基于DSP的新型超声多普勒流量计设计与实现

文中针对当前工业管道用超声多普勒流量计的性能普遍不高的现状,改进了测量工业管道流量方法,并且采用高速DSP器件TMS320VC5410实现一种新型超声多普勒流量测量系统.实现的新型超声多普勒管道流量测量系统可以动态显示流速和方向、瞬时流量、累积流量、信号强度等测量结果,较高的流速测量动态响应能力以及稳定性,具有较好的推广和应用前景.     

超声多普勒谱修正的油水两相流流速测量

针对水平管道油水两相流流速的无扰动测量问题,提出一种基于超声/电学双模态传感器的流速测量方法。测量系统由连续波超声多普勒传感器和基于电容与电导的电学传感器构成,分别用于获取两相流流速和分相含率。由于连续波多普勒的测量区域集中于管道中心,受流速剖面、含率分布影响,所测得流速并非流体的总表观流速。在假设含率分布满足高斯分布的前提下,建立相含率加权的多普勒能量谱模型,将含率分布的影响因素引入总表观流速的测量,并建立总表管流速和分相表观流速的计算模型。在试验基础上,分别确定水连续和油连续时总表观流速计算模型的参数。试验表明,通过模型计算出的表观流速与实际测量的流速能够较好吻合,总表观流速的相对误差小于6.32%,分相表观流速的方均根误差小于5.64%。     

基于TMS320F28335的超声多普勒流量计

针对当前超声波多普勒流量计电路设计复杂的现状,以TMS320F28335作为核心控制芯片,采用连续波超声多普勒测量方法,设计管道流量测量系统。给出详细的系统设计框图,对利用软件实现差频信号的解调的可行性进行了分析,给出软件设计流程图。结果表明;该设计能简化系统硬件设计,同时具有较高的动态响应能力和测量精度。     

选带细化超声流量计试验分析

文中研究一种用于工业密闭管道流体流量测量的新型超声波多普勒流量计。采用中频调制为基础提取流体流速的方向信息，引入选带细化频谱分析技术（Z00M—FFT）对解调后的超声波多普勒信号进行频谱估计，并以此为基础计算管道流量。该方法能判断流速的方向；降低流速测量下限；提高了流速测量的动态响应速度、实时性以及稳定性。实验表明选通细化超声流量计准确度等级为1．5级。     

激光多普勒风机流速流量特性测量系统

介绍了一种应用激光多普勒原理和数字相关处理技术的流速／流量测量系统。它可以非接触地测量流体速度和流量的瞬时值、平均值以及其它各种有关的统计参数。系统采用小型集成化光学部件和计算机一体化的信号处理器，具有精度高、功能强、压力损失小、使用操作方便和成本低等优点，应用于风机流速／流量特性的测量，可得到完整的流速分布与压差流量基本特性。     

基于多普勒原理的管道流量测量系统的设计

流量计量是计量科学与技术的重要组成部分,且应用广泛.与其他类型流量计相比,超声多普勒流量计具有非接触、高分辨率以及对流体的压力、粘度和温度因素不敏感等优点.文中采用多普勒法实现流量测量,建立了流速、体积流量计算模型,采用了以数字信号处理器(DSP)为信号处理核心的超声多普勒流量测试系统的设计方案.对测试系统部分硬件电路进行了介绍,并分析了主程序设计.对测试系统进行了调试研究.结果表明,该系统达到了拟定5％的精度要求,且稳定性较好.     

超声波流量计的原理及应用

超声流量计是通过检测流体流动时对超声束（或超声脉冲）的作用,以测量体积流量的仪表。文章主要讨论传播时间法、多普勒（效应）法用于测量封闭管道,液体流量的工作原理。     

新型高可靠性超声波流量测量系统

介绍一种工业用大口径超声式气体管道流量测量系统的电路设计。该系统是一种带有微机的全电子式仪器,它克服了带有转子式的气体流量计固有的时漂误差,这种误差的主要来源在于管道中的油污或锈蚀造成了转子的丢转现象。该流量测量系统不仅适于各工厂中大口径管道的各种工业气体的流量测量,也适于西气东输等大型工程项目,具有广泛的应用前景。     

三维“Z”形声道气体超声流量计的试验研究

气体超声流量计用于城市燃气管线的用气计量己成为精确计量的趋势。为满足所需的计量精度和稳定性,流量计在设计时须考虑燃气在管道输送中不同雷诺数的流场下线速度的分布规律,设计合理的声道走向结构,减少紊流干扰造成流量计的测量不稳定性。研发了三维"Z"形声道的气体超声流量计,并对公称直径50 mm～200 mm的流量计进行试验,结果表明:三维"Z"形声道气体超声流量计能有效避开管线轴中心线上高流速区域,在流量范围内,用时差法测量气流流速与流过管道内的平均计算流速在一定的雷诺数范围内有恒定函数关系,从而提高气体超声流量计的计量精度和稳定性。     

