杆状支护系统的耦合模型及应用

锚杆/锚索等杆状支护系统在土木工程界的应用很广。但到目前为止，杆状支护物与被支护体之间的耦合机理却尚未十分清晰，有关支护效果的可靠合理的评价方法也并未成熟。基于Shear-Lag理论，提出一种改良的计算分析方法来描述杆状支护材料、交界面和被支护体之间的耦合作用机理。分析锚杆拉拔试验中由耦合到破坏的整个过程，提出一个计算交界面其实粘结强度的新方法。普通拉拔试验中，交界面的平均剪切强度低于其真实强度。二者的差别受支护杆的锚固长度和试件材料的物理力学性质的影响。若忽略试件材料的变形模量，可能导致试验的计算值与其实强度之间出现很大的偏差。分析不同变形模量试件体的拉拔试验过程，对于软岩支护中金属体的室内拉拔试验，建议试件材料的变形模量和相应的锚固长度。圆形隧道周边锚杆的受力状态分析表明，锚杆受力后存在拉拔区、中性点和锚固区。中性点的位置不但和隧道的几何尺寸有关，还与岩石的物理力学性质有关．计算结果和实测结果进行了对比，二者较为接近。     

An analytical model to predict axial load in grouted rock bolt for soft rock tunnelling

An analytical model is proposed to predict the axial force of grouted rock bolt in the tunnelling design. The interaction mechanism of the rock bolt and the soft rock mass has been described according to their consistent displacement. Coupling and decoupling behaviors of the rock bolt around a circular tunnel have been analyzed. According to case studies, the theoretical prediction of the axial force agrees well with the in situ measured results. The installing time and the length of the rock bolt, and the deformation modulus of the rock mass are taken as study parameters to analyze the supporting behavior of the rock bolt. According to the results of the theoretical analysis, there are some conclusions as followings: (1) a lower axial force is resulted because of the delay of installing rock bolt and its supporting effect may be reduced; (2) the larger displacement is caused by the lower deformation modulus of the rock mass, and a higher axial force is resulted in the rock bolt. If the shear strength of the rock mass is not enough, the decoupling behavior will take place interior the rock mass, and the performance of rock bolt may be reduced; (3) the position of a neutral point is related with the radius of tunnel, the physical properties of the rock bolt and the rock mass. It is found that the position of the neutral point and the maximum axial force of the rock bolt installed in the soft rock may tend to be constant when its length is long enough, which means that the supporting effect of the rock bolt can not be improved significantly only by increasing the length of the rock bolt. By using this model, a way is supplied to analyze the supporting behavior of the rock bolt, and a method is provided for the quantitative evaluation of its supporting effect in NATM tunnelling.     

地下厂房岩锚吊车梁长锚杆作用机制研究及数值模拟分析

 地下厂房岩锚吊车梁部位倾斜布置的长锚杆是吊车梁与岩体相互传力的重要纽带。根据长锚杆周围介质的差异将单根锚杆分为梁体段、围岩段2个部分,基于中性点理论及锚杆拉拔作用特性,研究了长锚杆、梁体混凝土和围岩三者在梁体自重荷载、岩体开挖释放荷载以及吊车轮压荷载下的联合受力机制,并建立了包含沥青介质在内的锚固体力学模型,提出了一种适用于岩锚梁稳定分析的长锚杆受力计算方法。最后采用三维弹塑性非线性有限元法,结合锚杆受力算法,以某水电站地下厂房为背景,对吊车梁施工与运行期全过程进行了数值模拟分析。工程实例计算结果能够较为合理地反映长锚杆的受力特性,锚杆受力数值结果与监测值有较好的吻合度。     

基于大变形分析的锚固节理岩石全程剪切阻力计算(英文)

提出了一个基于测量锚固节理岩石位移的用以预测锚杆拉剪大变形行为的分析模型，给出了受拉剪荷载作用下的锚固节理岩石综合抗力的表达式，得到了考虑锚杆作用的锚固节理岩石剪切阻力与节理位移(或节理中锚杆变形角)间函数关系的理论全程曲线，试验验证了理论方法的有效性。     

