凝固浴组分对纤维素纤维结构和力学性能的影响

采用新型碱复合溶剂NaOH／j琉脲／尿素水溶液对纤维素进行溶解,并采用H2S04／Na2SO4溶液作为凝固浴,对纤维素溶液进行湿法纺丝,获得纤维素纤维。通过改变凝固浴组分,研究纤维素纤维结构和性能的变化,获得更好的纺丝条件。研究表明,当H2S04质量分数为8％～10％,Na2SO4质量分数6％～12％时,纺丝过程稳定,纤维素纤维的力学性能较好且相对稳定。纤维素纤维的断裂强度最大值可达2．06cN／dtex,纤维素纤维横截面均呈近圆形结构,且无明显的皮芯结构,同时纤维素纤维具有纤维素II的结晶特征,凝固浴组分变化对纤维素纤维的结晶度和取向因子影响不大。     

不同化学预处理对板栗苞生物降解特性的影响

采用不同浓度的NaOH、H2SO3、H2Cl2、H2O2对板栗苞进行预处理,然后用复合纤维素分解菌系MCI对其进行生物降解,通过测定板栗苞中木质纤维素含量的变化.研究不同的预处理方法对板栗苞降解的影响.结果表明以NaOH和H2O2处理效果较好,而且以2%浓度的NaOH处理在处理效果与经济成本上最为适宜.经2%NaOH预处理后栗苞中的纤维素、半纤维素、木质素分别降解了 47.27%、69.26%、49.76%.     

纤维素蒸汽闪爆改性前后的溶解性能及结构表征研究

采用蒸汽闪爆技术对天然纤维素进行改性处理,对处理前后的纤维素进行了溶解度测试、SEM及X-射线衍射分析,研究表明,蒸汽闪爆破坏了纤维素分子内氢键,使改性后的天然纤维素在一定温度下可直接完全溶解于特定浓度的NaOH水溶液中,且适当润胀剂的加入也有利于纤维素在NaOH水溶液中的溶解。     

电磁感应原理在检测分析仪表中的应用——日本DKK公司无电极电导率计及无电极酸碱盐浓度计

介绍了日本DKK公司利用电磁感应原理制造的无电机电导率计及无电极酸碱盐浓度计，并列出了H2SO4，NHO3，NC1，NaOH,NaCl溶液浓度对电导率的二维相关曲线，H2SO4溶液浓度对电导率和温度的三维相关曲面，以及DKK公司无电极酸盐碱盐浓度计与其它公司同类产品浓度测量范围比较表。     

阳极电化学氧化降解水体中酚的研究

研究了不同种类支持电解质阳极氧化降解水体中的苯酚时,电解质种类与浓度、电流密度、苯酚初始浓度等对苯酚去除率、槽电压和COD去除率的影响。结果表明:支持电解质对COD的去除率影响较大。苯酚的去除率和去除速率顺序为碱(NaOH)>盐(Na2SO4)>酸(H2SO4),COD的去除率和去除速率顺序为酸(H2SO4)>盐(Na2SO4)>>碱(NaOH)。碱性条件有利于苯酚的电化学转化,酸性条件有利于苯酚的彻底氧化处理。在一定的条件下,使用各类电解质,苯酚的最大去除率均能接近100%。当支持电解质H2SO4的浓度为0.1mol/L、苯酚初始浓度为200mg/L、电流密度为0.03A/cm2、温度为25℃、阳极氧化进行550min时,COD的去除率达70%。     

Origin软件在中和热测定实验中的应用

探讨中和热实验中不同酸碱的反应对测量结果的影响。结果表明,实验值小于理论值,相同条件下NaOH溶液加入到H2SO4溶液中测得中和热值略大于NaOH加入HAc溶液的中和热值。该实验要将准确浓度的碱液加入到酸液中,并利用酸碱浓度、量热计常数计算中和热值,可减少误差,并应用origin软件绘制工作曲线,使实验数据处理更加简单、精确。     

