可再生脱汞吸附剂的研究进展

现有的脱汞技术中,在烟道中利用吸附剂将烟气中的汞吸附脱除是综合实际因素考虑最具有发展潜力的一项脱汞技术,为了实现燃煤电厂脱汞技术的环保性和经济性,对可再生脱汞吸附剂的研究十分有必要。本文介绍了脱汞吸附剂的研究现状,卤素改性吸附剂、贵金属改性吸附剂、金属氧化物吸附剂和金属硫化物吸附剂对汞脱除均取得了显著的效果,金属氧化物吸附剂由于其经济性和良好的可再生性是现在可再生吸附剂的研究重点;同时简述了可再生脱汞吸附剂再生方法,有研究学者用热再生法、低温等离子再生法及水洗再生法对脱汞吸附剂进行了再生处理均取得了较好的再生效果,热再生法是目前研究最多、应用最广泛的再生方法,而低温等离子再生法具有环保性和节能性是一项具有前景的再生技术。     

二氧化钛除汞新技术

华盛顿大学的化学工程教授帕瑞蒂姆·拜尔斯瓦 (Ｐｒａ ｔｉｍＢｉｓｗａｓ)发明了一种除汞新方法 (美国专利号为6 2 4 82 17) ,将二氧化钛作为吸附剂引入烟道气中 ,可吸收98%的汞 ,然后用常规的静电沉降器即可将汞除去。拜尔斯瓦曾试验了几种含硅、钙和钛的吸附剂用于烟道气中除汞。用模拟烟道气 (有或没有ＳＯ2 存在的情况下 )试验这些吸附剂 ,发现硅基吸附剂无论在ＳＯ2 是否存在的情况下都不捕获汞 ;氧化钙能吸附烟道气中 33%的汞 ,但在有ＳＯ2 存在时吸附率大大降低 ;二氧化钛的吸附效果最好 ,它对汞的捕获率高达 88%～ 99% ,捕获率与…     

天然气中汞的脱除技术

鉴于环保、设备安全以及人身健康的要求,有效脱除天然气中汞的应用技术日渐受到重视。简述了物理吸附、化学吸附、溶液吸收和低温分离等具有代表性的天然气脱汞的工艺进展。对活性炭汞吸附剂、负载金属吸附剂、卤化或载硫活性炭和其他类型汞吸附剂在天然气中汞脱除的应用进展进行了阐述。研究了入口天然气的温度和湿度对脱汞效果的影响,较低的温度和湿度有利于汞的脱除。     

煤基吸附剂脱除燃煤电厂烟气中汞的研究进展

燃煤电厂产生的烟气是汞排放的主要来源之一。概述了目前电厂烟气中汞污染情况和主要脱汞方法,介绍了煤基吸附剂在汞污染控制中的应用。煤基吸附剂应用于烟气脱汞时其吸附活性与多种因素有关,总结了烟气中SO2,CO2,CO,HCl等成分对活性炭吸附剂脱汞性能的影响,讨论了不同吸附温度和炭汞比例下活性炭的吸附效率,分析了不同改性方法对活性炭脱汞效率的影响机理。针对活性炭脱汞成本较高的问题,介绍了飞灰吸附剂的脱汞性能及吸附温度和入口汞含量对其的影响。此外,褐煤活性焦成本低廉,具有丰富的比表面积和孔径结构,化学活性高,吸附性能好,是一种很有前景的电厂烟气脱汞用吸附剂。     

燃煤电厂吸附剂喷射脱汞技术的研究进展

燃煤汞污染已引起广泛关注。燃煤电厂控制汞排放最成熟可行的技术是烟道活性炭喷射技术,但该技术在我国燃煤电厂的广泛应用还存在较多的科学问题,因为活性炭对烟气汞的脱除是包含吸附、扩散、传质及化学反应在内的多元化过程,因此,针对燃煤电厂吸附剂喷射脱汞技术的研究已成为当前的热点课题。本文从吸附剂喷射脱汞技术原理、脱汞吸附剂的评价方法、汞吸附机理研究以及吸附剂喷射脱汞数学模型方面评述了燃煤电厂吸附剂喷射脱汞技术近些年取得的研究进展,并在此基础上提出了开发廉价高效、可再生的脱汞吸附剂,全面深入研究吸附剂的脱汞机理以及开发简单、精确的吸附剂喷射脱汞数学模型等后续研究方向,可为我国燃煤电厂吸附剂喷射脱汞技术的开发提供一定指导。     

