基于工况识别的燃料电池公交车能量管理策略

为解决燃料电池混合动力公交车中基于优化的能量管理策略难以实车应用的问题,在分析燃料电池公交车(Fuel cell hybrid bus,FCHB)行驶路线的固定性和片段性的基础上,提出了一种基于SOM-K-means(Self-organized mapping K-means)工况识别的能量管理策略。首先,根据公交车站点将行驶路线划分为多个行驶片段,在车辆停站时,运用SOM-K-means二阶聚类模型完成工况识别,获取车辆下一行驶片段的识别协态变量;当车辆在下一个行驶片段运行时,运用识别协态变量完成基于庞特里亚金极值原理(Pontryagins maximum principle,PMP)求解的能量管理策略的实时应用。其次,建立基于公交车实际运行数据的仿真实验,最后建立硬件在环实验,将所提出的策略移植入整车控制器(Vehicle control unit,VCU)中进行实验。实验结果表明,与基于规则的能量管理策略相比,本研究提出的能量管理策略降低了19.77%的平均等效氢气消耗。且该策略在VCU中每一步的计算时间大约为30 ms,计算结果与仿真结果完全一致,满足车辆对能量管理策略的时效性和准确性的要求。     

Real-time optimization power-split strategy for hybrid electric vehicles

Energy management strategies based on optimal control theory can achieve minimum fuel consumption for hybrid electric vehicles, but the requirement for driving cycles known in prior leads to a real-time problem. A real-time optimization power-split strategy is proposed based on linear quadratic optimal control. The battery state of charge sustainability and fuel economy are ensured by designing a quadratic performance index combined with two rules. The engine power and motor power of this strategy are calculated in real-time based on current system state and command, and not related to future driving conditions. The simulation results in ADVISOR demonstrate that, under the conditions of various driving cycles, road slopes and vehicle parameters, the proposed strategy significantly improves fuel economy, which is very close to that of the optimal control based on Pontryagin’s minimum principle, and greatly reduces computation complexity.     

系统效率最优的功率分流式混合动力汽车非线性预测控制

针对一种基于双行星排构型的功率分流式混合动力汽车,建立系统动态模型,准确描述其转速转矩耦合关系,通过建立各部件的效率模型,分析不同模式下系统的工作效率. 设计控制器结构框架,以系统工作效率和电池充放电平衡为目标,构建基于模型预测控制的优化问题,采用一步马尔科夫链模型预测驾驶员需求转矩及车速,将有限时域内的优化问题转化为非线性规划问题,基于序列二次规划算法实现优化求解. 仿真研究表明,基于系统效率最优的预测控制器能够维持电池的充放电平衡,在美国城市驾驶循环（UDDS）下,当电池初始电池荷电状态（SOC）分别为0.50、0.55和0.60时,相较于以发动机燃油消耗最优为目标,车辆等效燃油经济性分别提高了7.17%、5.73%和10.11%,验证了控制器的有效性和优越性.     

Cloud Computing Based Optimal Driving for a Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle

A cloud computing based optimal driving method is proposed and its feasibility is validated through a real-world scenario simulation. Based on principles of vehicle dynamics, the driving optimization problem has been formulated into an optimal control problem constrained by traffic rules, directed at achieving lower equivalent fuel consumption and shorter travel time. In order to conveniently specify the constraints and facilitate the application of the dynamic programming (DP) algorithm, the driving optimization problem is transformed into spatial domain and discretized properly. Considering the heavy computational costs of the DP algorithm, a cloud computing based platform structure is proposed to solve the optimal driving problem in real-time. A case study is simulated based on a real-world traffic scenario in Matlab. Simulation results demonstrate that the cloud computing framework is promising toward realizing the real-time energy management for hybrid electric vehicles.     

基于模糊逻辑的SHEV控制策略设计与仿真

针对一辆串联式混合动力电动汽车设计了一种基于模糊逻辑的控制策略,根据蓄电池组荷电状态(SOC)及车辆需求功率的变化实时调整发动机输出功率,以实现恒SOC控制,同时兼顾发动机燃油消耗及排放.给出了模糊控制器的结构,建立了车辆前向仿真模型,进行了离线仿真及硬件在环仿真.仿真结果表明,模糊控制策略能够较好将蓄电池组SOC维持在期望值0.7附近,且发动机可以稳定地工作在其高效率区以获得较低的燃油消耗及排放.     

