铁盐对玉米秸秆稀酸预处理及酶解的影响

常压下在0.8%硫酸水溶液中加入适量硫酸铁对玉米秸秆粉于80～100℃搅拌、蒸煮回流预处理,反应对原料中纤维素成分破坏程度小,有效促进半纤维素水解,并对随后酶解有明显促进作用.当底物/溶液比为1∶15 g/mL,铁盐浓度为1.0mmol/L、处理4 h时效果较好,纤维素转化率可由46.9%提高到51.3%,酶水解初始速率由15.0 mg/(g?h)(指单位时间内单位质量干料所产生的还原糖)提高至17.9 mg/(g?h).     

木质纤维素乙醇预处理与酶解技术研究

木质纤维素乙醇的生产工艺中主要环节为预处理、酶解、发酵3个阶段.预处理是决定后续酶解效果的关键步骤,物理法、化学法和物理化学法预处理工艺是目前主要的研究方向,预处理效果需与经济可行性相互结合.对各预处理方式优缺点及经济可行性进行了综合性对比,较好的预处理方式为蒸汽爆破,糖回收率和经济可行性较高.后续采用诺维信公司不同酶制剂进行酶解评价实验,根据实验结果最新一代纤维素酶Cellic RZ1.0在低加量下可保持80％以上的葡萄糖转化率.对于发酵,抑制物浓度是发酵的主要影响因素,在稀释比例升高的情况下,发酵效率也随之提升.     

氨水浸泡稻草秸秆对纤维素酶解产糖的影响

为了有效提高木质纤维素酶解糖化率,以稻草秸秆为研究对象,采用氨水预处理实验,考察稻草秸秆粉粒度、氨水质量分数、预处理时间、预处理温度、液固比对稻草秸秆酶解糖化的影响。结果表明:稻草秸秆经60目过筛后用14%氨水按液固比9∶1在50℃处理35h,糖化率达61.42%。     

有机溶剂自催化和协同预处理促进木质纤维原料酶解研究进展

木质纤维原料资源储量丰富且可再生,适当的预处理可打破纤维原料细胞壁的天然抗降解屏障,促使其在后续加工中有效转化为低聚糖或可发酵糖,用于高效制备生物乙醇。有机溶剂预处理是有效的预处理方法之一,在提高酶解效率的同时可有效分离木质素,实现纤维原料各组分的高效利用。根据是否添加催化剂,有机溶剂预处理可分为自催化预处理和催化剂-有机溶剂协同预处理2种方式。木质素是限制木质纤维原料酶解的重要因素之一,本文简单介绍了有机溶剂种类、催化剂类型对木质素脱除的影响,并概括性探讨了有机溶剂和催化剂协同的反应机理。     

水热预处理竹子促进酶解的效果及其影响因素

采用间歇式水热预处理装置,研究了水热预处理用于竹子的酶解规律,探讨了不同温度、处理时间、纤维素酶添加量及原料种类对促进竹子酶解的效果及其影响。结果表明水热预处理能显著提升竹子的酶解率,在优化条件190℃、10 min水热预处理,添加15 FPU·(g葡聚糖)^-1纤维素酶,72 h葡聚糖与木聚糖酶解率分别为74.3%、54.0%,提高到原来的3.5倍和4.7倍。过高的预处理温度与过长的预处理时间都将导致木糖大量降解和部分葡萄糖降解,使单糖总量下降。纤维素酶的添加量从15 FPU·(g 葡聚糖)^-1提高到60 FPU·(g 葡聚糖)^-1,可使未作预处理和水热预处理竹子的总糖回收率分别提高21.5%和9.9%,其促进酶解的作用远低于预处理的效果,通过预处理增大酶的可及性是提高酶解率的关键。水热预处理对于生物质原料具有选择性,不同的竹子原料具有显著不同的效果。     

