双馈风力发电机虚拟同步控制策略研究

双馈感应发电机(doubly fed induction generator,DFIG)可通过虚拟同步控制方法为电网提供电压及频率支撑,优化机组并网特性。传统的虚拟同步控制技术以模拟同步发电机机电动态特性为主要目标,未对电磁暂态的DFIG控制进行深入分析。当电网发生不对称故障时,分析虚拟同步控制DFIG的故障特性,发现传统控制方法无法抑制电磁转矩振荡与DFIG故障电流。因此,基于电网不对称故障,本文提出DFIG电压补偿虚拟同步控制方法,通过对转子电压故障分量进行补偿,提高DFIG转子电压响应速度,减少其反电动势故障分量。通过对传统及电压补偿虚拟同步控制方法控制效果的仿真对比可知,电压补偿虚拟同步控制方法可对电磁转矩的持续振荡及暂态冲击进行有效抑制,明显降低了DFIG转子的故障电流,提高了DFIG不对称故障穿越能力。     

电网对称故障下双馈风力发电机的虚拟同步控制策略

将虚拟同步控制策略运用于双馈感应发电机(DFIG)变频器控制,可使DFIG为电网提供有惯量的频率与电压支撑。但现有虚拟同步控制策略主要关注DFIG对同步发电机机电动态特性的模拟,未考虑DFIG的电磁暂态过程。分析了基于虚拟同步控制的DFIG在电网对称故障下的电磁暂态特性,指出了现有虚拟同步控制策略存在的两大缺陷:无法完全模拟同步电机故障暂态下的电磁关系,且无法抑制转子过电流。提出了一种适用于电网对称故障的DFIG暂态电压补偿虚拟同步控制策略,即通过补偿转子控制电压的暂态分量来抵消或削弱转子暂态反电势对转子过电流的影响。通过仿真对比了现有虚拟同步控制策略与所提策略对DFIG的控制效果,证明了所提虚拟同步控制策略不仅具备更好的惯性支撑能力,同时可显著抑制DFIG转子过电流与电磁转矩暂态冲击,并对系统进行无功支撑,有效提高了DFIG不间断运行能力与电网故障恢复能力。     

电网不对称故障下双馈风力发电机组穿越控制的研究

在研究电网电压不对称对双馈感应发电机（DFIG）影响以及DFIG正、负序数学模型的基础上,分析了电网电压不对称条件下DFIG定子输出有功、无功功率和发电机电磁转矩的组成。针对电网电压不对称时负序电流对定子侧有功功率、无功功率、电磁转矩和直流侧电压的影响,提出电流正序分量跟踪控制策略,并在转子侧和网侧变换器的控制中对电网电压的正、负序分量分别处理。转子侧变流器采用正序电流跟踪的滞环控制,实现了电流的无差跟踪。网侧逆变器控制内环采用电流前馈控制,并控制负序电流为零,外环采用电压环稳定直流电压。仿真结果表明,在电网不对称故障时,这种控制策略可以消除负序电流对定子侧有功功率、无功功率、电磁转矩和直流侧电压的影响,实现不对称故障穿越。     

电网不对称故障下双馈风力发电机组穿越控制的研究

在研究电网电压不对称对双馈感应发电机( DFIG)影响以及DFIG正、负序数学模型的基础上,分析了电网电压不对称条件下DFIG定子输出有功、无功功率和发电机电磁转矩的组成.针对电网电压不对称时负序电流对定子侧有功功率、无功功率、电磁转矩和直流侧电压的影响,提出电流正序分量跟踪控制策略,并在转子侧和网侧变换器的控制中对电网电压的正、负序分量分别处理.转子侧变流器采用正序电流跟踪的滞环控制,实现了电流的无差跟踪.网侧逆变器控制内环采用电流前馈控制,并控制负序电流为零,外环采用电压环稳定直流电压,仿真结果表明,在电网不对称故障时,这种控制策略可以消除负序电流对定子侧有功功率、无功功率、电磁转矩和直流侧电压的影响,实现不对称故障穿越.     