基于系统效率最优的新型混合动力汽车控制策略

为了充分发挥混合动力汽车节省燃油和降低排放的控制效果,研究了一种基于行星齿轮机构的新型混合动力汽车动力传动系统方案.在对其驱动系统关键零部件性能实验与数值建模的基础上,综合考虑发动机、ISG电机和动力电池组以及传动系统效率,分析了系统相关典型工作模式下的纵向动力学方程,推导出系统效率模型,提出了基于系统效率最优的全工况整车控制策略,制定了整车的工作模式切换规则与换档控制策略.在MATLAB/Simulink环境下,建立了整车性能仿真模型,结果表明,采用该控制策略能使整车动力性与燃油经济性较传统车明显提高,最后通过台架试验对该方案进行了验证.     

基于驾驶意图识别的混合动力汽车控制策略

确定了驾驶意图识别的参数,并建立了识别参数的隶属函数和模糊推理规则,通过模糊推理来识别驾驶意图。根据驾驶意图的识别结果制定了相应的整车控制策略,并进行了仿真分析。从仿真结果可以看出,模糊推理系统可以很好地识别驾驶意图,证明了基于驾驶意图识别的控制策略可以进一步提高混合动力汽车燃油经济性。     

A hybrid dynamic programming-rule based algorithm for real-time energy optimization of plug-in hybrid electric bus

The optimization of the control strategy of a plug-in hybrid electric bus(PHEB) for the repeatedly driven bus route is a key technique to improve the fuel economy. The widely used rule-based(RB) control strategy is lacking in the global optimization property, while the global optimization algorithms have an unacceptable computation complexity for real-time application. Therefore, a novel hybrid dynamic programming-rule based(DPRB) algorithm is brought forward to solve the global energy optimization problem in a real-time controller of PHEB. Firstly, a control grid is built up for a given typical city bus route, according to the station locations and discrete levels of battery state of charge(SOC). Moreover, the decision variables for the energy optimization at each point of the control grid might be deduced from an off-line dynamic programming(DP) with the historical running information of the driving cycle. Meanwhile, the genetic algorithm(GA) is adopted to replace the quantization process of DP permissible control set to reduce the computation burden. Secondly, with the optimized decision variables as control parameters according to the position and battery SOC of a PHEB, a RB control is used as an implementable controller for the energy management. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed DPRB might distribute electric energy more reasonably throughout the bus route, compared with the optimized RB. The proposed hybrid algorithm might give a practicable solution, which is a tradeoff between the applicability of RB and the global optimization property of DP.     

插电式混合动力整车能量管理控制策略

针对插电式混合动力整车能量管理的经济性及动力性要求较高的问题,提出了插电式混合动力整车能量管理控制策略.设计了整车能量管理策略总体方案,分析了车辆行驶里程对插电式混合动力汽车燃油经济性的影响,同时还设计了行驶里程自适应的辅助能量管理控制策略.结果表明:该整车能量管理策略能够根据道路和车辆信息,合理地选择当前最合适的工作模式,可以更加合理地分配从电网充入的电能,提高整车的燃油经济性.     

Investigation on hierarchical control for driving stability and safety of intelligent HEV during car-following and lane-change process

The longitudinal and lateral coordinated control for autonomous vehicles is fundamental to achieve safe and comfortable driving performance. Aiming at this for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) during the car-following (CF) and lane-change (LC) process while accelerating, a hierarchical control strategy for vehicle stability control is proposed. This new approach is different from the conventional hierarchical control. On the basis of model predictive control (MPC) theory, a two-layer MPC controller is designed at the top level of the control structure. The upper layer is a linear time-varying MPC (LTV-MPC), while the lower layer is a hybrid MPC (HMPC). For the LTV-MPC controller, a control-oriented linear discrete model for HEV is established, which integrates the dynamic model with three degrees of freedom (DOF) and the car-following model. The lower-layer HMPC controller is designed on the basis of the analysis for HEV hybrid characteristics and the modelling for the mixed logic dynamic (MLD) model of the HEV powertrain. As for the bottom level, a control plant including the HEV powertrain model and the 7 DOF nonlinear dynamics of the vehicle body is established. In addition, the system stability is proven. A deep fusion of vehicle dynamics control and energy management is achieved. Compared with LC-ACC control and conventional ACC control, the simulation and the hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test results under different driving scenarios show that the proposed hierarchical control strategy can effectively maintain lateral stability and safety under severe driving conditions. Additionally, the HEV powertrain output torque and the gear-shift point are coordinated and controlled by the HMPC controller.