Calculation of complete curve of shear resistance for bolted rock joints based on large deformation analysis（基于大变形分析的锚固节理岩石全程剪切阻力计算）

提出了一个基于测量锚固节理岩石位移的用以预测锚杆拉剪大变形行为的分析模型,给出了受拉剪荷载作用下的锚固节理岩石综合抗力的表达式,得到了考虑锚杆作用的锚固节理岩石剪切阻力与节理位移(或节理中锚杆变形角)间函数关系的理论全程曲线,试验验证了理论方法的有效性.     

A numerical model of fully grouted bolts considering the tri-linear shear bond–slip model

A numerical model of fully grouted bolts is proposed in this study by implementing the tri-linear bond–slip relationship of bolts into the numerical framework presented by Hyett et al. (1996). The bond–slip relationship of bolt–rock interface is simplified and represented by the tri-linear model. The proposed numerical model is characterized by (1) its ability in modeling decoupling mechanism of bolt–rock interface, i.e. the degradation of the interfacial shear bond stress along bolts; (2) its easy implementation in a numerical code. The proposed numerical model is verified with the pullout tests, and good agreements with the experimental results can be observed in terms of axial stress distributions in the bolt, shear stress distributions along the bolt and load–displacement relationship. The proposed model also gives a reasonable prediction on the behavior of bolts installed in the field.     

Reinforcement mechanics of passive bolts in conventional tunnelling

According to the conventional pullout tests for passive bolts, a spring–slider model is adopted in this paper to account for the interaction relationship between the bolt and the rock mass. Based on the incremental theory of plasticity and the plane strain axial symmetry assumption, an elasto-plastic ground and bolt responses analyses method is proposed. In addition, the validity of the proposed method is verified by numerical simulations. The reinforcement mechanics of passive bolts in conventional tunnelling is clearly demonstrated via an illustrative case study. Through parameter studies, the influence of the bolt properties on the reinforcement effect is highlighted. The proposed method provides a framework to the elasto-plastic ground response analyses with passive bolts reinforcement. It also permits incorporating other features about the bolt–rock interaction model or other failure criterion of the rock mass in further analyses.     

预应力锚杆作用机制研究

针对预应力锚杆作用机制研究方面存在的问题，根据弹性理论轴对称问题的基本理论和方法，在引入锚杆影响范围内岩体平均轴向应力（平均轴向应变）假设的条件下，推导锚杆在完全黏结条件下界面剪应力分布公式；以此为基础，在考虑界面本构关系情况下，研究界面脱黏段的剪应力分布及脱黏段长度，阐述预应力锚杆的荷载传递特性，从而为预应力锚杆设计提供理论依据。     

加锚层状岩体的本构模型

将加锚层状岩体作为等效连续介质推导了加锚层状岩体的本构方程 ,新的本构模型考虑了节理的剪胀扩容现象和锚杆作用 ,弥补了以往分析中的不足 ,该本构模型可对节理岩体中锚杆的加固作用做出合理的定量评价     

节理岩体中锚杆剪切力学模型研究及试验验证

依据最小余能原理,在考虑节理岩体中锚杆剪切变形的基础上,分析了节理面水平剪切位移与锚杆轴向及切向变形之间的关系。结合锚杆受力特点拟定了锚杆屈服模式的判定流程。建立了考虑"等效剪切面积"的加锚节理面抗剪强度理论计算模型,并通过室内物理试验验证了理论计算模型的准确性。讨论了锚杆倾角、围岩抗压强度、锚杆直径、法向应力等因素对加锚节理面抗剪强度的影响规律。结果表明:所建立的锚杆剪切力学模型能够较好的反映锚杆轴向力及剪切力对节理面抗剪强度的贡献;考虑"等效剪切面积"的加锚节理面抗剪强度计算结果与试验结果较为吻合;锚杆倾角及围岩抗压强度越大,锚杆轴向力越小,剪切力越大;锚杆直径增大,锚杆轴向力及剪切力都会增大;节理面法向应力会显著影响剪胀效应,法向应力越大,节理面抗剪强度越高。     