基于虚拟阻抗的双馈风力发电机高电压穿越控制策略

电网电压骤升故障会造成双馈感应发电机定子绕组中产生定子磁链的暂态直流分量,甚至引起比电网电压跌落更强的双馈发电机定、转子电流和电磁转矩的冲击。首先分析电网电压骤升下双馈发电机转子电流的电磁过渡过程,在变流器转子电流环中引入虚拟电阻控制,虽然能够有效抑制转子电流和电磁转矩的振荡,但是会引起转子电压过高和转子电流振荡过程加长,仅在低频部分具有抑制作用,因此本文引入虚拟电感,形成虚拟阻抗的改进控制策略,缩短了电网电压骤升时的转子振荡过程,并且对高频部分具有较强的抑制作用,提高了系统的高电压穿越性能。仿真和实验结果验证了所提控制策略的有效性和可行性。     

电网电压不对称骤升下双馈风力发电机改进控制策略

双馈风力发电机在电网电压不对称骤升时,定子磁链中不仅会产生暂态直流分量,而且还会产生负序分量。为了抑制电网电压不对称骤升造成的定子电流不平衡,分析了电网电压不对称骤升下双馈发电机的电磁过渡过程,在采用基于双同步旋转坐标(synchronous reference frame,SRF)的转子变流器控制策略基础上,提出基于有源阻尼的转子变流器的双SRF改进控制策略,为提高电网电压不对称骤升时控制性能,在转子负序电流内环中引入虚拟电阻,有效抑制转子负序电流和电磁转矩的振荡;而在定子负序电流外环中引入有源阻尼,加快电网电压不对称骤升时对定子负序电流抑制的过渡过程,提高了系统动态响应的能力,可增强不对称电网电压骤升下双馈风力发电机不间断运行能力,最后通过仿真和实验验证了改进策略的可行性和有效性。     

电网电压不对称跌落时DFIG的控制策略研究

相比于对称故障,不对称故障时双馈风力发电机(Doubly Fed Induction Generators, DFIG)的电磁暂态过程更为复杂,对DFIG造成的危害也越大。从电网电压不对称跌落时DFIG的电磁暂态过程入手,分析了DFIG各电磁量产生二倍频波动和过电流的直接原因。在此基础上,提出了一种电网电压不对称跌落时转子侧变换器(Rotor Side Converter, RSC)的转子电压补偿控制策略,通过控制RSC交流侧的输出电压,对转子暂态电动势和负序电动势进行补偿。该控制策略可在电网轻度不对称故障时有效消除转子电流二倍频波动;在电网严重不对称故障时最大限度地减小转子电流冲击,增强DFIG的低电压穿越能力。此外,根据转子侧变换器的电压容量,对补偿控制策略的完全补偿范围进行了分析。仿真结果验证了所提出控制策略的有效性。     

电网电压对称故障时DFIG转子电流的优化控制策略

为抑制电网电压对称故障时双馈感应风力发电机(DFIG)的转子过电流,本文在电网电压对称故障时DFIG数学模型的基础上,分析了DFIG磁链自由分量引起的转子过电流机理,提出了一种以抑制转子电流自由分量为目标的DFIG优化控制策略。在转子电流基频分量闭环常规控制策略的基础上,加入了转子电流自由分量调节器,以构成DFIG电流优化控制系统,并分析了其对DFIG控制系统稳定性、动态特性的影响,进而给出了转子电流自由分量调节器参数的设计,增强了对转子电流自由分量的阻尼。最后,通过构建实验机组,对控制策略的有效性进行了实验验证。     

电网电压不对称故障条件下DFIG风电机组控制策略

提出了一种可应用于双馈异步发电机(DFIG)转子侧变换器的新型电流控制器,即双dq-PI转子电流调节器.在电网电压不对称故障条件下,该电流调节器可对DFIG的转子电流正、负序分量同时进行控制.推导了电网电压不对称故障条件下DFIG的数学模型,根据风力发电机在电网电压不对称故障条件下的运行规程,提出了4种控制目标,同时基于正序定子电压定向简化并得到了转子电流调节器的正、负序电流参考给定量.在一台额定功率为10 kW的DFIG实验机组上,对所提出的转子电流控制器进行了实验验证,结果表明基于该控制器的控制方案可大大改善DFIG系统在电网电压不对称故障条件下的运行性能,提高系统的故障穿越能力.     