白腐菌预处理对稻草化学组分及酶水解的影响

采用5株白腐菌预处理稻草,对预处理过程中产生的木质纤维素降解酶系以及稻草化学组分变化进行了分析,研究了预处理对后续纤维素酶水解效率的影响。研究结果表明,5株白腐菌在预处理期间(0~50天)均能检测到漆酶(Lac)、锰过氧化物酶(MnP)和纤维素酶(Cel)活性,但未检测到木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)活性。其中凤尾菇培养第20天Lac活性达到最高,为2244 U/L;平菇培养40天MnP活性最高,达771 U/L;凤尾菇和平菇的木质素降解选择性指数(SI)随着预处理时间延长呈上升趋势,培养至50天时平菇的SI达到1.87,比其它4株白腐菌表现出更好的选择性降解木质素能力。云芝4号、平菇和凤尾菇表现出良好的预处理效果,经此3菌株预处理50天的稻草粉,在每克底物20 FPU酶用量条件下用纤维素酶水解48 h,酶水解总糖转化率分别达到59.6%、56.3%和54.4%。     

木质纤维素新型预处理与顽抗特性

木质纤维素是地球上最丰富的可再生生物质资源,其中纤维类多糖的酶催化降解是木质纤维素生物精炼的关键环节之一。对木质纤维素进行预处理,破坏底物的顽抗特性,是实现木质纤维素高效酶解糖化的必要途径。为此,各国学者围绕预处理技术开发以及底物顽抗特性开展了大量研究,本文对近几年来在这两方面取得的最新成果进行了综述和分析。在预处理方面,重点介绍了组合预处理、低温预处理、绿色溶剂与电化学预处理4类新型预处理技术,并对预处理效果与技术优势进行了评价;在底物顽抗特性方面,综述了木质素、结晶度、酶可及度等不同顽抗特性对纤维素酶解的影响规律,重点总结了近年来顽抗特性研究方面的新方法、新认识与新理解。上述研究成果有助于了解当前木质纤维素预处理研究的导向以及明确制约纤维素酶解的关键因素,为设计和筛选适宜的预处理方式、深刻理解纤维素酶解机制提供基础和指导。     

正交试验优化稻草粉酶解的甘油预处理工艺

目的:探讨甘油预处理对稻草粉酶解效果的影响。方法:采用正交实验法,以液固比、甘油质量分数、甘油预处理时间为因素,考查对还原糖浓度的影响。结果:甘油质量分数为70%,液固比为20∶1,甘油预处理时间为3d时,其对应的还原糖浓度为297.34μg/m L。结论:甘油预处理方法对稻草粉酶解效果有较为显著的影响。     

低共熔溶剂协同酸性二氧六环预处理杨木及其酶水解特性的探究

以杨木为原料,采用低共熔溶剂(DES)协同酸性二氧六环进行预处理,研究盐酸浓度、预处理时间和预处理温度对杨木酶水解特性的影响。结果表明,当盐酸质量分数为1%,反应温度为110℃,时间为70 min时,酶水解得率为69.75%,纤维素保留率为73.66%、半纤维素和木质素脱除率分别为72.61%和48.71%。协同预处理在保留纤维素的同时,可显著提高杨木中半纤维素和木质素的脱除率。同时,预处理能够大大提高杨木的结晶度,破坏杨木的致密结构,影响其热稳定性,进而有效提高纤维素酶水解得率。     

玉米芯酶解残渣制备混凝土减水剂的工艺研究

利用碱性亚硫酸钠对玉米芯制备生物乙醇的酶水解残渣进行磺化改性研究,获得了性能良好的木质素磺酸盐,用作混凝土减水剂。结果表明,碱性亚硫酸盐法分离木质素的适宜工艺条件为:总用碱量(按Na2O计)14%,蒸煮温度155℃,保温时间3～3.5 h,亚硫酸化度85%。在此工艺条件下木质素磺酸盐得率为51.39%,在掺量为0.35%(以固形物计)时,产品的水泥净浆流动度可达到112 mm,1%溶液表面张力为46.4 mN/m,产品磺酸基含量为1.89 mmol/g。     

Peracetic acid pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse for enzymatic hydrolysis: a continued work

