The Nitrogen Solubility in Molten Stainless Steel

Nitrogen solubility in the austenitic stainless steel melts was measured in the laboratory by bubbling nitrogen gas under different partial pressures of nitrogen and temperatures. A new thermodynamic model for the calculation of nitrogen solubility in molten stainless steel in a wide range of alloy concentrations, temperatures, and pressures has been successfully established by introducing a new term for the effect of pressure on the nitrogen activity coefficient. The calculation results were in good agreement with the measured values. The influences of temperature, nitrogen partial pressure and chemical composition on the nitrogen solubility in molten stainless steel are discussed based on the calculated results. It is possible to produce high nitrogen steels at normal pressure by optimizing the design of the alloy composition and controlling the lowest melting temperature from a thermodynamic point of view.     

不锈钢冶炼及凝固过程氮的控制

总结了氮在不锈钢中有害和有利正反两方面的作用。通过热力学计算和实测数据分析了温度和氮分压对不锈钢熔体中氮溶解度的影响,理论分析了不锈钢熔体吸氮和脱氮的动力学,指出了真空和高压分别是生产超低氮和高氮钢的主要方法。结合以往的研究成果和生产实践提出了生产超低氮铁素体不锈钢和高氮不锈钢的具体工艺技术措施。     

高氮不锈钢研究的发展近况

介绍了国内外高氮不锈钢研究近期的成果,内容涉及高氮不锈钢基础研究、力学性能、耐腐蚀性能、焊接性及高氮不锈钢新材料,反映了国内外高氮不锈钢研究的发展状况.鉴于高氮不锈钢卓越的综合性能而国内高氮钢研究已远远落后于国际发展水平的现状,应尽快在国内建立高氮钢试验装置,加快国内高氮不锈钢基础理论、生产工艺技术(特别是冶炼技术)和新材料的研究,把握不锈钢发展的方向,为中国不锈钢的发展提供有力的支持.     

不锈钢氮控制技术

介绍了铁素体和奥氏体不锈钢的EAF、AOD、KOBM、VOD、LF工艺特点及控制过程,分析了典型钢种的控氮工艺技术过程及操作难点和要点,并对进一步提升控氮水平提出技术设计思路。     

含氮奥氏体不锈钢的敏化行为

通过65％硝酸浸泡法和电化学动电位再活化法定量评价18—8奥氏体不锈钢的晶间腐蚀倾向，并利用分析电子显微镜确定晶界的贫铬区，利用透射电子显微镜及电子衍射技术确定晶界析出物的结构。试验结果表明：适量增加氮含量可提高18—8奥氏体不锈钢的耐晶间腐蚀性能。敏化状态下再活化率Rn在氮的质量分数为0．16％时最低；当氮的质量分数大于0．16％时，贫铬区最低铬含量随氮含量的增加而降低；贫铬区宽度在氮的质量分数为0．16％时最窄，氮含量继续提高则贫铬区宽度扩大。     

八钢X60管线钢冶炼实践

文章介绍了八钢公司采用铁水脱硫预处理、复吹转炉、LF精炼、板坯连铸工艺开发X60管线钢的过程。在成分设计上应用了Nb、V、Ti微合金化,采用低碳含量,提高产品的韧性和延性,同时具有良好的焊接性能。将Nb、V、Ti微合金化与热机械轧制工艺(TMCP)相结合,充分应用管线钢的晶粒细化、固溶强化、析出强化和相变强化等机制,提高管线钢的强度和韧性。采用微钛处理技术,改善管线钢焊接热影响区的韧性。生产控制上采用纯净钢冶炼工艺和连铸的保护浇铸工艺,降低钢中的氮含量、非金属夹杂和硫含量,并对钢水中的Al2O3夹杂进行钙处理,提高管线钢热轧卷板的断裂韧性。采用该工艺生产的X60管线钢成品[S]≤0.0050%,[N]≤0.0055%,钢中的A、B、C、D各类夹杂物能控制到1.5级以下。钢材的抗拉强度控制在550～670 MPa,屈服强度控制在475～545 MPa,屈强比控制在0.82～0.90,断后伸长率控制在35%～43.5%,-20℃夏比V型横向冲击功AkV88～112 J,各项力学性能完全满足国内外标准和用户技术条件要求,已形成批量供货能力。     

Cr12N高氮钢冶炼过程中氮的控制

在高温高压反应釜内冶炼Cr12N高氮钢,通过试验发现,在Cr12N的熔炼过程中,随着压力的提高,钢中的氮含量不断增加,钢锭中得到的固相中氮的饱和溶解度和Chipman等人的热力学模型计算得到的氮的饱和溶解度有一定的偏差,为了修正这个偏差,引进了Burton-Prim-Slichter方程,修正后得到液相中氮的饱和溶解度的修正值和计算值吻合得很好。计算了在Cr12N的冶炼过程中,防止气泡析出所需要的最小凝固压力为2.84 MPa,通过试验发现,在高的凝固压力下,钢锭的致密性和缩孔现象得到明显改善。     

钢中异常氮的来源与控制

通过调查钢中含氮量异常增高的原因,从铁水开始,研究了炼钢生产过程中,入炉原材料的含氮量,复吹转炉的底吹工艺制度,LF炉精炼对钢水含氮量的影响.得出只有在钢包炉底吹过程中吹入氮气,才能使钢水的含氮量异常增高.按照这-结论,查出钢中异常氮含量是由转炉底吹系统中的氮气经连接阀反流到氩气管道中造成的.     

Determination of Nitrogen in Steel Using Optical Emission Spectrometry

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Production of Nitrogen-Bearing Stainless Steel by Injecting Nitrogen Gas

 To replace nickel-based stainless steel, a nitrogen-bearing stainless steel was produced to lower the production cost stemming from the shortage of nickel recourses. Thermodynamic model to calculate the saturated nitrogen content in the stainless steel was developed and the model was validated by experimental measurements performed with a high temperature induction furnace. Nitrogen gas under constant pressure was injected into the molten steel with a top lance. Thus, the nitrogen was transferred to the molten stainless steel. The effects of chemical composition, temperature, superficial active elements and nitrogen flow rate on the transfer of nitrogen to the steel were investigated and discussed. The results showed that the dissolution rate of nitrogen in the molten steel increases with a higher temperature and larger nitrogen flow rate but decreases significantly with an increase in the content of surface-active elements. Alloying elements such as chromium and manganese having a negative interaction coefficient can increase the dissolution of nitrogen in the molten steel. It was also proposed that the primary factor affecting the final saturated nitrogen content is temperature rather than the dissolved oxygen content.     

不锈钢控氮理论计算与实践

采用不同的氮在钢中的溶解度公式,计算了两种含氮不锈钢冶炼时所需要的氮气压力,并在50kg真空感应炉上,通过改变氮气压力,对两种不锈钢进行了氮含量控制实践。结果表明,采用Fujio测定值的理论计算值与试验实测值吻合度较高,同时给出了钢中氮含量的理论计算公式。     

微合金钢生产中增氮探索

对20MnSiV生产过程中的铁水样、出钢样、合金加入量、吹氮情况及成品样中氮含量进行分析,找出了氮在冶炼和连铸过程中的变化规律。对钢包内吹气增氮和合金化增氮进行比较,认为钢包吹氮是一种比较经济、可取的方式。     

氮气加压熔炼高氮钢若干理论问题探讨

导出了氮在铁合金溶液中的溶解度模型，探讨了表面活性元素对吸氮过程的影响，且对含氮铁合金溶液的凝固过程、氮的偏析及保持氮在熔体中的最小压力进行了精确解析。     

40CrB钢冶炼过程中氮含量的控制

以莱钢50 t电炉生产线生产40CrB钢的冶炼过程为对象,分析含硼钢冶炼过程中氮含量的变化情况。结果表明：氮含量呈先降低后增加再降低再增加的变化趋势,整个冶炼过程电炉终点氮含量最低,连铸坯氮含量最高,VD处理有利于降低氮含量;电炉出钢至精炼阶段,氮含量增加最为明显,其次是连铸阶段。通过控制铁水（或生铁）兑入比例、精炼渣量、VD炉操作和保护浇铸,钢中氮含量可以控制在50×10-6以下。     