不对称电网电压下双馈风力发电机的直接功率控制

在研究双馈感应发电机(DFIG)数学模型的基础上,分析了不对称电网条件下DFIG定子输出瞬时有功、无功功率的组成。通过引入二倍电网频率陷波器,使定开关频率直接功率控制(CSF-DPC)可适用于不对称性故障穿越运行控制。此时各改进的CSF-DPC方法具备各自特性,即基于转子磁链DPC(RF-DPC)可迅速稳定磁链,缩短DFIG动态过程;基于转子电流DPC(RC-DPC)可抑制定、转子电流振荡;基于电磁转矩DPC(EMT-DPC)可减小电磁转矩的脉动。通过分析改进CSF-DPC参数不匹配带来的误差,进一步提高了控制的鲁棒性。与正、负序双dq的不对称运行控制策略相比,CSF-DPC方法无需计算负序分量和引入负序电流控制环,结构简单,动态性能好。     

Low voltage ride-through enhancement of DFIG-based wind turbine using DC link switchable resistive type fault current limiter

Doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbines utilise small-scale voltage sourced converters with a limited overcurrent withstand capability, which makes the DFIG-based wind turbines very vulnerable to grid faults. Often, modern DFIG systems employ a crowbar protection at the rotor circuit to protect the rotor side converter (RSC) during grid faults. This method converts the DFIG to a squirrel cage induction generator, which does not comply with the new grid codes. The recent grid codes need wind turbines to stay connected to the utility grid during and after power system faults, especially in high penetration level of wind power. Furthermore, the crowbar switch is expensive. This paper proposes a novel DC-link switchable resistive-type fault current limiter (SRFCL) to improve the LVRT capability of the DFIG. The proposed SRFCL is employed in the DC side of the RSC. The SRFCL solves crowbar protection activation problems and eliminates subsequent complications in the DFIG system. The proposed SRFCL does not have any significant impact on the overall performance of the DFIG during normal operation. Whenever the fault, whether symmetrical or asymmetrical, occurs, the SRFCL not only limits rotor over-currents but also prevents rotor speed acceleration and restricts high torque oscillations even during zero grid voltage, as recommended by some grid codes. To prove the effective operation of the SRFCL on the RSC fault current limitation, analytical analysis is performed in each switching interval. The proposed approach is compared with the crowbar-based protection method. Simulation studies are carried out in PSCAD/EMTDC software. In addition, a prototype is provided to demonstrate the main concept of the proposed approach.     

基于转子串阻容的双馈风机低电压穿越能力优化

为了优化电网电压发生不对称故障时双馈风力发电机(doubly fed induction generator,DFIG)的低电压穿越(low voltage ride through,LVRT)能力,提出一种优化方法,即在转子侧串联电阻和电容改善DFIG的LVRT能力。传统的Crowbar方法中,故障期间DFIG将产生不可控的情形并且吸收一定无功,不利于电网电压恢复。而采用转子串阻容方法,限制了转子侧电压的负序分量和直流分量,抑制了转子开路电压和转子过电流,保证了DFIG在故障期间可控状态,并提供无功,有利于电网电压的恢复。仿真结果表明,所提方法能使DFIG成功进行低电压穿越,保证了DFIG在故障期间可控。     

不平衡电网下双馈感应发电机的虚拟同步机控制优化策略

由于虚拟同步机(VSG)控制技术的控制带宽有限,因此当电网电压不平衡时,VSG控制无法有效控制电网负序电压引起的功率二倍频波动分量。当电压长时间不平衡时将会引起双馈感应发电机(DFIG)定、转子电流畸变,功率及转矩振荡等问题,严重影响系统输出的电能质量及系统运行性能。针对此问题,文中提出一种采用二阶广义积分器对DFIG电磁转矩及无功功率二倍频脉动进行定量控制的方法,使DFIG的VSG控制系统在不平衡电网条件下可以实现3种控制目标,即定子电流正弦且平衡、定子电流正弦且有功功率恒定和定子电流正弦且无功功率及电磁转矩同时恒定。同时,可根据电网实时要求对各控制目标进行灵活切换,提高了DFIG的VSG控制系统的控制性能。最后,所提方法的有效性通过仿真结果得到了验证。     