天然气管道超声流量计计量方法研究

气体超声流量计是一种依据超声波在速度分布均匀的气体流场中,进行顺逆流传播时间差流量值计算的方法。由于其具有低压损、高精度和宽量程的优势,被广泛应用于天然气贸易计量场合。但是,在使用超声流量计计算流量时,由于扰流元件、管壁粗糙度等因素导致气体流速不均匀,产生计算误差。根据西气东输管道数据,选择DN500和DN1000这2种管径的管道作为研究对象,根据超声流量计测量处前后管段的流场,分析了单声道单弯头和单声道异面双弯头在不同直径、位置和流量等工况条件下,对超声流量计计量误差的影响,为准确计量天然气大管径超声流量计提供参考。     

Blood flow: insights from ultrasound

Ultrasonic pulse-echo systems can provide range-finding, time-position and real-time two-dimensional images of soft-tissue structures within the body. The Doppler effect can be used to study motion and blood flow. Continuous wave Doppler instruments provide information about velocity and direction of flow; depth discrimination can be obtained by pulsing the ultrasound. Two-dimensional Doppler flow imaging can be achieved by manual scanning of a probe over the skin surface. The combination of real-time pulse-echo imaging with pulsed Doppler blood flow detection in the duplex scanner makes it possible to localize the anatomical position of the Doppler sample volume. Real-time Doppler colour flow imaging combines traditional ultrasonic scanning with a two-dimensional flow map. Using appropriate ultrasonic instruments, blood flow volume rates, blood flow velocity profiles, pressure gradients, orifice areas, flow disturbances, jets, characteristics of blood vessels and the circulatory system, and tissue perfusion can all be investigated. These investigations have clinical applications in the study of cardiac, cerebral and peripheral blood flow, blood flow in the female pelvis, the fetus, the abdomen, the neonate, and in malignant tumours. Contemporary ultrasonic diagnosis employs exposure levels that are apparently free from biological risk, but other factors need to be taken into account in considering the prudent use of ultrasonic methods. Promising research is being carried out into the mechanism of ultrasonic scattering by blood, Doppler speckle, time-domain processing for blood flow imaging, methods for increasing the scanning speed, Doppler flow microscopy and contrast agents. The new technology that will result from this research should lead to further substantial progress in ultrasonic blood flow studies.     

Doppler spectrum analysis and flow pattern identification of oil-water two-phase flow using dual-modality sensor

Horizontal oil-water two-phase flow widely exists in petroleum and chemical engineering industry, where the oil and water are usually transported together. As one of most importance process parameters to describe the two-phase flow, the flow pattern can reflect the flow characteristics of inner flow structure and phase distribution. The identification of flow pattern will contribute to develop more accurate measurement model for flow rate or phase fraction and ensure the safety and efficiency of operation in industry. A dual-modality sensor combining with continuous wave ultrasonic Doppler sensor (CWUD) and auxiliary conductance sensor, was proposed to identify flow patterns in horizontal oil-water two-phase flow. In particular, the oil-water flow characteristic was analyzed from Doppler spectrum based on the CWUD sensor. Besides, the dimensionless voltage parameter based on conductance sensor was applied to provide the information of continuous phase in the fluid. Several statistical features were directly extracted without any complicated processing algorithm from Doppler and conductance signals. The extracted features are put into a multi-classification Support Vector Machine (SVM) model to classify five oil-water flow patterns. The results show that the overall identification accuraccy of 94.74% is satisfactory for horizontal oil-water two-phase flow. It also demonstrates that the noninvasive ultrasonic Doppler technique not only can be used for flow velocity measurement but also for flow pattern identification.     

Ultrasonic pulse-Doppler flow meter application for hydraulic power plants

At hydraulic power stations, Pitot tubes have commonly been used to measure flow rates in steel penstocks for performance testing of hydraulic turbines. Due to the difficulties of Pitot tube installation, transit-time ultrasonic flow meters are becoming a popular replacement, but their accuracy is sensitive to velocity profiles that depend on Reynolds numbers and pipe surface roughness. Ultrasonic pulse Doppler flow meters have recently gained favor as suitable tools to measure flow rates in steel penstocks because they can measure instantaneous velocity profiles directly. Field tests were conducted at an actual hydraulic power plant using an ultrasonic pulse Doppler flow meter, and it was found capable of measuring velocity profiles in a large steel penstock with a diameter of over one meter and Reynolds number of more than five million. Furthermore, two ultrasonic transducers were placed on the pipe surface to validate the multi-line measurement of asymmetric flow. Each transducer recorded the velocity profile simultaneously from the pipe centerline to its far wall during plant operation. Velocity profiles were obtained from three-minute measurements to improve the accuracy of flow rate measurements.     