基于复合岩体法的锚杆支护隧道收敛修正分析

基于复合岩体方法考虑锚杆与围岩的相互作用,在引入加锚效应不均匀性基础上,根据对围岩变形约束程度修正复合岩体等效计算刚度,获得了锚杆支护作用下圆形隧道收敛变形的修正解。对比既有解及数值结果验证了本文解的正确性,修正解合理地降低了既有计算方法对锚杆约束效果的过高估计。结果表明:锚杆通过提高复合围岩等效刚度降低隧道收敛变形;增加锚杆密度比增加锚杆长度对降低隧道收敛更为有效;在常规锚杆布置参数条件下,锚杆支护对隧道最终收敛的降低幅度不会超过20%,难以完全依靠系统锚杆来限制软岩隧道的收敛大变形。本文提出的修正解能合理反映锚杆对围岩收敛变形的约束作用,可为锚杆支护下隧道收敛变形的量化分析提供简洁准确的计算方法。     

A new analytical solution for the displacement of fully grouted rock bolt in rock joints and experimental and numerical verifications

This study proposes a new analytical solution to predict displacement of a fully grouted rock bolt intersected by single rock joint. The main characteristics of the analytical model, consider the bolt profile and joint movement under pull test condition. The anchorage capacity of fully grouted bolts has been studied for many years; however, the bolt profile and its effect on bolt shear resistance are poorly understood. Investigations of load transfer between the bolt and grout indicate that the bolt profile shape and spacing play an important role in improving the shear strength between the bolt and the surrounding strata. Rock displacement is a sum of elastic part and a jump part due to the presence of joints planes. The performance of the proposed analytical model is validated by experimental method and comparison with numerical modeling. The results showed that there is a promising agreement between analytical and numerical methods. Studies indicate that the displacement rate between the bolt and the rock declines exponentially. Which is dependent on the bolt characteristics such as: rib height, rib spacing, rib width and thickness grout, material and joint properties.     

端锚式锚杆-围岩耦合流变模型研究

针对端锚式锚杆-围岩结构体在长时条件下支护作用的演化机制,建立了端锚式锚杆-隧洞围岩耦合作用的结构模型。进行了结构模型的基本假设：①圆形隧洞;②深埋;③各向等压原岩应力;④均质且各向同性黏弹性围岩模型;⑤一维黏弹性锚杆模型;⑥锚杆对围岩作用力整体为面力。基于基本假设建立了端锚式锚杆-围岩耦合流变理论模型。假设围岩和锚杆均为Maxwell模型时,求解了圆形隧洞围岩应力和位移的径向分布随时间变化的解析解,获得了锚杆轴力随时间演变的理论公式。基于锚杆（索）流变模型,进行了FLAC^3D数值模拟软件的二次开发;并通过数值模拟与理论计算的对比分析验证了理论模型的合理性,分析了端锚式锚杆-围岩耦合流变规律及其影响因素。该模型对于研究地下隧洞的流变力学行为,分析锚固支护结构的长期稳定性,指导工程支护设计具有重要的基础理论价值。     

岩体锚固支护的数值流形方法模拟及其应用

利用数值流形方法理论 ,建立了岩体锚杆 (索 )加固的数值流形方法模型 ,该模型反映了裂隙岩体锚固的力学机理 ,可以仿真各种加固锚杆 (索 )的复杂几何布置及几何参数。数值算例表明 :计算模型能较好地反映锚杆 (索 )加固岩体的变形行为 ,具有广泛的工程实用前景。     