     

Fuzzy energy management strategy for parallel HEV based on pigeon-inspired optimization algorithm

Improvements in fuel consumption and emissions of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) heavily depend upon an efficient energy management strategy (EMS). This paper presents an optimizing fuzzy control strategy of parallel hybrid electric vehicle employing a quantum chaotic pigeon-inspired optimization (QCPIO) algorithm. In this approach, the torque of the engine and the motor is assigned by a fuzzy torque distribution controller which is based on the battery state of charge (SoC) and the required torque of the hybrid powertrain. The rules and membership functions of the fuzzy torque distribution controller are optimized simultaneously through the use of QCPIO algorithm. The simulation ground on ADVISOR demonstrates that this EMS improves fuel economy more effectually than original fuzzy and PSO_Fuzzy EMS.     

并联混合动力汽车模糊控制能量管理策略研究

针对一款并联混合动力汽车,以提高整车燃油性和改善尾气排放为控制目标进行了能量管理策略研究。将混合动力系统整车需求转矩与当前转速下的发动机最优转矩差值（ΔT）、电池组荷电状态（SOC）作为模糊转矩控制器输入,发动机输出转矩作为控制器输出,设计了25条控制规则,基于ADVISOR仿真验证该策略的有效性和可行性。仿真研究表明,提出的能量管理策略提高了发动机工作效率,减少了燃油消耗和尾气排放,并能维持电池组的SOC在合理的范围内波动。     

Variable Parameter Self-Adaptive Control Strategy Based on Driving Condition Identification for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Bus

A variable parameter self-adaptive control strategy based on driving condition identification is proposed to take full advantage of the fuel saving potential of the plug-in hybrid electric bus (PHEB). Firstly, the principal component analysis (PCA) and the fuzzy c-means clustering(FCM)algorithm is used to construct the comprehensive driving cycle, congestion driving cycle, urban driving cycle and suburban driving cycle of Chinese urban buses.Secondly, an improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) algorithm is proposed, and is used to optimize the control parameters of PHEB under different driving cycles, respectively. Then, the variable parameter self-adaptive control strategy based on driving condition identification is given.Finally, for an actual running vehicle, the driving condition is identified by relevance vector machine (RVM), and the corresponding control parameters are selected to control the vehicle. The simulation results show that the fuel consumption of using the variable parameter self-adaptive control strategy is reduced by 4.2% compared with that of the fixed parameter control strategy, and the feasibility of the variable parameter self-adaptive control strategy is verified.     

Fuel efficient model predictive control strategies for a group of connected vehicles incorporating vertical vibration

This paper presents a decentralized fuel efficient model predictive control(MPC) strategy for a group of connected vehicles incorporating vertical vibration. To capture the vehicle vibration dynamics, the dynamics of the suspension system is integrated with the longitudinal dynamics of the vehicle. Furthermore, a MPC framework with finite time horizon is formulated to calculate the optimal velocity profile that compromises fuel economy, mobility and ride comfort for every individual vehicle with the safety and physical constraints considered. In the MPC framework, the target velocity is calculated using signal phase and timing(SPAT)information to reduce the number of stoppage at red lights, and the vertical acceleration is calculated parallel to the calculation of the fuel consumption. The MPC optimal problem is solved with fast-MPC approach which enhances the computational efficiency via exploiting the structure of the control system and approximate methods. Simulation studies are conducted over different SPATs and connectivity penetration rates and the results validate the advantages of the proposed control architecture.     

基于驾驶员需求转矩预测的模型预测控制能量管理

以并联式混合动力车辆为研究对象,基于驾驶员需求转矩预测,采用线性时变模型预测控制算法对对象车辆进行能量管理控制. 根据驾驶员前一段时间内的需求转矩,可以预测下一时段内驾驶员的需求转矩. 与指数函数预测方法相比,自回归模型在预测步长200步之内的预测准确度比指数函数高. 根据纵向动力学公式,可以由预测获得的需求转矩序列计算获得预测的车速序列;采用线性化处理的方法,将具有非线性特性的车辆模型转化成线性时变模型,采用线性时变模型预测控制算法进行求解;将基于驾驶员需求转矩预测的模型预测控制算法和基于规则的控制算法、工况已知的模型预测控制算法进行对比. 对比结果表明：基于驾驶员需求转矩预测的模型预测控制算法与基于规则的控制算法相比,在NEDC、UDDS和WLTC这3个标准工况下的燃油经济性均有所提高,但是与工况已知时的计算结果相比有提升的空间.     

