the simulated results, a comparison with established results is made, and it is concluded that both are in good correlation.     

Comparative analysis of a Sisko nanofluid over a stretching cylinder through a porous medium

The present article examines the Sisko nanofluid flow and heat transfer through a porous medium due to a stretching cylinder using Buongiorno's model for nanofluids. Suitable similarity transformations are used to transform the governing boundary layer equations of fluid flow into nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The finite difference method is used to solve coupled nonlinear differential equations with MATLAB software. The impact of different parameters viz., the Sisko material parameter, porosity parameter, curvature parameter, thermophoresis parameter, and Brownian diffusion parameter on the velocity and temperature distribution are presented graphically. Moreover, the effect of the involved parameters on the heat transfer rate is also studied and presented through table values. It is noticed from the numerical values that the porosity parameter reduces the velocity while enhancing the temperature. The curvature parameter enhances the velocity throughout the fluid regime and reduces the temperature near the surface while enhancing the temperature far away from the surface. The study reveals that the thermophoresis and Brownian diffusion parameters that characterize the nanofluid flow reduce the wall heat transfer rate, while the curvature parameter enhances it. This investigation of wall heating/cooling has essential applications in solar porous water absorber systems, chemical engineering, metallurgy, material processing, and so forth.