燃煤烟气汞污染控制技术研究进展

针对目前燃煤烟气汞污染控制技术的研究现状,综述了利用现有污染物控制设备脱汞技术、吸附脱汞技术等汞污染控制技术的研究进展,其中吸附脱汞技术在汞污染控制方面具有很大的发展空间,开发高效、廉价的吸附剂是当前研究的重点和热点。并对国内汞污染控制领域发展前景进行了展望,指出多种污染物综合控制技术是实现汞污染控制的有效途径之一,尤其是吸附脱汞技术和现有其他污染物控制设备相结合具有良好的发展前景。     

凹凸棒石烟气脱汞吸附剂的研究进展

吸附剂喷射法是目前脱除燃煤烟气中单质汞(Hg~0)的有效方法之一,其关键问题是吸附剂。凹凸棒石不仅结构独特、性能优越、价廉易得、不污染环境,而且经过适当的改性处理后表现出良好的脱汞性能,具有工业应用前景。本文介绍了凹凸棒石的吸附特性及其在燃煤烟气汞脱除中的应用进展。总结了天然凹凸棒石和改性凹凸棒石吸附剂的汞脱除效果以及采用的改性剂和改性方法,分析了此类吸附剂的脱汞机理,同时还讨论了烟气组分、吸附反应温度和吸附剂用量对吸附剂脱汞性能的影响,最后指出在下一步研究中应进一步开发性能更优、更具稳定性的有机无机复合改性吸附剂,同时更加深入地分析其脱汞机理,争取早日实现工业应用。     

褐煤活性焦烟气脱汞的实验研究

燃煤电厂汞污染越来越受到关注,目前具有应用前景的脱汞方法为吸附脱汞,因此研发高效低成本的脱汞吸附剂被广泛研究。在搭建的固定床吸附反应系统上对自制的褐煤活性焦脱汞性能进行了实验研究,研究了汞污染物的入口浓度,吸附剂的量、烟气成分及吸附剂的种类对吸附汞的影响。结果表明:活性焦吸附剂对烟气中的气态汞均有一定的吸附能力,其吸附效果随着入口汞浓度和吸附剂量的增加而增加;烟气中的SO2、NO气体对活性焦吸附汞有一定的促进作用。活性焦脱汞效率与载硫活性炭、脱汞专用活性炭相比还存在一定差距,但可通过改进活性焦的活化方式提高脱汞性能。     

活性焦脱汞实验研究

针对吸附剂对气态汞吸附效果的影响,比较了不同活性焦吸附剂对气态汞的吸附性能,对同种活性焦吸附剂不同吸附方式进行脱汞实验研究,分析了活性焦脱汞效率随时间的变化趋势;粒径和接触面积对吸附剂脱汞性能的影响。结果表明：样本活性焦最大吸附率出现在最开始,且随着吸附时间的增加,活性焦的吸附率逐渐减小,直到吸附量接近饱和,2种活性焦的饱和汞吸附量分别达到了1.137μg/g和0.792μg/g;随着活性焦质量的增加,最大吸附率及吸附饱和时间也随之增加;改变吸附方式可将最大吸附率由原来的20%左右提高至近40%,即增加吸附剂与汞的质量比可提高吸附剂的最大吸附率,增加吸附剂与含汞气体的接触面积可更好地提高吸附剂的脱汞效率。     

新型改性吸附剂制备、表征及脱除单质汞的实验研究

采用KBr和KI对高岭土、沸石、膨润土和壳聚糖进行改性,利用VM3000在线测汞仪作为检测手段,在固定床台架上进行脱Hg⁰实验。采用N2吸附/脱附、X射线荧光探针(XRF)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)等分析仪对吸附剂进行表征。分析发现改性后吸附剂的孔隙和比表面积降低;碘离子进入了膨润土的内部,碘、硫酸和壳聚糖中的氨基发生了化学反应。脱汞实验表明,与高岭土和沸石相比,膨润土因其独特结构而具有良好的脱汞效果。适量硫酸的加入可以极大地提高壳聚糖类吸附剂的脱汞效率;与溴改性吸附剂相比,碘改性吸附剂更能够大大提高吸附剂的脱汞效率;适当提高吸附温度可以提高其脱汞效率;因改性膨润土和壳聚糖不同的物理化学特性,水蒸气的加入使得它们的脱汞效率出现相反的趋势。     

燃煤烟气脱汞吸附剂的研究进展

烟气脱汞主要是先将零价汞氧化为二价汞,再进行脱除。脱汞吸附剂主要包括活性炭、活性焦、飞灰、壳聚糖、粘土、SCR催化剂及其它金属催化荆等。介绍了近年来燃煤烟气脱汞吸附剂的研究进展,简述了不同种类脱汞吸附剂的脱汞效率,并对该领域的研究方向进行了展望。     

Mercury speciation and emission from the coal‐fired power plant filled with flue gas desulfurization equipment

