铝合金复杂曲面薄壁件液压成形技术

介绍了适合于制造铝合金复杂曲面薄壁件的液压成形技术,包括充液拉深、可控径向加压充液拉深和液体凸模拉深。由于充液拉深能提高成形极限,适合于制造铝合金复杂型面零件。可控径向加压充液拉深通过径向压力向内推料,进一步提高了成形极限,适合于成形大高径比筒形件。液体凸模拉深适合于获得深度较大、形状复杂、尤其底部具有小过渡圆角的复杂形状零件。     

基于SIMA法的铝合金复杂构件触变锻造成形技术

采用半固态触变锻造技术成形铝合金构件,容易实现轻量化、低成本、短流程制造,因此在汽车、航空航天等领域应用广泛,但是对于高强铝合金复杂形状构件触变锻造存在半固态坯料制坯工序复杂、制件固液偏析严重和力学性能较弱等问题。基于SIMA制坯方法,提出了分级热处理、快速感应重熔和梯度等温处理等重熔工艺以及触变-塑变复合成形等新成形技术,优化了变形铝合金二次重熔半固态组织调控和触变锻造技术,获得了良好的半固态球晶组织并成形出合格的制件,最后提出了铝合金触变锻造成形中仍需解决的问题和发展方向。     

选区激光熔化铝合金缺陷的形成机制和对力学性能的影响:综述

选区激光熔化(Selective laser melting,SLM)作为增材制造(Additive manufacturing,AM)技术的一种,其成形精度高,有利于实现更复杂的结构设计,适合铝合金复杂零部件的快速成形,被广泛应用于航空航天领域中.铝合金由于具有密度小、比强度高及优良的综合力学性能被广泛应用于航空航天、汽车等轻量化设计领域中.但是打印缺陷的形成严重限制了SLM工艺铝合金的推广应用.因此,了解缺陷的形成机制从而控制缺陷的产生对SLM工艺铝合金的应用有着重要的意义.SLM工艺打印缺陷主要分为裂纹,孔隙,残余应力和各向异性,球化.打印缺陷主要由不恰当的工艺参数导致.本文以Al-Si系铸造铝合金为研究对象,综述了SLM制备铝合金打印缺陷形成机制的研究进展,总结了缺陷形成的影响因素,并归纳了缺陷与铝合金力学性能之间的影响关系,孔隙率过多容易导致铝合金的拉伸和疲劳性能降低,通过选择适当的后处理可以有效改善其疲劳性能.     

铝合金增材制造技术研究进展

铝合金是实现结构轻量化的首选材料,在航空航天、交通运输、船舶舰艇等领域具有广阔的应用前景。铝合金增材制造技术在复杂三维精密结构件的制造方面具有突出的优势和潜力,而且具有高效快速、成形结构可控性高等优点。关于铝合金增材制造技术的迅速发展,本工作从组织与性能、成形精度和质量、成形缺陷控制和数值模拟4个方面,着重介绍了铝合金增材制造的研究现状和最新成果,总结了当前研究存在的不足。在此基础上,对铝合金增材制造技术未来应关注的研究方向给出建议,即实现增材件微观组织控制、阐明增材件应力形成机理、提高增材件的成形精度、研究成形过程中的温度场分布规律等。     

铝合金半固态压铸技术的应用

在以前研究的基础上,简要概述了半固态成形技术的三道感应加热以及半固态坯料的触变成形,然后应用铝合金半固态压铸技术批量制备出形状复杂的汽车零件-后桥支承座,并对其进行性能测试以及疲劳台架试验.结果表明,应用半固态压铸技术可以制备出性能优异,且能满足厂家疲劳台架要求的复杂汽车零部件.     

影响A356铝合金车轮旋压成形品质的因素分析

从铸旋铝合金车轮的热旋压成形工艺出发,分析了A356材料强韧化原因,分析表明:热塑性变形可成为A356铝合金强韧化的新途径,以此为基础发展的铸旋成形工艺可满足汽车轮毂进一步轻量化的要求。分析了影响车轮旋压成形的温度、毛坯形状、模具结构等因素,对稳定旋压成形工艺具有实际指导意义。     

