高温液相添加剂对纳米LiBr溶液表面张力和沸腾温度的影响

通过在纳米溴化锂(LiBr)溶液中添加表面活性剂降低溶液沸腾温度,从而有助于大幅度应用工业余热、废热等低品味热源。尽管影响沸腾温度的因素较多,但是溶液的表面张力是一个重要的因素,首先对异辛醇(C8H18O)、壬醇(C9H20O)和癸醇(C10H22O)3种高沸点液相添加剂对纳米LiBr溶液的表面张力的影响做了深入研究,并进一步研究了相对应的沸腾温度。并且通过实验发现随着烷醇中烷基数增加,表面张力更低,使得沸腾温度也进一步降低。     

纳米溴化锂溶液稳定性及其沸腾温度研究

对既有溴化锂溶液、纳米微粒及其相应分散剂配制的纳米溶液,对比测试其与纯溴化锂溶液的表面张力和沸腾温度,探讨了该纳米溶液的热物性及稳定性。实验发现,添加纳米微粒溶液的表面张力明显降低,经过温度工艺处理后,发现溶液中纳米微粒的颗粒度降低,纳米微粒在溴化锂溶液中几乎完全溶解,纳米溶液显现出很好的稳定性,其表面张力和沸腾温度均比纯溴化锂溶液有所降低。研究表明,最佳组份配制的纳米溶液与纳米微粒和相关分散剂有关,经过严格温度处理工艺流程,可获得稳定性、热物性良好的纳米溴化锂溶液,有利于在工程中应用。     

分散剂对纳米LiBr溶液稳定性的影响

文章在论述分散剂增强纳米流体分散稳定性的基础上,通过添加E414和C6H5O7（NH4）,验证分散剂增强纳米LiBr溶液的分散稳定性,通过测量分别添加异辛醇（C8H18O）、壬醇（C9H20O）和癸醇（C10H220）基液的表面张力,发现分散剂也能增强纳米LiBr溶液表面张力的稳定性,主要因为表面张力和汽化成核临界功之间存在相关性,因此,分散剂同样能增强纳米LiBr溶液沸腾温度的稳定性。     

常压下溴化锂水溶液沸腾换热特性实验研究

除湿剂的沸腾式再生区别于喷淋式再生,受室外环境影响小,具有广阔的应用前景。溶液的沸腾特性的研究对沸腾再生器的设计有重要意义。针对常规除湿溶液LiBr水溶液的池内核态沸腾特性展开实验研究,研究发现：实验范围内,LiBr溶液的沸腾换热系数远低于纯水,并随浓度的增加而降低;溶液稳定沸腾再生对热源温度的要求并不高,LiBr溶液的沸腾温度,随着浓度的增加而升高;溶液沸腾换热机理较单一组分液体沸腾更为复杂,有待进一步深入研究。     

添加表面活性剂的沸腾换热强化研究进展

从沸腾换热特性及其影响因素、沸腾汽泡行为和沸腾换热关联式等方面综述了添加表面活性剂的沸腾换热强化研究现状。现有研究指出界面吸附、分子结构、粘度、溶解特性等因素对表面活性剂溶液沸腾换热的作用机制与表面活性剂种类和溶液浓度密切相关,但是蒸汽携带活性剂、非离子活性剂浊点、加热方法、系统压力、参数耦合等因素对表面活性剂溶液沸腾换热的影响规律的研究还需深入开展。在沸腾汽泡行为方面,表面活性剂溶液沸腾汽泡行为与水存在较大差异且与活性剂种类有关,表面活性剂溶液沸腾汽泡行为的理论研究还需加强。此外,现有文献建立的表面活性剂溶液沸腾换热模型及关联式存在验证所用的实验数据较少、模型参数难以确定等不足。最后,在总结现有研究进展的基础上对表面活性剂溶液沸腾换热的后续研究工作提出了建议。     

纳米微粒对乙二醇溶液过冷度的影响

利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究了羟基磷灰石(HA)纳米微粒作为成核物质对乙二醇溶液过冷度的影响,实验得到了不同粒径和不同质量浓度的HA纳米微粒加入不同浓度乙二醇溶液的成核温度与熔融温度.结果表明当溶液的质量浓度在0-20%的范围内,加入纳米微粒后溶液成核温度变化不明显,但是当溶液浓度高于20%时,加入纳米微粒能显著的提高溶液的成核温度,降低溶液的过冷度.实验结果同时表明,加入纳米微粒的粒径越大、质量浓度越高,溶液过冷度的降低的越显著.     