车辆对行人速度障碍自主避碰的驾驶方法

针对过街行人与智能车辆之间运动协调中的安全避碰问题,设计一种CVIS环境下的基于行人避碰的车辆驾驶控制器.结合速度障碍法的基本原理提出车辆对过街行人的避碰规则,在此基础上搭建模型预测控制框架,提出车辆对行人的自主避碰算法.综合考虑车辆驾驶的操作约束,以最小化车速变化及满足驾驶员操作舒服性要求为控制目标,在车辆对行人避碰的前提下优化车辆的驾驶策略.分别设置车辆直行避碰与允许换道避碰两种控制场景,在MATLAB环境下对车辆驾驶控制效果进行仿真实验.结果表明:车辆对不同情况的过街行人,能够通过加速或减速进行避碰;通过与七次多项式换道轨迹进行对比,自主避碰驾驶的安全性更高.     

混合动力汽车经济型巡航的车速规划策略

选取功率分流式混合动力汽车为对象,以燃油消耗最小为目标开展巡航场景下的经济车速规划研究. 结合车辆动能管理与等效燃油最小化策略（ECMS）,提出增强型等效燃油最小化策略（R-ECMS）. 运用极小值原理推导油电等效系数,建立动能与电能间的等效关系;结合电能与燃油之间的等效关系,将车辆动能变化和电能消耗统一转化成燃油消耗. 为了兼顾电池SOC平衡以及车辆通行速度,采取非支配排序遗传算法优化R-ECMS权重系数中的参数. 仿真结果表明,与传统能量管理策略ECMS相比,R-ECMS可以降低8.06%的燃油消耗. 与采用最优算法的动态规划策略相比,R-ECMS能在实现次优的优化效果的同时大幅降低计算时间. 同时,与ECMS相比,R-ECMS在其他仿真场景下能实现6.94%的节油率,具有较好的泛化性能和应用前景.     

辅助混合动力电动汽车技术研究Ⅵ——续驶里程的仿真及实验

为研究辅助混合动力电动汽车续驶里程,以ADVISOR2002为工具,仿真分析了纯电动汽车和辅助混合动力电动汽车在2种控制策略下的部件效率、续驶里程和百公里油耗．根据仿真结果确定了辅助混合动力电动汽车采用开关式控制策略,最后设计并进行了道路实验．结果表明,在蓄电池数最减少一半的情况下,辅助混合动力电动汽车在续驶里程上与纯电动汽车相当．     

Design and Strategy of Series-Parallel Hybrid System Based on BSFC

In this paper, a drive control strategy is developed based on the characteristics of series-parallel plug-in hybrid system. Energy management strategies in various modes are established with the basis on the minimum brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) curve of engine. The control strategy, which is based on rules and system efficiency, is adopted to determine the entry/exit mechanisms of various modes according to battery state of charge (SOC), required power and required speed. The vehicle test results verify that the proposed control strategy can improve vehicle economy efficiently and makes a good effect on engine control.     

Modeling and optimal energy management of a power split hybrid electric vehicle

With the combination modes of engine and two electric machines,the power split device allows higher efficiency of the engine.The operation and of a power split HEV are analyzed,and the system dynamic model HEV is established event-driven for HEV forward system simulation dynamics controller design.Considering the mode,the fact the mode that the operation modes of is the are and the the is continuous theory.time-driven this for each structure selection of the controller built and the described finite with hybrid automaton control In control structure,process is depicted by the state mode machine(FSM).The multi-mode switch controller is designed to realize power distribution.Furthermore,vehicle operations programming are optimized,and finite the prediction nonlinear model horizon.predictive control(NMPC)strategy is applied by that implementing the dynamic(DP)and in the Comparative simulation The results optimal demonstrate strategy hybrid in control structure is effective feasible for HEV energy management design.NMPC is superior improving fuel economy.