自由曲面的五坐标端铣加工研究

针对自由曲面的五坐标端铣加工，建立了平底刀有效切削轮廓的数学模型，分析了刀具姿态对有效切削轮廓及加工效率的影响。沿行距方向，通过对被加工曲面法截线的偏置曲线与有效切削轮廓求交，得到一种走刀行距的计算方法。探讨了影响走刀行距的因素，在不发生干涉的前提下，小的后跟角和侧偏角有利于加工行距的提高。结合平底刀加工不发生过切的充要条件和被加工曲面沿行距方向的法曲率，给出了后跟角的自动计算方法。算例表明，所提出的走刀行距及刀具倾角的计算方法合理可行，能够有效提高计算精度和加工效率。     

基于广域空间的自由曲面宽行加工方法

为提高自由曲面环形刀五轴精加工的效率,在广域空间中分析刀具的干涉误差,对曲面宽行加工的刀具方位优化方法进行研究。首先根据环形刀刀具特性,定义曲面可能干涉的区域为广域空间,然后将广域空间离散点集变换至刀具坐标系中,计算刀具刀刃曲面的干涉误差,从而构建刀具的实际切削轮廓,并在此基础上精确计算有效的加工带宽。最后,通过建立刀具方位与加工带宽的函数关系,以加工带宽最大化为目标,实现环形刀五轴宽行加工刀具方位的自动优化。算例及试验表明,在相同的残留高度要求下,广域空间方法较之现有的二阶泰勒逼近方法,切触点轨迹长度减少了15.74%,说明基于广域空间的刀轴优化方法是实现自由曲面宽行加工的有效途径。     

复杂曲面环形刀五轴端铣加工的刀具轨迹规划方法

为了降低复杂曲面类零部件加工的刀具路径,减小刀具路径条数,提高加工效率,提出了一种新的复杂曲面环形刀五轴端铣加工刀具轨迹优化方法。在局部可铣性基础上对刀轴矢量角进行自适应优化,采用新型加工带宽计算方法——等残留高度算法,给出了等残留高度算法的刀具轨迹生成具体步骤。仿真结果表明:与传统等残留高速算法相比,刀具轨迹优化算法的刀具路径更短、条数更少,能够有效提高复杂曲面加工效率。     

叶片等残留高度数控螺旋铣加工刀具轨迹的规划算法

根据叶片的曲面特征,提出了基于等残留高度的叶片五坐标数控螺旋铣加工方法,设计了刀具轨迹生成算法,在UG二次开发环境下编程实现.该方法满足相邻刀轨之间的等残留高度要求,无冗余刀轨.避免了刀轨间的抬刀,可实现连续的切削加工,在满足误差要求的前提下可显著提高加工的效率.     

基于临界约束的四轴数控加工刀轴优化方法

针对自由曲面四轴加工中复杂刀具运动导致的干涉和刀具运动不连续等现象,提出一种基于临界约束的刀轴优化方法。基于刀具与工件约束曲面之间的相对位置关系,利用曲线上的点搜索算法确定切触点处的临界刀轴矢量,并计算当前切触点刀轴摆动的可行域;以切削行内所有切触点的刀轴可行域为基础,建立当前切削行内无干涉且相邻刀轴变化最小的刀轴矢量优化模型,实现了自由曲面四轴加工无干涉刀轴矢量的光顺控制。整体叶盘四轴加工试验表明,利用此方法获得的刀轴矢量可以显著改善机床运动的连续性,并避免刀具干涉的产生,提高了加工质量。     

基于MasterCAM自由曲面加工刀具路径优化

为提高自由曲面数控加工的切削效率和加工精度,对自由曲面三坐标数控加工刀具路径工艺特点进行研究。分析了在MasterCAM软件内可采用的几种刀具路径规划方法及其实现的约束条件。研究了该软件内由参数线法、路径截面法和等残留高度法等三种算法生成各种刀具路径的优缺点,并根据三种算法所生成刀具路径的特点优化加工各种曲面的刀具路径。通过实例对三种算法所生成的刀具路径进行应用比较,结果表明,根据曲面形状特点合理选用及规划刀具路径,可提高刀具路径对曲面形状变化的适应性,减少残留高度,从而提高切削效率和加工质量。     

环形刀宽行加工圆弧过渡区域算法的研究

基于广域曲率吻合原则,研究了利用环形刀侧铣加工组合曲面圆弧过渡区域的新方法。首先建立环形刀的几何模型,通过调整刀具姿态角,使刀具表面和工件表面在不发生干涉的条件下实现密切接触。通过迭代判断使下行刀轨的驱动线和当前刀轨在精度范围内搭接,实现刀轨的合理编排。最后,以某航空发动机叶片为例计算了刀轨。结果表明,该算法能够精确地加工出圆弧过渡曲面,刀轨之间的没有明显的残高,加工效率较球头刀提高了5倍。     