不同晶型磷酸铈纳米材料的水热法合成及荧光性能

利用水热法成功地合成了不同晶型结构和形状的CePO_4纳米发光材料,并探讨了溶液pH值、反应温度等因素对其晶型结构、形貌及荧光性能的影响。结果表明,在酸性溶液中(pH 1)制备的CePO_4呈现纳米棒状并具有很好的结晶度,而在碱性溶液中(pH 12)制备的样品则为球状的纳米颗粒,结晶度较低。CePO_4纳米材料的晶型结构也受制备温度的影响,在溶液pH为1时,120℃下制备的样品具有六方晶型;随着反应温度的升高,逐渐有单斜晶型的产物生成,当温度到达200℃时,制备的样品全为单斜晶型。荧光光谱的结果表明,各种条件下制备的CePO_4纳米材料均在300～450 nm之间有强发射谱带,但单斜晶型的CePO_4的荧光强度要远大于六方晶型的样品。     

CuO纳米颗粒在CuO—R113纳米制冷剂沸腾过程中迁移量的预测方法

评估纳米制冷剂CuO—R113的沸腾换热效果需要定量预测CuO纳米颗粒在CuO—R113纳米制冷剂沸腾过程中的迁移量。本文首先理论分析了CuO纳米颗粒的迁移过程,结果表明：CuO—R113纳米制冷剂沸腾过程中,单个CuO纳米颗粒克服液态制冷剂的表面张力进入气相是不可能的,CuO纳米颗粒发生迁移的原因是气泡与CuO纳米颗粒的粘附作用。基于此建立了预测CuO纳米颗粒迁移量的计算模型,模型计算值与实验值吻合良好。     

金属网表面ZnO纳米棒的可控制备及其光催化性能

采用晶种诱导法,以硝酸锌为前驱体在金属网表面成功制备ZnO纳米棒光催化材料,用XRD、SEM等进行表征,并采用甲基橙溶液模拟废水,研究该材料的光催化降解性能。探讨了水浴合成ZnO纳米棒时,生长液浓度、反应温度等因素对光催化性能的影响。结果表明,80℃水浴反应4h,生长溶液浓度为100mmol/L,制备得到的ZnO纳米棒光催化活性较佳,光催化反应2h甲基橙溶液的降解率可达99%。     

微波诱导异形均匀α-Fe2O3纳米胶粒的制备

借助微波加热,采用沸腾回流的强迫水解法由三价铁盐直接合成了不同形状、表面光滑、均匀的αFe2O3纳米胶粒,并分析了微波加热时各种溶液组成对产物晶貌的影响.     

The pressure—temperature—concentration correlation for aqueous solutions of hydroperoxide

The results of analysis of available experimental data on the pressure dependence of temperature of nonequilibrium boiling of rapidly heated aqueous solutions of hydroperoxide are used to determine the pressure(P)—temperature(T)—concentration(x) correlation. This correlation is obtained for a solution under conditions of phase equilibrium (saturation surface in three-dimensional space of variables P, T, and x) in a wide range of states, including the critical line. The obtained surface is used to calculate the equilibrium composition of gas over the solution as a function of x and T by solving the Duhem equation.     

Experimental study of heat transfer in the boiling of liquids at low pressures under conditions of free motion

The results of an experimental investigation into the boiling of water, ethyl alcohol (96% aqueous solution), and 13% NaCl solution under conditions of free motion at pressures of 0.036–1 bar are presented. The experimentally observed characteristics of the boiling mechanism at low pressures are discussed.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizichenskii Zhurnal, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 624–630, April, 1970.     

An atomistic investigation into water adsorption behavior on the surfaces of quartz (001) and calcite (001)

The adsorption measurement of various substances in presence of the reservoir minerals has been investigated in the last few years to describe the existing phenomena in the oil and gas energy-related sectors. However, there still needs further research to understand pure water adsorption behavior on reservoir minerals as the fundamental study. In this study, molecular dynamics simulation was carried out to investigate the adsorption behavior of water molecules on the surface of minerals. In this matter, composite integrated layers were built for quartz-water and calcite-water systems to conduct water adsorption calculations from ambient temperature to the reservoir temperature. Results illustrated less amount of water adsorption on quartz; however, the hydrophilicity of calcite surface by disturbing aqueous layers along with a distance of 1.5 Å–2.5 Å. In addition, the temperature effect was observed into lesser adsorption energy by heating up the water toward its’ boiling point. This study contributes to a wider insight into pure water adsorption features before designing complex microstructures.     