Mercury speciation and emission from two Chinese coal‐fired power stations equipped with flue gas desulfurization device were investigated. Research results reveal that Hg⁰ is the main form in the flue gas in Plant 1; Hg²⁺ is the main form in the flue gas in Plant 2. Most of mercury was emitted to the atmosphere, which was about 77–98%, and the elemental mercury released to atmosphere ranged 73–94% approximately. A pot of mercury is adsorbed by bottom ash, electrostatic precipitator (ESP) ash, and gypsum in Plant 1. However, most mercury, the scale of which is 75–83.2%, is collected by ESP ash, and only 7.0–12.2% mercury is emitted to the atmosphere in Plant 2. The mercury removal by NID semi‐desulfurization system is higher than wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) desulfurization system.     

活性炭表面模拟烟气与元素汞间均/异相氧化反应特性

通过固定床吸附实验,在130℃温度下模拟研究燃煤烟气组分在椰壳活性炭(CS-AC)表面吸附气态元素汞(Hg⁰)过程中的作用与影响,揭示模拟烟气组分、Hg⁰以及活性炭表面三者间的均相、异相氧化反应特性。实验研究了CS-AC在N₂和模拟烟气气氛下对Hg⁰的吸附,模拟烟气组分与Hg⁰间的均相氧化反应,以及吸附模拟烟气组分后CS-AC在N₂气氛下对Hg⁰的吸附。研究表明在N₂气氛下CS-AC对Hg⁰不具备物理吸附的能力,而在模拟烟气组分下CS-AC对Hg⁰具有较强的吸附能力,初始吸附效率达80%。仅在模拟烟气均相反应作用下,大约只有14%的Hg⁰被氧化为Hg²⁺。经过预先跟常规模拟烟气吸附反应,CS-AC表面具备一定氧化性化学元素基团（如NO_x）后,能够在N₂气氛下对Hg⁰进行化学吸附,初始吸附效率达67%左右。可以认为模拟烟气和Hg⁰两者间的均相作用不是促进CS-AC在模拟烟气组分下对Hg⁰具有较强的吸附能力的主因。活性炭吸附Hg⁰的过程中,活性炭表面在烟气组分氧化Hg⁰的过程中起到了积极的促进作用。无论在N₂气氛下,还是在模拟烟气下,CS-AC吸附Hg⁰是气氛中氧化性组分、Hg⁰和活性炭表面三者间的异相化学氧化吸附反应过程。     

吸附法去除电厂汞的研究进展

重金属汞是电厂烟气中的主要污染物。主要介绍了活性炭、飞灰、钙基、矿物类及金属、生物质等吸附剂应用于烟气中脱汞的研究进展,评价了各种吸附剂的应用特点,并对今后需要开展的工作提出建议,为我国燃烧电厂汞排放控制提供参考。     

Modeling of thermal desorption of Hg from activated carbon

Activated carbon adsorbs mercury from combustion flue gas, and this is exploited for the control of mercury emissions from coal-fired boilers and incinerators. The reaction pathway for the adsorption of mercury on activated carbon appears to be complex. The form of mercury that is adsorbed on activated carbon is likewise unknown. Experiments were carried out on vaporization of mercury compounds on non-treated, non-halogenated activated carbon in order to identify characteristics of the mercury compound adsorbed on the carbon and to assess the thermal stability of mercury once adsorbed. In these experiments, a solid material was heated in a boat in flowing air in the Ohio Lumex pyrolysis furnace. As the temperature of the boat was ramped up, the amount of mercury transferred to the gas was measured. A transient heat-transfer model was developed and coupled with a mercury vaporization model to predict, respectively, the heat-up and evolution of mercury from samples in the pyrolysis furnace. The model was able to reproduce the trends in the experimental observations, particularly the location of the peaks. The activation energy of mercury desorption in the model was used to distinguish between two different mercury species. The model also illustrated the effect of the thermal profile on mercury evolution in the pyrolysis furnace.     

Mercury speciation and its emissions from a 220 MW pulverized coal-fired boiler power plant in flue gas

Distributions of mercury speciation of Hg⁰, Hg²⁺ and Hg ^P in flue gas and fly ash were sampled by using the Ontario Hydro Method in a 220 MW pulverized coal-fired boiler power plant in China. The mercury speciation was varied greatly when flue gas going through the electrostatic precipitator (ESP). The mercury adsorbed on fly ashes was found strongly dependent on unburnt carbon content in fly ash and slightly on the particle sizes, which implies that the physical and chemical features of some elemental substances enriched to fly ash surface also have a non-ignored effect on the mercury adsorption. The concentration of chlorine in coal, oxyge nand NO _x in flue gas has a positive correlation with the formation of the oxidized mercury, but the sulfur in coal has a positive influence on the formation of elemental mercury. This work was presented at the 6 ^th Korea-China Workshop on Clean Energy Technology held at Busan, Korea, July 4–7, 2006.     