复杂曲面环形刀五轴加工的自适应刀轴矢量优化方法

针对复杂曲面的环形刀五轴加工,建立了二阶泰勒逼近下的加工带宽模型与刀轴倾角之间的函数关系。通过分析函数变化规律,基于刀具切削刃与被加工曲面的形状匹配原则自动计算满足局部可铣性充分条件的后跟角,并以最大化加工带宽为目的优化侧偏角。算例表明,该算法能有效地缩短加工路径,提高加工效率。     

基于动力学响应的球头刀五轴铣削表面形貌仿真

针对自由曲面球头刀五轴铣削中刀具与工件复杂的位姿关系,利用球头铣削刃的三维次摆线轨迹,提出一种在工件表面等距离间隔缓存残留高度、在刀具端等时间间隔缓存振动响应的双缓存离散机制,分别实现五轴铣削中的名义加工表面形貌建模与系统动态响应轨迹仿真。在此基础上,以切削刃经过工件表面残留区域的时间信息为纽带,利用系统瞬时动态位移响应的插值信息对已加工表面法向残留高度进行修正,建立考虑铣削系统动力学响应的已加工表面形貌预测模型。以变切深、变转速、恒定的刀具倾角与每齿进给量所进行的验证试验表明,提出的球头刀五轴铣削表面形貌建模方法可有效预测颤振工况与稳定铣削工况的加工表面形貌与纹理特征。     

自由曲面五轴加工刀具轨迹规划技术的研究进展

利用五坐标设备进行自由曲面的数控加工是提高加工质量和加工效率的有效途径,自由曲面形状和五坐标机床运动的复杂性导致其刀具轨迹规划技术十分困难。针对自由曲面五坐标端铣加工、侧铣加工以及碰撞干涉分析中的关键技术,综述了近年来自由曲面五坐标数控加工领域刀具轨迹规划技术的研究进展和现状。结合自由曲面数控加工的工程实用性要求,分析了当前研究中存在的不足,指出目前的研究成果在通用性、稳定性和有效性方面尚不能完全满足工程应用,认为自由曲面五坐标数控加工刀具轨迹规划技术的研究应从三维的角度出发,在更为广域的刀具影响空间研究刀具同自由曲面之间的几何啮合关系,同时需要考虑机床的运动学和动力学特性以实现五坐标机床的高速和高效运行。     

Iso-scallop tool path generation in 5-axis milling

This paper presents a new method of computing constant scallop height tool paths in 5-axis milling on sculptured surfaces. Usually, iso-scallop tool path computation methods are based on approximations. The attempted scallop height is modelled in a given plane to ensure a fast computation of the tool path. We propose a different approach, based on the concept of the machining surface, which ensures a more accurate computation. The machining surface defines the tool path as a surface, which applies in 3- or 5-axis milling with the cutting tools usually used. The machining surface defines a bi-parametric modelling of the locus of a particular point of the tool, and the iso-scallop surface allows to easily find iso-scallop tool centre locations. An implementation of the algorithms is done on a free-form surface with a filleted end mill in 5-axis milling.     

MODELING OF 5-AXIS MILLING PROCESSES

5-axis milling operations are common in several industries such as aerospace, automotive and die/mold for machining of sculptured surfaces. In these operations, productivity, dimensional tolerance integrity and surface quality are of utmost importance. Part and tool deflections under high cutting forces may result in unacceptable part quality whereas using conservative cutting parameters results in decreased material removal rate. Process models can be used to determine the proper or optimal milling parameters for required quality with higher productivity. The majority of the existing milling models are for 3-axis operations, even the ones for ball-end mills. In this article, a complete geometry and force model are presented for 5-axis milling operations using ball-end mills. The effect of lead and tilt angles on the process geometry, cutter and workpiece engagement limits, scallop height, and milling forces are analyzed in detail. In addition, tool deflections and form errors are also formulated for 5-axis ball-end milling. The use of the model for selection of the process parameters such as lead and tilt angles that result in minimum cutting forces are also demonstrated. The model predictions for cutting forces and tool deflections are compared and verified by experimental results.     

MODELING OF 5-AXIS MILLING PROCESSES

5-axis milling operations are common in several industries such as aerospace, automotive and die/mold for machining of sculptured surfaces. In these operations, productivity, dimensional tolerance integrity and surface quality are of utmost importance. Part and tool deflections under high cutting forces may result in unacceptable part quality whereas using conservative cutting parameters results in decreased material removal rate. Process models can be used to determine the proper or optimal milling parameters for required quality with higher productivity. The majority of the existing milling models are for 3-axis operations, even the ones for ball-end mills. In this article, a complete geometry and force model are presented for 5-axis milling operations using ball-end mills. The effect of lead and tilt angles on the process geometry, cutter and workpiece engagement limits, scallop height, and milling forces are analyzed in detail. In addition, tool deflections and form errors are also formulated for 5-axis ball-end milling. The use of the model for selection of the process parameters such as lead and tilt angles that result in minimum cutting forces are also demonstrated. The model predictions for cutting forces and tool deflections are compared and verified by experimental results.     

