轴流桨搅拌槽内完全湍流的研究

为研究轴流桨搅拌槽内完全湍流状况,采用相位多普勒粒子分析仪(PDPA)对MK和ZHX搅拌器进行流场测试,得到不同工况下的时均速度场分布.应用渐近不变性方法,选取适当的特征尺度,给出挡板处壁面射流的轴向速度相似剖面,确定用于评定槽内完全湍流界限的轴向速度分布曲线,建立了搅拌雷诺数与搅拌槽内完全湍流流动达到的高度之间的线性关系.结果表明,非全槽完全湍流状态下,槽上部会出现过渡流区;随雷诺数的增大,搅拌槽内完全湍流流动达到的高度增大;不同型式搅拌器的完全湍流流场所需的雷诺数不同,单层桨搅拌槽内达到全槽完全湍流需要很大的搅拌功率.     

搅拌槽内近桨区流动场的数值研究

利用滑移网格方法，采用三种不同密度的网格，计算了六直叶涡轮搅拌桨的三维流动场。利用数值方法得到了桨叶附近流动场中产生的尾涡，并将不同密度网格下的数值模拟结果与实验数据进行了比较。计算结果表明，在高密度的网格下可以清楚地观察到桨叶附近所产生的尾涡，其大小与实验结果一致，但尾涡衰减较快：叶端的径向与切向速度分布与实验值吻合较好，加密网格对最大径向及切向速度的预测精度有明显提高；即使采用很高的网格密度，对湍流动能的预测仍然偏低。     

双层翼型桨搅拌槽内流动特性的PIV研究

在直径0.476 m的搅拌槽内,采用粒子图像测速技术对双层三叶CBY翼型桨搅拌槽内的流场进行了研究,考察了层间距、浸没深度和离底高度等参数对流场分布的影响. 结果表明,层间距H2≤0.6T(T为搅拌槽直径)时,槽内可形成整体的轴向循环流动,H2≥0.7T时槽内将产生分区流动现象. 浸没深度对桨叶排出流区域的速度影响很小. 降低下层桨的离底高度能加强下层桨的径向流动,并增大上层桨叶轮区和循环区流体的轴向流动.     

搅拌槽内多相流动数值模拟研究进展

综述了过程工业中广泛应用的搅拌槽反应器内多相流动数值模拟研究的进展.讨论多相湍流模型、相间作用力模型及搅拌桨处理方法等重要的数值模拟技术和方法,并对有关的计算模型进行了比较分析.针对搅拌槽内的各种多相体系,论述了不同研究者在桨区处理、相间动量传递描述和分散相的引入对体系湍流特性影响等方面的模拟方法并对结果作了比较.提出了需要进一步深入研究的课题.     

搅拌槽内的液-液临界分散

在φ391mm搅拌槽中,分别采用双层Brumagin桨、双层三叶后掠式桨和双层A310桨与7种内构件相组合,在无乳化剂下对油水比(质量比)分别为1∶1.5,1∶2.0的煤油-水体系的液-液临界分散进行了研究。从工业实用的角度出发,对前两种桨找到了一种可替代“轻液挡板”的小挡板及其安装方法:内冷管上均布4块小挡板,B/D=0.08,插入液面深度为0.2D。在φ188mm搅拌槽中,于全挡板条件下,以歧化松香皂为乳化剂,分别采用3种不同几何参数的双层Brumagin桨对油水质量比为1∶1.5的煤油-水体系的临界分散进行了研究。结果表明,与无乳化剂情况相比,液-液临界分散转速(N_c)下降30％～40％,临界分散功耗(P_(cv))下降53％～66％;桨径减小会使N_c和P_(cv)增加。     

轴流式搅拌桨搅拌槽内混合时间的数值模拟

利用计算流体力学软件FLUENT 6.0程序计算了单层CBY搅拌槽内流体混合过程的速度场和浓度场,讨论了加料点位置和监测点位置对混合时间的影响。结果表明,拌槽内物料的混合过程主要由槽内的流体流动所控制;混合时间与加料点位置有关,在桨叶附近区域加料时混合时间比在液体表面加料时的混合时间短,应尽量在搅拌反应器的桨叶尖端处加料;不同的监测点位置对混合时间有很大的影响,在靠近槽底部进行监测所得到的混合时间最短。     

无挡板涡轮桨搅拌槽内湍流流动的分离涡模拟

采用分离涡模型对无挡板涡轮桨搅拌槽内的湍流流动进行了研究,重点分析了流场结构和速度分布,以检验该模型模拟搅拌槽内流体流动的有效性和正确性. 为了加快收敛,先采用标准k-e模型进行稳态流场计算,并以此结果为初始值进行分离涡模拟. 与现有文献大涡模拟及实验结果对比表明,分离涡模型能捕捉槽内流体的瞬时流动特征,获得的时均速度分布与大涡模拟及实验结果吻合较好,其中对切向速度分布的预测误差不超过7%,对径向速度分布的预测精度则低一些,局部误差接近12%. 分离涡模型适用于无挡板涡轮桨搅拌槽内湍流流动的模拟,能获得与大涡模拟相近的结果,且计算量更小(约为大涡模拟的1/3).     