双极膜电渗析清洁制备NaOH和H2SO4的试验研究

采用双极膜、阴离子交换膜和阳离子交换膜交替排列构成的五隔室双极膜电渗析(BMED)构型,以Na2SO4为原料制备NaOH和H2SO4。研究了电流密度和原料液浓度对膜堆操作性能的影响,并对2种不同的均相阳膜进行了对比考察。结果表明,在电流密度50 mA/cm2,Na2SO4原料液浓度10%的条件下,试验范围内NaOH的收率可达79.63%,其收率和能耗随电流密度的增大而增加;电流密度恒定时,较高的原料液浓度利于保持更小的膜堆电阻,过程能耗相应降低。将BMED制得的稀NaOH和H2SO4溶液直接用于饱和阴、阳离子交换树脂的再生处理,并将其与经常规酸碱试剂化学再生的树脂均用于反渗透产水的深度除盐制备纯水,结果前者所获水质纯度显著优于后者,表明BMED所制备的酸碱纯度更高,树脂再生更为彻底。     

碱溶法回收废SCR脱硝催化剂中的二氧化钛

采用碱溶法分离回收燃煤电厂废SCR脱硝催化剂中的载体成分TiO2,通过正交实验考察了NaOH浓度、反应温度、固液比和转速对碱溶法回收TiO2过程中主要杂质W浸出分离、W和Ti浸出率的影响规律及浸出渣物相的变化规律,所得含钛浸出渣经20% H2SO4溶液或20% HCl溶液洗涤、煅烧回收TiO2。结果表明,反应温度对杂质W浸出影响最明显。回收Ti元素的最优条件为反应温度110℃及NaOH浓度40wt%、固液比1/5 g/mL、转速400 r/min,该条件下废SCR脱硝催化剂中W的脱除率达87.5%,Ti的溶出率仅为0.04%,浸出液中W/Ti浓度比为210。经H2SO4处理后生成锐钛型TiO2,经HCl处理生成金红石型TiO2,二者纯度均大于98%,实现了TiO2晶体的可控制备。     

NaOH水溶液对改性软木纤维素的超分子结构作用研究

采用高压热蒸汽闪爆技术对天然软木纤维进行物理改性处理，对处理前后的试样进行X－射线衍射表征，溶解度测试，结果表明，在一定的压力及保压时间条件下，软木纤维在9％wt的NaOH水溶液中的溶解度达到100％，本文还就软木纤维的分子结构，超分子结构进行了讨论。     

赤泥酸浸提钒

采用H2SO4, HCl, HNO3三种浸出剂提取赤泥中的钒,考察了酸浓度对钒浸出率的影响,对赤泥、浸出液和浸出渣进行了分析,研究了钒溶液的热力学,绘制了不同价态钒浓度对数与pH值关系图. 结果表明,H2SO4最适合赤泥酸浸提钒,在液固比5 mL/g、反应温度90℃、反应时间1 h和H2SO4浓度5.5 mol/L条件下,钒浸出率为88%. 经H2SO4浸出后,赤泥中的板钛矿、钙钛矿、白云石、赤铁矿和白云母均一定程度溶解,出现硬石膏物相. 浸出液pH=0.47,溶液呈蓝色,钒呈4价,钒浓度为0.006773 mol/L,赤泥中的V(IV)与SO42-形成VOSO4,提高了钒的溶解度,拓宽了其稳定存在区间. 随H2SO4浓度升高,VO2更易溶解且溶解产物VOSO4更稳定.     

Lattice Conversion of Cellulose in Wood

When peracetylated wood, prepared in an acetic anhydride-pyridine medium, was saponified and recrystallized, almost no conversion of cellulose I to cellulose II took place. Neither was conversion detected, when thirteen species of wood, differing in density from 0.17 to 0.71, as well as in lignin content from 18.1 to 38.8 %, were treated with 17.5 % aqueous NaOH, followed by recrystallization. The corresponding treatments for cellulose triacetate or cellulose resulted in complete conversion to cellulose II. Partial delignification of wood preceding the alkali-induced mercerization was found to cause partial lattice conversion to cellulose II, and the ratio of lattice conversion (L.C.R.) increased with the degree of delignification. The L.C.R. value reaches slightly more than 50 %, when one third of the lignin is removed, and the removal of about two third of the lignin from wood results in an almost complete conversion. The effect of lignin removal on lattice conversion was similar among the wood species, irrespective of their density and lignin content, Introduction of acyl groups larger than caproyl into wood, followed by saponification and mercerization resulted in a high conversion of cellulose in wood from cellulose I to cellulose II.     