Previous work has shown that the enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse could be greatly enhanced by peracetic acid (PAA) pretreatment. There are several factors affecting the enzymatic digestibility of the biomass, including lignin and hemicelluloses content, cellulose crystallinity, acetyl group content, accessible surface area and so on. The objective of this work is to analyze the mechanism of the enhancement of enzymatic digestibility caused by PAA pretreatment. Delignification resulted in an increase of the surface area and reduction of the irreversible absorption of cellulase, which helped to increase the enzymatic digestibility. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum showed that the absorption peaks of aromatic skeletal vibrations were weakened or disappeared after PAA pretreatment. However, the infrared crystallization index (N.O'KI) was increased. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that the crystallinity of PAA‐treated samples was increased owing to the partial removal of amorphous lignin and hemicelluloses and probable physical change of cellulose. The effect of acetyl group content on enzymatic digestibility is negligible compared with the degree of delignification and crystallinity. The results indicate that enhancement of enzymatic digestibility of sugarcane bagasse by PAA pretreatment is achieved mainly by delignification and an increase in the surface area and exposure of cellulose fibers. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

玉米秸秆中不同木质素脱除方法对纤维素酶吸附及酶解效果的比较

利用不同预处理方法获得的玉米秸秆底物研究木质素脱除对纤维素酶吸附量及酶解效率的影响。相比于其他处理方法,2%(质量分数)NaOH处理的底物具有最高的木质素脱除率(85%),最高的底物可及性[4.7 mg·(g 葡聚糖) ^-1]及酶解效率(18.9%)。通过对不同处理获得的底物进行Langmuir吸附等温曲线模拟,获得了最大吸附量(W_max)与吸附平衡常数(K),且木质纤维素酶水解效率与纤维素酶吸附量具有很好的线性关系(R²>0.8),表明脱除木质素能很好地提高底物可及性与酶解效率。然而,提高NaOH浓度(3%,4%)进一步脱除木质素时,底物可及性与碳水化合物转化为单糖的效率反而明显下降。因此,适当脱除木质素而提高底物对纤维素酶的可及性将有助于获得更有效的酶水解效果。     

Effect of LHW,HCl, and NaOH pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse: sugar recovery and fractal-like kinetics

Conversion of lignocellulose to sugars involves two main processes, namely pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Lignocellulose pretreatment leads to the degradation of enzymatic recalcitrance of substrate for achieving efficient saccharification. In this study, liquid hot water (LHW), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were as reagents used to pretreat sugarcane bagasse (SB). Results showed that LHW, HCl, and NaOH pretreatment could solubilize 95.3%, 94.7% xylan and 88.7% lignin, respectively. Enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated SB showed that the maximum glucose (26.0?g/L) and xylose (12.7?g/L) concentration were produced by NaOH pretreatment, and slightly more glucose and less xylose were produced after HCl pretreatment compared to LHW pretreatment. Addition of Tween 80 or xylanase could significantly improve both glucose and xylose production. At 48?h, the glucose increase for LHW, HC1 and NaOH pretreatment was 38.3%, 26.4% and 8.0%, respectively, and the xylose increase for them was 35.0%, 24.9% and 1.7%, respectively. Fractal-like kinetics showed that the value of rate constant increased after the addition of Tween 80 or xylanase, and the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis mainly depended on rate constant other than fractal dimension of substrate. Totally, substrate accessibility was dominated for efficient of lignocellulose to sugar compared to enzyme loading. The application of fractal-like theory on the heterogeneous enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose was quite successful.     

Hydrothermal fractional pretreatment of sea algae and its enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis

BACKGROUND: Sea algae cellulose has been little utilized because the cellulose content in sea algae is low. For the effective utilization of sea algae cellulose, cellulose must be converted without drying into valuable material with a high rate and yield. From this viewpoint, effects of hydrothermal pretreatments of sea algae to enhance the glucose production by enzymatic hydrolysis of sea algae cellulose were investigated. RESULTS: Using hydrothermal pretreatment performed at 423 K for Monostroma nitidum Wittrock (green alga) and at 473 K for Solieria pacifica (red alga) for 30 min, yields of extracted water‐soluble components containing monosaccharides were 0.51 g g^?1 for the green alga and 0.62 g g^?1 for the red alga. The apparent rate of glucose production from hydrothermally pretreated green alga by enzymatic hydrolysis was > 10 times faster than that of the non‐pretreated sample. Yields of glucose from cellulose by enzymatic hydrolysis were 79.9% for the green alga and 87.8% for the red alga. CONCLUSION: Cellulose of sea algae was successfully fractionated by hydrothermal pretreatments, which resulted in high susceptibility of sea algae cellulose to enzyme attack. This process leads to the effective utilization of sea algae cellulose. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry