R404A／CO2复叠制冷系统与CO2低温载冷剂系统对比分析

简述R404A／CO2复叠制冷系统与CO2低温载冷剂系统,并对各系统的能效情况进行理论分析。结果表明：当蒸发温度在-30～-50℃范围内时,复叠制冷系统的能效明显高于CO2低温载冷剂系统。     

CO2 laser system for velocity measurement

Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 8, pp. 37–38, August, 1992.     

Ultimate energy characteristics of a mechanically Q-switched CO2 LASER

It has been experimentally shown that mechanical Q-switching in CO₂ lasers with convective cooling and a self-filtering resonator can be used to provide stable generation of repetitively pulsed radiation at repetition frequencies up to 120 kHz. At low repetition frequencies, the peak power is only limited by the time of Q-switching, which must be smaller than the characteristic duration of the first generation peak. At higher frequencies (40–120 kHz), the observed decrease in the peak power with increasing frequency is caused by limitations related to relaxation processes, i.e., to the rates of population of the upper laser level and depopulation of the lower laser level.     

The influence of national culture on responsible innovation: A case of CO2 utilisation in Indonesia

Responsible innovation (RI) offers a promising step towards a more responsible adoption of innovations, such as new and emerging technologies. However, how RI would be practised in different cultural contexts and settings is still less studied, especially in the context of developing countries. Taking the utilisation of CO₂ in Indonesia as an empirical case, the purpose of this paper is to explore this issue through examining the influence of key characteristics of Indonesia's national culture on core dimensions of RI: anticipation, reflexivity, deliberation, responsiveness and participation. The different RI dimensions are applied in practice in a focus group discussion (FGD) and a round of interviews with different stakeholders that explored CO₂ utilisation in the country. Hofstede's classification of national cultural dimensions is used to single out key focus points for attention in these RI processes in the Indonesian context. The results from the experiment illustrate that culture matters in the application of RI dimensions in practice. In the sense that in order for RI to work well, the governance of core RI processes such as participation and deliberation has to be adjusted to social norms of what is considered legitimate, desirable and good behaviour. These norms differ across societies. The findings further suggest ways of applying RI dimensions in practice.     

Using biomass as an energy source with low CO2 emissions

This work deals with the carbon dioxide cycle and emissions from biomass incineration under a hydrogen production context. It is proposed to use the thermal energy obtained by biomass combustion to produce water steam, which afterwards would be converted into hydrogen by high temperature electrolysis (HTE). In France, the thermal energy potential from nonvalorised biomass reaches almost 6.5 Mtep. In this study, the potential avoided carbon emissions are quantified as well as the feasible hydrogen production capacity based on the steam supplied by the incineration units. Results show that carbon consumption in hydrogen production by steam methane reforming (SMR) or biomass incineration–HTE process is almost equivalent between both processes. However, the hydrogen produced by the biomass incineration–HTE process used to fuel vehicles, would lead to a decrease of 135 Mt of carbon from fossil origins yearly, in contrast to SMR.     

Development of a BIM-based production planning and control system for Lean Construction through advancement and integration of existing management techniques

As part of general construction management, production planning and control is vital for successful project delivery. Numerous approaches supporting production planning and control exist in practice and research. However, the different approaches focus on distinct areas such as workflow stabilization or cost control, and no single system combines all the requirements of a holistic production management system. Varying production management systems can be explained by the unique characteristics of many construction projects. As an approach for the digital twinning in the construction industry, building information modeling (BIM) can help standardize production management through shifting the management system design toward the digital prototype. Previous scientific work has acknowledged this approach, thereby generating numerous concepts for using building information models within construction management approaches. However, BIM is often merely used as a parallel support rather than as an integral part of production management systems. To address this gap and in terms of research methodology, we follow a Design Science Research approach. Thus, we propose a new BIM-based production management system, which is characterized by a theoretical integration model for BIM and existing construction management techniques, and a methodology for applying these concepts in practice.     

通过控制二氧化碳含量来实现节能和优化空气质量

"需求控制通风"(DCV)是近年新兴的一种通风控制策略.它通过对室内外二氧化碳浓度差的控制,为工程设计和业主解决了一个难题:如何在节省能源开支的同时又优化空气质量?本文主要通过与传统通风系统作比较,介绍需求控制通风系统的基本原理,优点及应用.同时,还介绍需求控制通风系统的安装及使用的一些问题.     

基于可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术在线监测机动车尾气排放CO和CO2的方法

基于可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱学(TDLAS)技术的原理,在分析了在线监测机动车尾气排放的污染气体浓度的特殊性的基础上,研究了烟羽的影响以及在线监测中浓度反演的方法,研制了TDLAS实验系统,用该系统对北京市学院路监测点和大羊坊高速公路收费站监测点进行了机动车尾气CO和CO2的实时在线监测,并对监测数据进行了统计和分析.实验表明,TDLAS技术具有灵敏度高、选择性好、响应速度快等特点,适合于机动车尾气排放CO和CO2的在线监测.     

CO2制冷系统管路的安全性分析

从内压变化与管路壁厚和管径之间的关系出发,通过分析不同种类材料性能对CO2跨临界制冷系统的管路系统可靠性的影响,发现管路系统的可靠性与管径的大小成反比,与管壁厚度和材料的许用应力成正比,找出了高压下系统运行可靠度的变化规律及提高可靠度的措施.     