A flexible power control strategy for rotor-side converter of DFIG under unbalanced grid voltage sags

Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is widely applied in variable-speed wind energy conversion system. The disconnection of a substantial amount of DFIG may arouse the instability problem of power system, thus wind power generators have to remain connected during short-time grid faults. As a result, the voltage sag will lead to overcurrent and overvoltage in the rotor winding of a DFIG, moreover the unbalanced voltage sags will also cause serious fluctuations in its electromagnetic torque and output power. This paper studies the relationship of the stator instantaneous powers with the three-phase stator voltage and rotor current of a DFIG under unbalanced grid voltages. A generalized formula of current reference for the rotor-side converter of DFIG is constructed by introducing continuous adjustment coefficients. Meanwhile, the analytical equations of rotor peak current, stator active and reactive power fluctuations are derived to characterize the operating performance of DFIG. The impacts of adjustment coefficients on DFIG control performance and the feasible region of coefficients restrained by the rotor current constraint are discussed. In consideration of the rotor current limit, the flexible power control strategy for DFIG in unity power factor mode (UPFM) and reactive power supporting mode (RPSM) is presented. The correctness of proposed method is verified by simulation and experiment tests of single-DFIG and multi-DFIG systems.     

基于Crowbar的双馈风力发电低电压穿越研究

随着风力发电机容量和风电规模的增加,要求双馈感应发电机(DFIG)能够实现低电压穿越(LVRT)能力。在电网电压跌落的对称故障下,针对原有LVRT技术的不足,提出一种采用主动式Crowbar电路的控制策略。在电压跌落后,转子电流突升时,触发Crowbar电路,旁路转子侧变换器;在电流恢复到一定程度时,断开Crowbar电路,使转子侧变换器投入工作。通过有、无Crowbar电路仿真对比表明,该方法可较好地控制转子过电流、母线过电压及电磁转矩的振荡,同时在故障期间向系统输送无功,达到LVRT的要求。     

Modeling and enhanced control of DFIG under unbalanced grid voltage conditions

This paper presents a mathematical model of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based on stator voltage orientation (SVO) in the positive and negative synchronous reference frames under unbalanced grid voltage conditions. The oscillations of the DFIG electromagnetic torque and the stator active and reactive powers are fully described during grid voltage unbalance. A new rotor current controller implemented in the positive synchronous reference frame is proposed. The controller consists of a proportional integral (PI) regulator and a harmonic resonant (R) compensator tuned at twice the grid frequency. Thus, the positive and negative sequence components of DFIG rotor currents are directly regulated by the PI + R controller without the need of involving positive and negative sequence decomposition, which indeed improves the dynamic performance of DFIG-based wind power generation system during small steady-state and relatively larger transient network unbalances. The theoretical analysis and the feasibility of the proposed unbalanced control scheme are validated by simulation studies on a 1.5-MW wind-turbine driven DFIG system. Compared with conventional single PI current control design, the proposed control scheme results in significant elimination of either DFIG power or torque oscillation under unbalanced grid voltage conditions.     

Small signal stability enhancement of DFIG based wind power system using optimized controllers parameters

This paper presents the state space modelling of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) for small signal stability assessment. The gains of PI controller in torque and voltage control loop of rotor-side converter (RSC) are optimized by particle swarm optimization (PSO) to improve the dynamic performance of DFIG. These optimized parameters results in improved damping of DFIG and minimizes the oscillations in rotor currents and electromagnetic torque. The nature of modes of oscillations for DFIG integrated to infinite bus are analysed under different operating conditions such as varying wind speed and grid strength. The transient analysis with optimized parameters shows the enhancement in LVRT capability during voltage sag and three phase fault as desired by grid codes.