Formation and properties of copper film on Tl-(Pb,Bi)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductor by electrodeposition from aqueous solution

A new process of electrodeposition in saturated cupric sulphate aqueous solution was successfully developed for the formation of copper film on a high-T_c, three Cu-O layered Tl-(Bi, Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductor substrate surface for the first time. Scanning electron microscopy and electron micro-probe analysis were used to investigate the morphology of the substrate surface and the composition of the copper superconductor interface. After the electrodeposition process, no evident changes in the temperature dependence of electrical resistivity were found by four-point probe measurement. The difference of magnetic properties before and after electrodeposition was investigated from magnetization measurements. Almost no degradation of the bulk properties was observed from the susceptibility data. The copper-superconductor contact was confirmed to show Ohmic behaviour by two-pointI–V characterization at liquid nitrogen boiling temperature.     

Experimental investigation of the film boiling heat transfer in He II: Heat transfer coefficient

He II film boiling is of both academic and applied interests. However, information about He II film boiling is still inadequate and further study is needed from both the technical application and the scientific aspects. In the present study, a thin stainless steel foil heater (10 μm thick) is employed to induce boiling in He II. The average heater surface temperature is measured to evaluate the heat transfer performance of He II film boiling under different thermal conditions. And meanwhile, the pressure and the temperature oscillations induced by the film boiling are also measured. It is found that the pressure oscillation and the temperature oscillation highly correlate with each other, which indicates that the vapor bubble is vibrating on the heater surface during film boiling. The heat transfer coefficient of the film boiling depends on both the pressure over the heater surface and the He II bath temperature. The heat transfer coefficients of three kinds of boiling states: noisy film boiling, transition boiling and silent film boiling, are measured in the present study. The visualization of the boiling process is also carried out.     

Surface tension of low-temperature aqueous solutions

Measurements of the surface tension have been carried out to determine the effects of both temperature and concentration on the surface tension of aqueous solutions of sodium chloride, propylene glycol, and ethylene glycol. A differential capillary-rise method was employed for the measurements. The results show that the surface tension of the ethylene glycol solution and the propylene glycol solution increases as the concentration of the solution decreases, while for the sodium chloride solution the surface tension increases monotonically as the concentration increases. The surface tension of the liquids was found to be an almost-linear function of temperature from 20°C to just above the freezing temperature. Equations for the surface tension of the three binary aqueous solutions as a function of temperature and concentration are presented.     

Effect of multiple dipping of SILAR deposited ZnO thin films by physico-chemical process

Undoped zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films were deposited on microscopic glass substrates by a chemical technique known as ‘Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction’. The technique involves multiple dipping of the substrates in an aqueous solution of sodium zincate kept at room temperature and deionized water kept near boiling point. The effect of multiple dipping is one of the important factors that determine the quality of film. Thin films of various thicknesses have been obtained by varying the number of dipping, while all other deposition parameters such as pH of the solution, molarity, reaction temperature, reaction time and annealing temperature were kept constant. The structural, surface morphology and optical properties of the ZnO thin films have been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and UV–Vis-spectrophotometer. XRD and SEM studies reveal that the grain size increases with the increase in number of dipping of the glass substrate. Optical spectra were recorded using UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The optical band gap of ZnO thin film was found to decrease with increase in the number of dipping.     

Experimental study of temperature distribution in the vicinity of film boiling

The transition of nucleate to film boiling on a flat surface is studied experimentally. In the vicinity of the boundary of a propagating center of film boiling, the distributions of the temperature, of the heat flux to liquid, of the heat-transfer coefficient, and of the velocity of motion of isotherms along an exothermal surface are obtained. The experiments are carried out in liquid nitrogen. A sapphire plate with platinum temperature microsensors deposited on it by sputtering is used as a heater. The instability of the boundary of the change of the boiling modes due to the Taylor instability of the interface is found in the film boiling region, as well as an intermediate region between film and nucleate boiling, where the heat fluxes are almost three times the critical value.