机床的绿色制造

阐明了绿色制造是21世纪机床制造业发展的方向。介绍了机床的绿色制造和机床绿色制造的流程。重申对于企业自身的发展,必须要加大技术投入,发展高、尖端机床制造技术和先进的加工工艺是机床制造企业发展的长久之计,这是立足于企业的根本,必须适时地发展机床的绿色制造,从而改进机床制造企业的经营模式,及时进行调整。绿色制造是机床制造行业实施可持续发展战略的很重要的方式。     

大型航空薄壁零件精确绿色制造技术研究

大型复杂飞机外形薄壁壁板的传统工艺方法无法满足精确、高效制造和绿色制造的需求,针对工艺协调复杂、工艺流程冗长和加工范围受限等问题,对薄壁壁板零件的精确、绿色制造技术进行研究,结合有限元变形模拟分析,设计了集铣面、铣下陷、切通窗、切边和钻孔于一体的加工工艺,实现了壁板的高效化和集成化加工,促进了加工效率和加工质量的提升,并避免了传统加工的化学污染。通过对比分析精确绿色制造技术与传统加工工艺,确定了精确绿色制造技术的优势,该技术的成功应用提升了我国航空制造的整体实力。     

不同工作介质的电火花加工性能研究现状

加工介质是电火花加工系统的重要组成部分,它对加工性能的影响越来越被人们所关注.以煤油的加工性能为参照,对电火花加工发展中所使用的不同介质的加工性能进行了总结.从加工过程环保性及可持续发展的角度出发,认为对符合绿色制造理念的气体及其衍生的加工介质的电火花加工技术的研究有望成为电火花加工技术新的研究方向之一.     

冲压加工的绿色制造体系结构和工艺评价分析

绿色制造是一种先进的现代制造模式.为有效减少资源消耗和环境污染,本文建立了冲压加工的绿色制造体系结构,研究了冲压加工中实现绿色制造的两个目标、3项内容和两个层次.然后对冲压加工中的资源（如原材料、设备和能源）消耗和环境（如固、液、气等废弃物和噪声污染）影响进行了详细分析.最后,采用TOPSIS方法对冲压加工的绿色制造工艺进行综合评价.实例表明,采用TOPSIS方法进行绿色度的评价是可行的.     

汽车门铰链冲压模具CAD/CAM绿色制造技术应用

冲压模具CAD/CAM绿色制造技术是将绿色制造技术与模具CAD/CAM先进制造技术相结合而成的,主要包括模具绿色设计、模具绿色加工工艺、模具绿色包装及模具的回收与处理4个部分。以汽车门铰链冲压模具为研究对象,详细阐述了在汽车门铰链模具的模具设计、加工工艺、运输包装、回收与处理4个方面中,冲压模具CAD/CAM绿色制造技术相较于传统模具设计与制造技术所具有的特点与优势;汽车门铰链模具CAD/CAM绿色制造技术以汽车门铰链模具结构标准化方式实现汽车门铰链模具的绿色设计,以CAD/CAM一体化制造技术完成汽车门铰链模具零部件的绿色加工,以具有优秀环保性能的双降解塑料薄膜、蜂窝纸板材料作为汽车门铰链模具的绿色包装材料,以分类拆卸、二次利用的方式实现汽车门铰链模具的回收与处理,最终实现冲压模具的绿色设计与制造。     

磨削工艺绿色度评价指标体系及影响因素分析

绿色制造作为一种现代制造模式,符合可持续发展的战略要求.磨削是一种重要机械加工方法,同时也是机械制造过程中对环境和资源影响最大的一种加工工艺,科学地评价磨削工艺绿色度、提高磨削工艺的绿色水平,对建立绿色制造系统具有重要意义.根据对磨削加工过程的绿色特性分析,建立了磨削工艺绿色度评价的指标体系,包括环境、能源、资源、经济性、生产效率、宜人度和绿色管理等方面,对各项指标的影响因素进行了分析.磨削工艺绿色度评价指标是,磨削工艺绿色度评价的量化基础,也为面向绿色制造的磨削工艺参数优化提供了理论依据.     

电火花加工技术研究的发展趋势预测

根据机械制造业的发展背景,结合电火花加工的特点,分析了电火花加工技术的发展趋势.认为该加工技术将在精密化、微细化、高速高效化、加工绿色制造以及同其它加工方法的复合加工等方面是研究发展的主要方向,而开发新的电火花加工工艺能够促进电火花加工技术的进一步发展.与此同时需要对电火花加工机理进行更进一步的研究.     

绿色制造系统物资能耗模型及分析

针对我国制造业制造过程的能源与资源消耗巨大、环境污染严重这一现状,从宏观和微观两个角度,对面向绿色制造的产品制造在制造过程中能源消耗进行分析建模.首先分析了面向能量节约和环境影响绿色制造体系结构,建立了从原材料加工制造成成品的过程的微观能耗模型,并给出了绿色制造系统中的机械制造加工系统能耗模型.从宏观的角度给出了绿色产品制造的整个生命周期中的物能资源消耗模型.最后,重点介绍了基于能值理论的能耗模型,并进行了分析.     

面向绿色制造的刀具评价方案的研究

随着当今社会能源危机和环境污染问题的日益严重,绿色制造技术就显得尤为重要。而刀具在制造业中占有重要的地位,其合理的选用是绿色制造的关键。为此分析了影响刀具评价的因素,在绿色制造基础上,提出了以加工时间、加工质量、加工成本、资源消耗和环境影响为指标的刀具评价体系。以MATLAB为计算工具,利用改进的层次分析法求出评价体系指标的权重值,结合模糊综合评价法对刀具进行评价,最终得到刀具的综合评价值,由此确定刀具是否是绿色的以及绿色度有多高。结合一个机床厂的刀具评价例子说明该评价方案的可行性和实用性。     

数控快速点磨削技术的绿色特性分析

分析了数控快速点磨削(Quick-point Grinding)超高速、薄超硬磨料砂轮、点接触和连续轨迹数控成型的技术特征，以及数控快速点磨削工艺的加工性能。快速点磨削主要工艺特点是磨削力和磨削温度低、磨削比大、表面完整性和加工精度好。基于绿色制造理论，通过对快速点磨削技术的磨削机理及绿色特性的分析，提出了实现干式绿色快速点磨削的主要研究内容及方向，并结合该项新技术的发展现状，讨论了开展面向绿色制造的快速点磨削技术的理论与应用研究的重要意义。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。