Modeling and simulation of the transcritical CO2 heat pump system

In this study, a CO₂ transcritical cycle model without imposing any excessive constraints such as fixed discharge pressure and suction pressure is developed. The detailed geometrical variation of the gas cooler and the evaporator have been taken into account. The model is validated with the experimental measurements. Parametric influences on the CO₂ system with regard to the effect of dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, inlet water temperature, compressor speed, and the capillary tube length are reported. The COP increases with the dry bulb temperature or the inlet relative humidity of the evaporator. Despite the refrigerant mass flowrate may be increased with the inlet water temperature, the COP declines considerably with it. Increasing the compressor speed leads to a higher heating capacity and to a much lower COP. Unlike those of the conventional sub-critical refrigerant, the COP of the transcritical CO₂ cycle does not reveal a maximum value against the capillary tube length.     

PdAg bimetallic electrocatalyst for highly selective reduction of CO2 with low COOH* formation energy and facile CO desorption

Nano Research - For electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO, the stabilization of intermediate COOH* and the desorption of CO* are two key steps. Pd can easily stabilize COOH*, whereas the strong...     

Mineral sequestration of CO(2) by aqueous carbonation of coal combustion fly-ash

The binary adsorption of Cu(2+)-Cd(2+), Pb(2+)-Cd(2+) and Pb(2+)-Cu(2+) mixtures onto Ca-Alginate beads, prepared from Laminaria digitata, was studied using batch experiments. Competitive sorption models including extended Sips, extended Langmuir, Jain and Snoeyink modified Langmuir (JS modified) as well as Ideal Adsorpted Solution Theory (IAST) models were applied to predict the binary adsorption using single component adsorption parameters. The extended and the JS modified Langmuir approaches provide excellent prediction of the binary adsorption, while the extended Sips fails to predict the experimental data, giving only fair results in the case on Pb(2+)-Cu(2+) mixtures. On the contrary, the IAST models, though they are more complicated, provide less accurate estimation of sorption in binary metal ion solutions. In general, single component adsorption parameters can be effectively used for the prediction of a materials adsorption performance in binary metal ion solutions.     

Emission characteristics of coal combustion in different O2/N2, O2/CO2 and O2/RFG atmosphere

This study investigates the emission characteristics of CO(2), SO(2) and NOx in the flue gas of coal combustion by varying the compositions and concentrations of feed gas (O(2)/CO(2)/N(2)) and the ratios of recycled flue gas. The differences between O(2)/recycled flue gas (O(2)/RFG) combustion and general air combustion are also discussed. Experimental results indicate that the maximum concentration of CO(2) in O(2)/CO(2) combustion system is 95% as the feed gas is 30% O(2)/70% CO(2). The average concentration of CO(2) in the flue gas of O(2)/CO(2) coal combustion system is higher than 90% and much higher than that of O(2)/N(2) coal combustion system. This high concentration of CO(2) is beneficial for the separation of CO(2) from the flue gas by adsorption or absorption technologies. The maximum concentration of CO(2) in O(2)/N(2) combustion system is only 34% at the feed gas 50% O(2)/50% N(2), the concentration of CO(2) is increased with the concentration of O(2) in feed gas. By O(2)/CO(2) combustion technology, higher concentration of SO(2) is produced as the feed gas is 30% O(2)/70% CO(2) or 40% O(2)/60% CO(2), while higher concentration of NOx is produced as the feed gas is 20% O(2)/80% CO(2) or 50% O(2)/50% CO(2). The mass flow rates of CO(2), SO(2) and NOx in the flue gas are all increased with the ratio of recycled flue gas except for the feed gas 20% O(2)/80% CO(2). The enhanced mass flow rates of air pollutants in such O(2)/RFG combustion system are also beneficial for improving the control efficiencies of air pollution control devices. By O(2)/N(2) combustion technology, higher concentrations of SO(2) and NOx are produced as the feed gas is 21% O(2)/79% N(2). The results also indicate that the formation of NOx in general air combustion system is higher than that in O(2)/RFG or O(2)/CO(2) combustion system.     

超临界CO_2在电子膨胀阀内流动特性的数值分析

建立了超临界CO_2通过电子膨胀阀(EEV)降压过程的二维计算模型,采用均相流模型对超临界CO_2通过EEV的两相流动过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明超临界CO_2进入膨胀阀后,沿着工质的流动方向,其状态参数在开始变化不大,在接近阀芯最下端的部分,各状态参数开始剧烈变化。越靠近膨胀阀对称中心,CO_2压力越大,接近壁面处的压力最小。工质的流速最大的位置位于阀芯尖端,可达到179 m/s。CO_2工质流过阀芯尖端流阻最大处时,CO_2的压力急剧降低,两相间的质量传递率急剧增加,CO_2发生相变。随着EEV内CO_2压力的降低,CO_2气体份额持续增大,气体份额大小值与压力大小成反相关。     

CO_2制冷系统用换热器及其标准化的探讨

简要介绍CO2制冷系统及换热器的应用现状,根据国内外与其相关的标准,主要从名义工况、试验方法和安全要求等方面探讨CO2制冷系统用换热器产品及其标准化,以期为制定我国CO2制冷系统用换热器标准提供技术支持。     

CO2/NH3复叠制冷浅析

对CO2/NH3复叠制冷系统进行分析的同时,并与NH3/NH3双级压缩进行对比,阐述CO2/NH3复叠系统在-35～-55℃低温领域具有的优势,该系统具有良好的应用前景.