交变电磁场下金属熔体的电磁约束连续成形与凝固

论述了连续铸造中模壳材料对铸件性能的影响。在介绍液态金属电磁成形原理的基础上,重点讨论了铝合金和钢铁材料的电磁成形以及存在的问题,并提出了液态金属电磁近终成形技术。利用开发的双频电磁近终成形技术,成功地实现了两种不同频率组合下的电磁成形过程,制备出了复杂弯月截面、复杂形状无模壳电磁成形的样件。     

航空用玻璃纤维铝合金层板成形技术研究进展

玻璃纤维铝合金层板(GLARE)具有优良损伤容限、抗冲击和疲劳性能,越来越受到航天航空和轨道交通领域的关注。由于玻璃纤维铝合金层板的自身成形能力有限,如何高效精密成形复杂玻璃纤维铝合金层板零件是GLARE层板研究领域的研究热点之一,也是进一步推广该材料应用的关键。本文对GLARE层板自成形、滚弯、拉形、喷丸成形、液压成形等成形方法的研究进展及相应的优缺点进行了归纳分析,并对玻璃纤维铝合金层板成形方法的发展趋势进行了展望,为玻璃纤维铝合金层板成形技术的进一步研究提供理论指导和参考信息。     

激光选区熔化成形高强铝合金晶粒细化抑制裂纹研究现状EI北大核心CSCD

高强铝合金(2×××,7×××等)因具有比强度高、加工性好等优点而被航空航天、汽车等领域广泛应用。随着大推重比飞行器设计及汽车轻量化技术的发展,轻质结构材料的需求日益增加,同时零部件也面临着“薄壁化、中空化、复合化”的发展趋势,高强铝合金的传统加工方法越来越难以满足要求。近年来,激光选区熔化成形(selective laser melting,SLM)作为一种常见的金属增材制造技术(additive manufacturing,AM)在复杂零部件成形领域受到关注,有望成为进一步拓宽高强铝合金应用领域的新兴技术。然而,SLM成形高强铝合金因易产生周期性热裂纹和粗大柱状晶不良组织等问题而发展缓慢,晶粒细化是克服增材制造高强铝合金这一固有热裂问题的关键所在。本文综述了近年来SLM成形高强铝合金显微组织和力学性能调控等方面的研究进展,归纳了不同体系合金的力学性能,重点阐述了抑制SLM成形高强铝合金中热裂纹形成的主要策略,包括SLM工艺参数优化以及通过微合金化或添加纳米颗粒细化晶粒等方法。指出当前研究存在的主要问题是合金成分的改变对材料综合性能以及热处理制度的影响规律尚不清晰等,并展望了未来的发展趋势,如SLM成形新型高强铝合金成分设计与综合性能评价、利用后处理工艺等手段进一步提升合金综合性能以及专用晶粒细化剂的设计与细化机制探究等。     

激光立体成形高性能金属零件研究进展

激光立体成形技术是从20世纪80年代初期发展起来的一项先进制造技术,能够实现高性能复杂结构金属零件的无模具、快速、全致密近净成形。该技术可以用于承受强大力学载荷的三维实体金属零件的快速制造,也可应用于具有较复杂形状和较大体积制造缺陷、误加工损伤或服役损伤零件的修复。主要围绕激光立体成形技术在追逐高力学性能方面的研究工作,综述了激光立体成形研究和应用的主要进展情况。对多种合金的大量研究工作表明:激光立体成形金属零件的综合力学性能同锻件相当,导致这样优越的力学性能的主要原因在于其材料组织致密、细小、均匀,可以通过优化成形工艺和热处理工艺而获得基本上没有冶金缺陷的状态。激光立体成形技术的主要应用对象是兼顾高性能和复杂结构的金属零件的制造和修复。实现高性能修复是激光立体成形技术最近的一个引人注目的研究进展,修复零件的力学性能可以仅在简单的退火热处理状态下即达到锻件力学性能标准,这使得过去认为不可修复的高性能重要金属零件具备了现实的修复技术途径,这必将是激光立体成形技术最有前景的应用方向之一。     

A review of selective laser melting of aluminum alloys: Processing,microstructure, property and developing trends

Selective laser melting (SLM) is an attractive rapid prototyping technology for the fabrication of metallic components with complex structure and high performance. Aluminum alloy, one of the most pervasive structural materials, is well known for high specific strength and good corrosion resistance. But the poor laser formability of aluminum alloy restricts its application. There are problems such as limited processable materials, immature process conditions and metallurgical defects on SLM processing aluminum alloys. Some efforts have been made to solve the above problems. This paper discusses the current research status both related to the scientific understanding and technology applications. The paper begins with a brief introduction of basic concepts of aluminum alloys and technology characterization of laser selective melting. In addition, solidification theory of SLM process and formation mechanism of metallurgical defects are discussed. Then, the current research status of microstructure, properties and heat treatment of SLM processing aluminum alloys is systematically reviewed respectively. Lastly, a future outlook is given at the end of this review paper.     