Dual-modality UDV-PIV system for measurement of solid-liquid flow in sewage facilities

Population growth and global industrialization cause a dramatic increase in the amount of sewage sludge produced annually worldwide from Municipal and Industrial Wastewater treatment. The efficient measurement of sewage, which is a typical solid-liquid two-phase flow, has become an important issue that requires to be urgently addressed. In this study, an improved Ultrasonic Doppler Velocimetry (UDV) is proposed to optimize the probe design and hardware design, which reduces the influence of working frequency and echo reverberation on accuracy and improves the stability of the system. A Doppler peak extraction and superposition method is also put forward to correct the offset of Doppler peak frequency. In this paper, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is used to calibrate the UDV system to modify the measurement model of ultrasonic Doppler liquid-solid two-phase flow, and dynamic experiments are carried out in a vertical steel pipe with inner diameter of 50 mm at different flow conditions. The results show that the accuracy and stability of UDV measurement system are greatly improved, with a maximum relative error of 1.49%.     

The influence of the waveguide on the quality of measurements with ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry

The article is devoted to the study of the influence of geometric parameters of sound-conducting walls on the quality of measurement of liquid metal flow velocities by ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry. It was shown that the thickness and radius of a sound-conducting wall (waveguide) have a notable effect on the resulting velocity profiles. The flow in a round pipe, the length of which is much larger than its diameter, is considered as a reference flow. The positive effect of a stepwise waveguides with a diameter smaller than the diameter of the piezoelectric element of an ultrasonic transducer on the quality of velocity measurements was verified experimentally. It was found that the accuracy of the resulting velocity profiles largely depends on the length and the material of the waveguides, as well as the velocity of the incoming flow of liquid metal.     

Human left main coronary artery blood flow: noninvasive Doppler echocardiography with sample volume tracking

We developed sample volume tracking units that controlled the pulsed ultrasonic Doppler sample volume location in relation with the anterior-posterior movement of the human left main coronary artery (LMCA). Combined with noninvasive Doppler echocardiographic mechanical sector scanners (DS), the trackers controlled the axial location of the sample volume by range gate control. The Doppler angle was minimized with the long axis of the imaged LMCA. Both stored waveform, memory-driven (MD) and real-time (RT) trackers were developed. These devices were used to measure blood velocity spectral waveforms and lumen diameters, which were used to calculate flow. Using the RT tracker, we compared DS measurements with known flows (0-1000 ml/min) in a moving 4 mm tygon tubing phantom (r = 0.92, SEE = 32 ml/min). Using the MD tracker, we compared the DS with simultaneous invasive flow measurements in 11 patients with angiographically normal coronaries and ventricular function during cardiac catheterization. Using the RT tracker, we compared the DS measurements with subsequent nonsimultaneous, invasive flow data in 8 similar patients. Invasively determined flows were calculated from angiographic diameters and blood velocities which were obtained with a Doppler velocimeter catheter. Regression coefficients (r) were: (Table: see text). V = maximum velocity, D = diameter, Q = mean flow, *p less than .05 Interoperator and intraoperator variabilities in vivo of DS measurements with RT tracking were 21% and 15%, respectively. We conclude that Doppler echocardiography with either MD or RT sample volume tracking may be of limited clinical usefulness in the noninvasive measurement of phasic left main coronary artery blood flow in unselected patients.     

Use of gas bubbles for ultrasound Doppler flow velocity profile measurement

Ultrasonic velocimetry based on the Doppler shift effect accurately provides quasi-instantaneous flow fields for fluids with a sufficiently high acoustic scattering level. However, ultrasonic velocity instruments are known to perform poorly in clear water with low acoustic scattering level, which are frequent conditions in laboratory applications. This work confirms a technique to solve the problem by seeding the flow with micro hydrogen bubbles, generated by means of electrolysis.This paper investigates the influence of gas bubbles density on the quality of the ultrasound Doppler based velocity profiles in an open channel flow. The bubbles are generated by electrolysis of water using different magnitudes of electrical current. The estimation of the number of bubbles in the measurement volume confirms that the bubble diameter is similar to that of the wire used for electrolysis. This enables to determine the minimum density of gas bubbles needed to obtain a reasonably good echo and therefore an accurate velocity profile.