锚杆加固作用下圆形隧道复合岩体围岩特征曲线解析方法研究

传统收敛约束法中通常将锚杆作为支护结构求解独立的支护特征曲线,但是锚杆无法构成单独的支护体系,需和围岩共同作用形成承载体系。基于隧道开挖弹塑性力学解析解,考虑锚杆对围岩的加固效应,通过均匀化方法,推导了锚杆加固作用下的圆形隧道复合岩体围岩特征曲线解析解。将所推导的解析解与数值计算结果进行对比,结果表明:推导的锚杆加固作用下复合岩体围岩特征曲线解析解与FLAC~(3D)计算结果吻合较好,说明将锚杆与围岩作为复合承载体系是合理的,同时说明该方法的准确性。通过对比有无锚杆支护状态下的围岩特征曲线,说明了锚杆对围岩变形具有较好的控制作用。该解析解考虑锚杆的预应力和支护时机,为锚杆加固作用下的隧道稳定性分析提供了相对简单快速的计算方法。     

软岩隧道中锚杆与岩体的相互作用模型研究

采用改进的剪应力滞后模型,对软岩隧道中锚杆的作用机理提出了一种分析方法,根据应力-应变关系分析锚杆和岩体之间的联合作用机理.应用于工程实例,根据现场监测数据及数值模拟分析,验证通过该模型计算所得的轴向应力的正确性,并确定不同锚杆长度的中性点位置,验证了软岩锚固中性点的存在,指出软岩隧道锚杆支护设计中应注意锚杆与岩体的相互作用.     

大变形锚杆支护效应分析

根据大变形锚杆的力学和变形特性,建立大变形锚杆–围岩相互作用结构模型,研究锚杆加固圆形隧道时的支护效应,并通过数值模拟验证了模型和求解方法的有效性。采用上述求解方法,定量分析了原岩应力、岩体强度以及大变形锚杆安装密度、长度和安装时间对其支护效果的影响规律。结果表明,在高应力或极软岩等恶劣地质条件下,围岩产生较大位移的情况下,大变形锚杆可以更好的发挥支护效应。大变形锚杆加固的主要作用在于限制塑性区围岩的变形,对塑性区边界的位置以及弹性区岩体变形的控制效果不明显。还通过改变安装锚杆时等效内支撑力的大小,揭示了锚杆安装时间对其支护效应的影响规律。研究结果可为大变形锚杆支护设计及参数优化提供基础理论依据。     

拉剪作用下节理岩体锚固力学分析模型

 现有锚固理论不能反映节理岩体锚固的内在力学机制。基于节理岩体全长黏结型锚杆锚固的地质变形特征,根据加锚节理岩体超静定梁模型,将超静定梁转化为受到挤压分布力、轴力和剪切力共同作用的静定梁模型,探讨拉剪作用下节理岩体锚固的受力与变形的演化规律。基于结构力学理论,考虑锚杆横向剪切变形段荷载与变形的内在物理关系、位移相互协调关系以及由能量原理导出的平衡关系,建立拉剪作用下节理岩体锚固的力学分析模型,进一步提出拉剪荷载作用下的节理面一侧锚杆横向剪切变形段长度的计算方法。研究表明,加锚节理岩体受锚杆轴向拉力和销钉效应共同作用,节理面处锚杆轴力和剪力呈抛物线耦合关系;锚固角越大,锚杆销钉效应越显著。节理面一侧锚杆横向剪切变形段的长度随锚固角的增加而增大,但锚杆抗力随锚固角的增加而降低。与试验数据的对比分析表明,理论模型的计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,验证了该模型的合理性。研究结果可为节理岩体锚固研究及工程应用提供参考。     

单轴拉伸条件下断续节理岩体锚固效应试验研究

 选用改性橡胶粉–水泥砂浆模拟岩石,用玻璃纤维增强塑料作为锚杆模拟材料,通过室内试验研究单轴拉伸条件下,锚杆对含贯穿裂隙岩体的加固效应。结果表明：与不加锚试件的破坏形式相比,加锚试件均表现出塑性破坏特征;锚杆提高了节理岩体的变形模量和单轴抗拉强度,且加锚试件的变形模量和单轴抗拉强度随锚固角的增大先增大后减小;随着锚固角的增大,试件后期破坏模式发生改变,这与锚杆的黏结性能和抗剪切性能的复合作用有关。