选区激光熔化精密成形轻质镁合金的研究进展

选区激光熔化成形作为一种新兴的增材制造工艺,可以实现轻质镁合金复杂构件的一体化精密成形。由于镁合金的化学性质活泼,镁合金的选区激光熔化成形相较于其他合金系更具挑战性,沉积构件的强度、塑性、韧性等力学性能指标整体偏低,抗腐蚀性能整体偏差,所以还需进一步提升其综合性能并拓展镁合金的应用领域。综述了近年来国内外关于镁合金选区激光熔化成形方面的研究,为镁合金的精密一体化成形提供相应的理论基础和指导策略。首先阐述了该新兴工艺的原理及特点,基于镁合金熔沸点低、饱和蒸气压高等特点,综合探讨了微裂纹、孔隙和杂质等缺陷的形核原理,提出了相应的缺陷控制策略。对沉积试样的微观组织进行了分析,并与传统工艺进行了比较,并基于此讨论了合金成分微调控和镁基复合材料这2种实现成分微调控的主要方案。最后结合热处理、热等静压等后处理方式调控微观组织,并对采用摩擦搅拌、激光冲击强化等强化工艺结合选区激光熔化的复合增材制造工艺在线闭合缺陷、调控微观组织等技术进行展望,希望可以进一步提升镁合金的综合性能,促进镁合金更广泛的工程应用。     

A review on selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) of aluminium alloy powders: Processing,microstructure, and properties

Manufacturing businesses aiming to deliver their new customised products more quickly and gain more consumer markets for their products will increasingly employ selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) for fabricating high quality, low cost, repeatable, and reliable aluminium alloy powdered parts for automotive, aerospace, and aircraft applications. However, aluminium powder is known to be uniquely bedevilled with the tenacious surface oxide film which is difficult to avoid during SLS/SLM processing. The tenacity of the surface oxide film inhibits metallurgical bonding across the layers during SLS/SLM processing and this consequently leads to initiation of spheroidisation by Marangoni convection. Due to the paucity of publications on SLS/SLM processing of aluminium alloy powders, we review the current state of research and progress from different perspectives of the SLS/SLM, powder metallurgy (P/M) sintering, and pulsed electric current sintering (PECS) of ferrous, non-ferrous alloys, and composite powders as well as laser welding of aluminium alloys in order to provide a basis for follow-on-research that leads to the development of high productivity, SLS/SLM processing of aluminium alloy powders. Moreover, both P/M sintering and PECS of aluminium alloys are evaluated and related to the SLS process with a view to gaining useful insights especially in the aspects of liquid phase sintering (LPS) of aluminium alloys; application of LPS to SLS process; alloying effect in disrupting the surface oxide film of aluminium alloys; and designing of aluminium alloy suitable for the SLS/SLM process. Thereafter, SLS/SLM parameters, powder properties, and different types of lasers with their effects on the processing and densification of aluminium alloys are considered. The microstructure and metallurgical defects associated with SLS/SLM processed parts are also elucidated by highlighting the mechanism of their formation, the main influencing factors, and the remedial measures. Mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile, and fatigue strength of SLS/SLM processed parts are reported. The final part of this paper summarises findings from this review and outlines the trend for future research in the SLS/SLM processing of aluminium alloy powders.     