几种框式桨搅拌槽内流动特性的比较研究

用粒子成像测速（PIV）技术对传统框式桨、传统框式组合桨和新型框式组合桨的流动特性进行研究,对比了三种框式桨在相同工况下搅拌槽内的速度、流型和湍动能。结果表明：传统框式桨搅拌槽内流体流动以水平环流为主,在框式桨上方和框式桨中间区域流体流动不充分;传统框式组合桨搅拌槽内框式桨上方由于二折叶桨的作用使得框式桨上部流体流速变大,槽内流体上下部的流动得到加强,但在框式桨中心区域依旧存在流动死区;新型框式组合桨搅拌槽内两层桨叶间的连接流得到了加强,框式桨底部和中间区域物质和能量的交换更加充分。在考察的三种框式桨中,新型框式组合桨的混合效果更好。研究结果可为新型框式组合桨应用于化工合成工业中提供参考。     

涡流桨搅拌槽内流动非稳定性的大涡模拟

The aim of this work is to investigate the flow instabilities in a baffled, stirred tank generated by a single Rushton turbine by means of large eddy simulation （LES）. The sliding mesh method was used for the coupling between the rotating and the stationary frame of references. The calculations were carried out on the ＂Shengcao-21C＂ supercomputer using a computational fluid dynamics （CFD） code CFX5. The flow fields predicted by the LES simulation and the simulation using standard κ-ε model were compared to the results from particle image velocimetry （PIV） measurements. It is shown that the CFD simulations using the LES approach and the standard κ-ε model agree well with the PIV measurements. Fluctuations of the radial and axial velocity are predicted at different frequencies by the LES simulation. Velocity fluctuations of high frequencies are seen in the impeller region, while low frequencies velocity fluctuations are observed in the bulk flow. A low frequency velocity fluctuation with a nondimensional frequency of 0.027Hz is predicted by the LES simulation, which agrees with experimental investigations in the literature. Flow circulation patterns predicted by the LES simulation are asymmetric, stochastic and complex, spanning a large portion of the tanks and varying with time, while circulation patterns calculated by the simulation using the standard κ-ε model are symmetric. The results of the present work give better understanding to the flow instabilities in the mechanically agitated tank. However, further analysis of the LES calculated velocity series by means of fast Fourier transform （FFT） and/or spectra analysis are recommended in future work in order to gain more knowledge of the complicated flow phenomena.     

Scale-up of continuous flow stirred tank reactors

A model of a continuous flow stirred tank reactor based on laboratory experiments successfully describes the behavior of a pilot plant reactor. This model simulates the pilot plant performance over the full range of operating conditions: at high impeller speeds where performance approaches that of a perfectly mixed reactor and at low impeller speeds where performance significantly differs from perfect mixing. The micro-mixed feed model divides the continuous flow stirred tank reactor into a small micro-mixed impeller zone and a large macro-mixer.     

侧进式搅拌釜内气液两相流的数值模拟

采用计算流体力学(CFD)技术对φ1.5 m×1.2 m侧进式气液搅拌釜内气液两相流场进行数值模拟,检验了3种气液分界面边界条件和两种相间曳力模型。通过UDF程序将上述模型分别与欧拉双流体模型和 dispersed k-ε 两相湍流模型进行耦合计算,得到搅拌功率准数、总体气含率和气相分布,并与冷模实验结果进行对比,得到能准确预测的CFD模型。研究结果表明,3种气液界面边界条件下采用标准S-N模型计算所得的功率准数和气体分布误差均较大,而Brucato-Tsuchiya模型的预测结果更接近实验结果;气液界面边界条件对总体气含率的预测影响较大,采用速度进口或脱气边界和Brucato-Tsuchiya模型耦合计算所得的结果误差比压力出口边界明显要小。     

Transitional flow in a Rushton turbine stirred tank

The way in which the single phase flow of Newtonian liquids in the vicinity of the impeller in a Rushton turbine stirred tank goes through a laminar‐turbulent transition has been studied in detail experimentally (with Particle Image Velocimetry) as well as computationally. For Reynolds numbers equal to or higher than 6000, the average velocities and velocity fluctuation levels scale well with the impeller tip speed, that is, show Reynolds independent behavior. Surprising flow structures were measured—and confirmed through independent experimental repetitions—at Reynolds numbers around 1300. Upon reducing the Reynolds number from values in the fully turbulent regime, the trailing vortex system behind the impeller blades weakens with the upper vortex weakening much stronger than the lower vortex. Simulations with a variety of methods (direct numerical simulations, transitional turbulence modeling) and software implementations (ANSYS‐Fluent commercial software, lattice‐Boltzmann in‐house software) have only partial success in representing the experimentally observed laminar‐turbulent transition. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 3610–3623, 2017     

Study on macro-instability in stirred tank

Macro-instability(MI)is an important natural phenomenon affecting the mixing performance in stirred tank significantly,which results from movement and evolution of large eddies.Factors associated with MI frequency in mixing operation and energy dissipation related to MI were reviewed.Flow pattern in turbulent regime contains many coherent structures,which have much energy vortices and may result in flow field MI.Adjustment of coherent structure and controlling MI may contribute to energy saving and good mixing performance.Controlling methods for MI was prospected.     

Residence time distribution in continuous flow stirred tank reactors

Numerical values of the cumulative residence time distribution in a continuous flow stirred tank reactor are commonly required. It is shown in the paper that the above distribution is easily transformed into a Chi-squared distribution. This provides a fast easy way of obtaining the desired values from readily available statistical tables.     

搅拌槽内液相层流荧光可视化及高效混合技术

机械搅拌作为一种重要的混合技术,在化工生产、环保安全、生物制药等领域有着广泛的应用。搅拌效率和流场的分布是衡量搅拌质量的重要指标。然而,在层流搅拌流场中,搅拌桨周期性的扰动产生了环形动力流场导致搅拌槽内普遍存在混合隔离区,隔离区的存在是实现高效混合的主要障碍。本实验基于平面激光诱导荧光技术实现了二维瞬态液相混合流场结构的可视化,研究了Reynolds数和搅拌槽的几何参数对流场结构时空变化规律的影响。基于MATLAB软件对实验图像进行后处理得到非混合区域面积覆盖率,定量计算出流体的混合效率。结果表明,层流搅拌中搅拌槽内叶轮上方和下方出现对称的隔离区域,并且不会随着Reynolds数的增加而消失。通过在搅拌槽内部特定位置（侵入隔离流场几何中心）设置几何挡板结构,破坏隔离区域环形流场的对称性和封闭性,引发混沌混合从而提升混合质量。设置在特定位置的长方体挡板和扇形圆环挡板分别使搅拌槽内流体混合效率在200s内从65%提升至95%和97%。该研究可为高效层流搅拌混合器的设计提供实验数据与理论指导。     

大涡模拟搅拌槽中的液相流动

采采用大涡模拟湍流模型对有档板的Rushton 桨搅拌槽进行了数值模拟研究。控制方程采用控制容积法进行离散,对流项用三阶QUICK格式,扩散项是二阶中心差分。压力 速度耦合方程在交错网格上采用SIMPLE算法进行求解。小尺度流动的模化采用动力学（dynamic）亚格子模型。搅拌桨与档板之间的相互作用采用改进的内外迭代法进行处理。计算结果和文献值吻合得很好。     

Drag models, solids concentration and velocity distribution in a stirred tank

Drag force influences both the particle suspension and solids concentration distribution in a stirred tank. The influence of drag models on the prediction of solids suspension in a tank stirred by a hydrofoil impeller was studied in the present work using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimental techniques. A comparison was made between the drag models based on Reynolds number only and those that take solid volume fraction into account or those that account for the effect of the free stream turbulence. One of the drag models investigated was a function of the energy dissipation rate, and therefore, the influence of the methods of determining the energy dissipation rate on the prediction of solids suspension was investigated. It was shown that a better agreement between the CFD simulation and experimental results can be obtained using drag models based on solids volume fraction than those that are based on Reynolds number only.     

Dynamic simulation of propylene polymerization in continuous flow stirred tank reactors

The dynamic operation of an ideal continuous-flow stirred tank slurry reactor for propylene polymerization has been studied. A simple model is developed, which could be used for optimal computer control using advanced strategies. Step increases in input feed rates of propylene, solvent, and catalyst are used as the stimuli or forcing functions. It is assumed that the volume of the slurry in the reactor is maintained constant during the period. Responses of three output variables are studied, namely, monomer concentration in the liquid, volume-fraction of solids in the exiting slurry, and average mass fraction of catalyst in the exiting macroparticles. It is found that the transients last for about five times the mean residence time of the reactor. Competing effects of changes in the diffusional resistance, number density of catalyst particles, and washout and dilution effects lead to interesting dynamic results.     

Effect of flow pattern on cellulase deactivation in stirred tank bioreactors

In biochemical process industries, the dynamic environment within the bioreactor and in the purification equipment is known to affect the enzyme activity and yield of enzyme production. This has drawn our attention to examine the effect of various flow parameters on the deactivation behavior of enzyme in stirred tank reactor. In the present work, cellulase deactivation was investigated in 0.1,0.3 and 0.57 m i.d. stirred vessels with single and dual impeller. Enzyme solution was subjected to hydrodynamic stress using various types of impeller and impeller combinations over a wide range of power consumption (). The effects of tank diameter, impeller diameter, blade width, blade angle and number of blades were studied on the extent of deactivation. The results have been compared with the previously published literature. Attempts have been made to relate the extent of deactivation with the flow pattern (maximum and average value of turbulent energy dissipation rate, average shear rate and average turbulent normal stress). The extent of cellulase deactivation has been found to correlate well with the average turbulent normal stress within the stirred vessel.