Characteristics of Precipitation in an As-cast Nb-and V-containing High Nitrogen CrMn Austenitic Steel

The phase diagram of an Nb- and V-containing 18Mnl8Cr0.5N steel was investigated using thermodynam ic calculation. The compositions and characteristics of precipitates were investigated by scanning electron microsco- py, energy dispersive spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. Under equilibrium con- ditions, MX precipitates at 1 350 ℃. MX is a substitutional solid solution of Nb4 N3.38, and its composition （at. %） is approximately.. Nb 40, N 40, V 8, and Fe, Cr, and Mn balance. The precipitates, with shapes including irregular bulk, rod, and ellipsoid, are primarily distributed at grain boundaries and triple junctions, and their size is approxi- mately 5 10 μm. Finally, the microalloying of high nitrogen CrMn austenite steels, control of precipitate size, and the effect of precipitate on hot formin~ were discussed.     

Source and Control of Nitrogen for X70 Pipeline Steel

The effects of some key factors on nitrogen absorption during the smelting process of X70 pipeline steel were studied,and the source of nitrogen pick-up was analyzed to find the bottleneck for nitrogen control.A series of measures were put forward to decrease the nitrogen pick-up.The results indicated that an exponential relationship existed between the nitrogen absorption index and the free oxygen in molten steel.Nitrogen absorption index could decrease below 0.3when free oxygen in molten steel was above 100×10~(-6) after tapping.For low sulfur killed steel,the nitrogen absorption ratio and sulfur content satisfied a linear relationship with a slope of-0.007.Low free-oxygen and sulfur were beneficial to the deep desulfurization during vacuum treatment.The contradiction of high desulfurization ratio and low nitrogen pick-up during LF process could be resolved by skimming oxidizing slag after tapping and making new high basicity top slag.After optimization,the average content of nitrogen in final product decreased from 46×10(-6)to 35×10(-6).     

气体增氮法冶炼钒氮微合金钢

从理论上分析了钢液增氮的热力学、动力学影响因素,进行了BOF＋RH双联吹氮冶炼钒氮钢试验。结果表明,转炉底吹、RH喷吹均能有效增加钢液氮含量。RH真空度两段式控制既能满足控氢要求又能实现钢液搬出时较高的氮含量。BOF＋RH双联吹氮气工艺可以不加含氮合金冶炼钒氮微合金钢。     

双相不锈钢S32101生产工艺研究

从成分控制、热轧和热处理等角度出发,综合研究双相不锈钢S32101的生产工艺并进行优化调整,分析生产试验数据。研究分析表明：在1050～1150℃固溶处理时,组织中铁索体组织与奥氏体组织的比例接近1：1,钢的综合力学性能最佳。     

吹氨冶炼高氮钢的原理与实验

根据冶金热力学的计算结果,提出了钢液-气相界面可能发生的NH3和[O]、[S]耦合反应.该界面反应过程促使NH3在钢液界面生成易被钢液吸收的活性氮原子,同时,脱除了钢液中的氧、硫杂质元素,与常压下钢液吹氮增氮的工艺比较,可以取消为增氮而采用的钢液预脱氧、脱硫工艺环节,减少钢中非金属夹杂物的生成.10 kg中频感应炉的冶炼实验结果表明,合金成分相同的钢液供给等摩尔氮含量的氮化介质,NH3比N2的增氮效果提高了18%～75%.吹NH3条件下,钢液中保持一定量的氧、硫表面活性元素,有利于氮的吸收.     

电炉-连铸生产低氮钢的实践

介绍了宝钢电炉流程在生产低氮钢方面采取的主要技术措施。包括电炉提高铁水比、造泡沫渣、终点碳控制、EBT;LF气氛控制、造好白渣、埋弧操作;VD提高脱氮率,钢液成分对脱氮的影响;连铸钢包长水口及氩封防止钢液吸氮。