激光选区熔化成形薄壁件研究进展

激光选区熔化是一种可以实现近净成形的数字化制造技术,能够制造传统工艺不能生产的复杂薄壁件,被认为是未来制造业的主导方向,应用前景广阔。综述了激光选区熔化成形薄壁件的研究现状,针对于激光选区熔化成形薄壁件成形质量较差、力学性能偏低等问题,重点介绍了工艺参数、热处理工艺以及壁厚等因素对激光选区熔化成形件微观组织、缺陷、成形质量及力学性能的影响,其中成形壁厚存在阈值,随着壁厚增加,薄壁孔隙先增加后减小,力学性能呈相反趋势。最后总结了薄壁件激光选区熔化成形存在的问题及未来的研究方向。     

Selective laser melting of NiTi alloy with superior tensile property and shape memory effect

It is a challenge to develop complex-shaped NiTi shape memory alloy parts by traditional processing methods, due to the poor machinability of NiTi alloy. It is reported that selective laser melting (SLM) of additive manufacturing could overcome this problem. However, the reported SLM-produced NiTi exhibits poor tensile ductility due to the inner defects and adverse unidirectional columnar grains from SLM process. In this work, the defect-less SLM-NiTi with nondirective columnar grains was fabricated by optimizing the intraformational laser scanning length and interformational laser scanning direction. The obtained lath-shaped SLM-NiTi sample exhibits tensile strain of 15.6%, more than twice of the reported maximum result (˜7%). Besides, the SLM-NiTi part with complex geometry displays a shape memory recovery of 99% under compressive deformation of 50%.     

选区激光熔化不锈钢全流程关键问题研究现状与进展

选区激光熔化(SLM)是制造精度最高的金属增材制造工艺,用于制造复杂几何形状的金属零件。316L不锈钢具有面心立方结构,在从熔融态冷却至室温的过程中通常不发生固态相变,基于这种特性,316L不锈钢成为SLM中应用最广泛的金属材料。与传统工艺相比,SLM工艺虽然能够生产高致密、高性能的零件,但是它无法避免孔洞、空隙等缺陷的出现,且存在力学性能差异和需要后处理加工等问题。为了解决这些问题,需揭示SLM制造工艺参数对性能的影响规律。综述了SLM-316L制备全流程前、中和后期在原始粉末、工艺参数及后处理方面的研究现状,首先讨论了粉末质量指标及制粉工艺对不锈钢制件的影响机理;其次总结了激光输入功率、扫描速度等工艺参数对制件性能影响的研究现状;最后对表面机械磨损处理、电解抛光等后处理方式及制件性能影响规律做了简要总结。阐明了通过SLM影响因素预测不锈钢成形零件力学性能的学术观点,以期为获取高质量零件、促进不锈钢材料的实际应用提供一些参考。     

增材制造高熵合金研究进展

高熵合金(High-entropy alloys, HEA)由于具有优异的力学性能、抗高温氧化性能、耐腐蚀性能等优点,受到了越来越多学者的关注。目前高熵合金的制备一般采用传统的铸锻轧,这对于制备一些形状复杂的高端零部件和超细晶组织是一种严峻的挑战,而采用增材制造(Additive Manufacturing,AM)技术是解决上述问题的一个有效途径。重点阐述了国内外近年来在高熵合金增材制造材料种类、快速凝固非平衡组织演化、裂纹等成形缺陷、力学性能及成形特征方面的研究进展,为增材制造高熵合金进一步发展提供一定参考。最后,对增材制造高熵合金的研究进展进行了总结,并对增材制造高熵合金成分的设计提供了一定的思路。     

A Multiscale Understanding of the Thermodynamic and Kinetic Mechanisms of Laser Additive Manufacturing

Selective laser melting (SLM) additive manufacturing (AM) technology has become an important option for the precise manufacturing of complex-shaped metallic parts with high performance. The SLM AM process involves complicated physicochemical phenomena, thermodynamic behavior, and phase transformation as a high-energy laser beam melts loose powder particles. This paper provides multiscale modeling and coordinated control for the SLM of metallic materials including an aluminum (Al)-based alloy (AlSi10Mg), a nickel (Ni)-based super-alloy (Inconel 718), and ceramic particle-reinforced Al-based and Ni-based composites. The migration and distribution mechanisms of aluminium nitride (AlN) particles in SLM-processed Al-based nanocomposites and the in situ formation of a gradient interface between the reinforcement and the matrix in SLM-processed tungsten carbide (WC)/Inconel 718 composites were studied in the microscale. The laser absorption and melting/densification behaviors of AlSi10Mg and Inconel 718 alloy powder were disclosed in the mesoscale. Finally, the stress development during line-by-line localized laser scanning and the parameter-dependent control methods for the deformation of SLM-processed composites were proposed in the macroscale. Multiscale numerical simulation and experimental verification methods are beneficial in monitoring the complicated powder-laser interaction, heat and mass transfer behavior, and microstructural and mechanical properties development during the SLM AM process.