纤维素黄原酸脂的制备及处理含铜废水的研究

以纤维素为原料,制备了纤维素黄原酸酯,并将其应用于去除模拟废水中的铜离子。采用5因素4水平正交实验法考察了氢氧化钠浓度、二硫化碳加入量、反应时间、反应温度、氯化镁用量对纤维素黄原酸酯增重率的影响。较优的制备条件:NaOH用量为30mL,CS2为0.3mL,反应时间为1.5h,反应温度为10℃,MgCl2用量为30mL。该制备条件下得到的黄原酸酯的增重率为66.35%,用其处理浓度为30mg/mL的含铜模拟废水,铜的去除率可高达99%。     

Environmental stress cracking of poly(butylene succinate)/cellulose triacetate blend films

Blend films of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) with cellulose triacetate (CTA) were prepared using a solvent‐cast technique. The environmental stress cracking (ESC) behavior of commercial PBS films and that of as‐prepared PBS/CTA blend films were investigated in an aqueous NaOH solution. It was found that the fracture behavior of PBS films can be analyzed by linear fracture mechanics, that is, the stress‐intensity factor, K, is found to control the crack‐growth rate, da/dt, in PBS films. The enhancement of da/dt induced by increasing the normality of NaOH(aq) is more marked at a high value of K rather than at a low value of K. Furthermore, the ESC behavior of the PBS/CTA blends was studied in NaOH(aq). It was found that the behavior cannot be analyzed by linear fracture mechanics and that the addition of CTA into PBS increases the ESC resistance of the blends. Large‐scale yielding of the material around the crack tip seems to be responsible for the high ESC resistance of the blends. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 510–515, 2003     

氢氧化钠/尿素/硫脲溶剂体系对纤维素溶解性能研究

通过设计正交实验,研究不同组成的氢氧化钠/尿素/硫脲溶剂体系对纤维素的溶解性能,确定了该溶剂体系中各组分的最佳含量,并通过X-射线衍射分析、红外光谱分析、热重分析等手段,表征了该溶剂体系获得的再生纤维素膜的结构和性能。结果表明:该溶剂体系对纤维素有良好的溶解性能,且溶解的纤维素再生后为纤维素Ⅱ,但其热稳定性低于原纤维素。     

Structure and Properties of CdS/Regenerated Cellulose Nanocomposites

Summary: Novel inorganic‐organic hybrid materials composed of cadmium sulfide (CdS) semiconducting nanocrystals and regenerated cellulose (RC) were prepared by using in situ synthesizing method. Cellulose was dissolved in a 6 wt.‐% NaOH/4 wt.‐% urea/thiourea aqueous solution at low temperature followed by addition of cadmium chloride (CdCl₂), resulting that the CdS nanocrystals were successfully grown in situ in the cellulose solution. Nanocomposite films containing homogeneous CdS nanoparticles were obtained by casting the resulting solution. Their structure and optical properties were characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetry analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, atomic force microscopy, transmittance electronic microscope, UV‐vis spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The experimental results confirmed that the CdS nanocrystalline existed in the composite films, and cellulose matrix provided a confined medium for CdS particle growth in uniform size. The CdS/RC composites showed narrow emission in photoluminescence spectra, and their optical absorbance in the UV range was higher than that of the cellulose film without CdS. This work provided a simple method to prepare cellulose functional materials in NaOH/urea aqueous solution.

Photoluminescence of CdS/RC nanocomposites and TEM image of CdS nanocrystals dispersed in RC matrix.     