燃煤电厂协同脱汞研究进展及强化措施

燃煤电厂是大气汞排放的重要源头,但是我国目前尚无完善的烟气汞控制方案。本文简要综述了国内外烟气脱汞技术研究现状,统计了国内污控设备（包括脱硝设备、除尘设备和脱硫设备）的装机容量。指出污控设备对烟气汞具有一定的协同脱除作用,但是受到我国煤质及运行条件等因素的制约,效果并不理想。本文结合国内某燃煤电厂的实测情况,提出了以下强化措施：①通过添加溴盐溶液,提高选择性催化还原（SCR）对烟气汞的氧化效率;②通过粉末活性炭与溴盐联合使用,强化静电除尘器（ESP）对烟气汞的协同脱除效率,脱汞效率可达90%以上;③通过精确控制脱硫浆液的pH值以及定期外排脱硫浆液,以降低其中汞的再释放率,维持湿法脱硫工艺（WFGD）稳定的烟气汞协同脱除效率;④通过优化和调整锅炉运行条件,提高现有污控设备体系的协同脱汞能力。     

改性氧化钛光催化氧化单质汞性能及其影响因素研究进展

汞是煤中普遍存在的一种剧毒非必需元素,燃煤烟气汞污染防治已成为国家重点关注和研究热点。本文系统介绍了光催化氧化单质汞的氧化钛基催化剂,包括形貌调控氧化钛基催化剂、金属改性氧化钛基催化剂、非金属改性氧化钛基催化剂、半导体复合氧化钛基催化剂以及负载型氧化钛基催化剂等。比较了不同改性措施下氧化钛基催化剂光催化氧化单质汞效率,讨论了催化剂的制备方法、光源、反应温度、烟气组成以及光催化反应器等因素对其氧化单质汞效率的影响,总结了氧化钛基催化剂光催化氧化单质汞反应机理,展望了光催化脱除燃煤烟气汞的潜在应用前景与挑战,旨在为燃煤烟气汞污染防治提供参考。完善催化剂改性方法同时开展中试规模实验将会成为燃煤烟气光催化氧化单质汞的重要研究内容与发展趋势,同时也是实现光催化氧化单质汞技术工业化应用的关键。     

An investigation of mercury distribution and speciation during coal combustion

A multi-field electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and a two-stage condensing heat exchanger (CHX^®) have been added to the pilot scale Vertical Combustion Research Facility (VCRF) in CETC-O to further research into integrated emissions control for coal fired power plants. A series of combustion trials were conducted on the VCRF with three different coals (bituminous, sub-bituminous and lignite) to study mercury distribution and speciation at various VCRF locations. Results showed that, with the bituminous coal, as the flue gas cools down from 700 to 200 °C, 80% of total mercury in the gas phase existed in oxidized form and 20% in elemental form. For sub-bituminous and lignite coals, elemental mercury was the dominant form throughout the system. Analysis of deposited ash samples showed that oxidized mercury can be absorbed on carbon-rich ash deposits, although overall only a very small percentage of total mercury was absorbed on the ash. The potential of the CHX^® at removing mercury from the flue gas was also explored. Results indicated that, using wet scrubbing, the CHX^® was able to remove 98% of oxidized mercury. Though elemental mercury went through the system unabated, it is suggested that, with appropriate agent to oxidize elemental mercury in the CHX^®, it is conceivable to use CHX^® to remove both oxidized and elemental mercury. Finally, mercury balance was performed and good mercury balance was obtained across the VCRF, validating our sampling procedures and analysis methods.     

Simulation of mercury emission control by activated carbon under confined-bed operations

Mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants have been a great environmental and regulatory concern due to the toxic nature of mercury and the significant amount of emissions from these plants. An effective method for controlling mercury emission is to employ activated carbon to adsorb mercury from the combustion flue gas. In this study, an activated carbon mercury sorption model was applied to simulate a confined-bed mercury emission control process. Model simulations were performed to generate dynamic mercury concentration profiles and the corresponding profiles of mercury uptake by activated carbon at various bed locations under various process conditions. The simulation parameters included flue gas flow rate, inlet mercury concentration, and adsorption bed temperature. The study has demonstrated the applicability of the model for simulating the process and provided insights into the mercury control process especially the effects of flue gas flow rate, inlet mercury concentration, and activated carbon bed temperature on the process. Such information is critically needed in the design and operation of a mercury emission control process involving activated carbon adsorption.