A Surface Based Approach for Constant Scallop HeightTool-Path Generation

The machining of sculptured surfaces such as moulds and dies in 3-axis milling relies on the chordal deviation, the scallop height parameter and the planning strategy. The choice of these parameters must ensure that manufacturing surfaces respect the geometrical specifications. The current strategies for machining, consist primarily in driving the tool in parallel planes which generates a tightening of the tool paths. A constant scallop height planning strategy has been developed to avoid this tightening. In this paper, we present a new method of constant scallop height tool-path generation based on the concept of the machining surface. The concept of the machining surface is developed and its use to generate constant scallop height tool paths is described. The approach is compared with existing methods in terms of precision and in particular its aptitude to treat curvature discontinuities.     

An Enhanced Force Model for Sculptured Surface Machining

The ball-end milling process is used extensively in machining of sculpture surfaces in automotive, die/mold, and aerospace industries. In planning machining operations, the process planner has to be conservative when selecting machining conditions with respect to metal removal rate in order to avoid cutter chipping and breakage, or over-cut due to excessive cutter deflection. These problems are particularly important for machining of sculptured surfaces where axial and radial depths of cut are abruptly changing. This article presents a mathematical model that is developed to predict the cutting forces during ball-end milling of sculpture surfaces. The model has the ability to calculate the workpiece/cutter intersection domain automatically for a given cutter path, cutter, and workpiece geometries. In addition to predicting the cutting forces, the model determines the surface topography that can be visualized in solid form. Extensive experiments are performed to validate the theoretical model with measured forces. For complex part geometries, the mathematical model predictions were compared with experimental measurements.     

An Enhanced Force Model for Sculptured Surface Machining

Abstract

The ball-end milling process is used extensively in machining of sculpture surfaces in automotive, die/mold, and aerospace industries. In planning machining operations, the process planner has to be conservative when selecting machining conditions with respect to metal removal rate in order to avoid cutter chipping and breakage, or over-cut due to excessive cutter deflection. These problems are particularly important for machining of sculptured surfaces where axial and radial depths of cut are abruptly changing. This article presents a mathematical model that is developed to predict the cutting forces during ball-end milling of sculpture surfaces. The model has the ability to calculate the workpiece/cutter intersection domain automatically for a given cutter path, cutter, and workpiece geometries. In addition to predicting the cutting forces, the model determines the surface topography that can be visualized in solid form. Extensive experiments are performed to validate the theoretical model with measured forces. For complex part geometries, the mathematical model predictions were compared with experimental measurements.     

Face-milling spiral bevel gear tooth surfaces by application of 5-axis CNC machine tool

In order to solve some common problems of CNC-machined spiral bevel gears such as small cutting strip width and poor surface quality, while milled by the ball-end, a machining method of face milling using a disk cutter with a concave end is presented. The research theories are based on the foundation of spiral bevel gears’ geometry structure. Firstly, a bigger diameter disk cutter with a concave end is selected. Then, change the setting order of cutter orientation angles. The functions of cutter tilt and yaw angle are separated, and tooth surfaces machined with big cutting strip width and no bottom land gouge can be expected. Since the cutter yaw angle, determined firstly by cutting contact point, positions in the tooth surface machine, the bottom land gouge interference can be avoided effectively. Then, the tilt angles of the gear pair, both side tooth surfaces, are determined by the theory of sculptured surfaces machined by the flat-end cutter, respectively. As a result, the improved cutting strip width and machining efficiency can be realized. Finally, feasibility of this method is verified through machining experiment and measurement of a spiral bevel gear pair.     

工作台旋转式五轴加工中扫掠轮廓线的求解

国内外对五轴数控加工中的扫掠轮廓线的研究往往集中于主轴摆动式机床。本文给出了实际生产中应用广泛的工作台旋转式五轴加工中环形刀具上扫掠轮廓线的显式表达式,分析了扫掠轮廓线在刀具曲面上的几何特性。所用的计算方法高效精确,为复杂曲面加工过程的动态模拟和加工误差的控制奠定了数学基础。     

五轴加工中基于局部几何条件的刀具势态优化

文中给出了五轴加工中环形刀具势态优化的两个条件，并根据牡潘标线的几何意义，分析了加工曲面和刀具曲面的局部几何特性。在此基础上提出了一个刀具势态优化的新方法，从而使五轴加工的效率得到进一步提高。