超声波处理对纤维素碱脲体系溶解性能的影响

采用碱／尿素／水体系、碱／尿素／硫脲／水体系分别制备纤维素溶液,在溶解的不同阶段用超声波进行处理,并利用光学显微镜、偏光显微镜和X射线衍射对溶解效果进行表征。研究结果表明：溶解之前对纤维素原料的超声波处理主要是对纤维形态结构和超分子结构的破坏,略微增大溶解度;溶解过程中对纤维素溶液超声波处理则可以强化润胀,促进分散,显著增大纤维素的溶解度;在碱／尿素／水体系中超声波对溶解的促进作用强于在碱／尿素／硫脲,水体系中。     

Structure and Properties of Cellulose Films Reinforced by Chitin Whiskers

Cytocompatible nanocomposite films are prepared by blending α‐chitin whiskers and cellulose solution in NaOH/urea. Structure and properties of the chitin/cellulose composite films are characterized by FT‐IR, XRD, ¹³C NMR, SEM, UV‐Vis, TGA, and tensile tests. The results reveal that the chitin whiskers are dispersed homogeneously, leading to good miscibility and properties of the chitin/cellulose composite films. By varying the chitin whisker content, the tensile strength and elastic modulus of the films can be controlled. HeLa and T293 cells are seeded onto the surfaces of the nanocomposite films, showing that the composite films were nontoxic to both cell types and that the addition of chitin whiskers promotes cell adhesion and proliferation.

     

On the mechanism of the mercerization of cellulose in wood

When spruce wood was treated with 20% aqueous NaOH, only partial conversion of cellulose I to cellulose II took place. In contrast, complete conversion occurred when a low yield kraft pulp from the same wood was mercerized. This difference in behavior is interpreted in terms of restricted swelling of the wood in the mercerizing alkali; this treatment preserves some memory of meridional order. Differences in polarity of the molecules in cellulose I and cellulose II are also considered as a possible reason for the difficulty in mercerizing the cellulose in wood.     

纤维素在NaOH/硫脲/尿素水溶液中的流变性能研究

采用新型碱复合溶剂NaOH/硫脲/尿素水溶液作为溶剂溶解纤维素,对纤维素溶液的流变性能进行探索,从而为纤维素/NaOH/硫脲/尿素溶液纺丝提供理论依据。研究结果表明,纤维素溶液表现出非牛顿流体的性质,溶液的粘流活化能随纤维素质量分数以及剪切速率的不同而有所差异,纤维素溶液的结构黏度指数随着温度的升高、纤维素质量分数的增大而增大。5~25℃是所测的纤维素溶液纺丝的适宜温度范围,随着温度的升高,凝胶点开始出现,且凝胶点随着温度的升高向高频率的方向移动。随着纤维素质量分数的增大,纤维素溶液凝胶温度降低。     

一种新型球形纤维素吸附剂的研究

棉花经碱化、老化和磺化得黏胶液 ,再用热溶胶转相法制得球形纤维素珠体。对纤维素珠体进行交联、接枝 ,研制出球形羧基纤维素吸附剂。在黏胶的制备过程中 ,棉与碱的最佳质量比为 1∶1,老化时间 6 0h ,磺化温度 2 3℃、磺化时间 3 0h ,CS2 用量为碱纤维素中纤维素质量的35 6 %。在成球过程中 ,V (黏胶 )∶V(变压器油 ) =(1 0∶3 5 )～ (1 0∶2 0 )。交联的最佳条件为 :交联温度 75℃ ,环氧氯丙烷用量 14mL ,碱液质量分数为 10 %。接枝的主要因素包括丙烯腈浓度 2 95mol/L、Ce4 + 盐浓度 0 0 0 72mol/L、接枝反应时间 1 0h以及接枝反应温度 2 5℃。这种球形纤维素吸附剂在不同溶液 /溶剂中的膨胀系数为 1 0 0～ 1 36 ,能经受 1 2mol/L的HCl和 1 0mol/L的NaOH水溶液 15次的反复处理 ,而且对Cr3 + 、Al3 + 、Cu2 + 、Zn2 + 金属离子的吸附容量分别为 2 8 1、14 6、49 2和 37 3mg/g。