A statistical model for the factory radio channel

A statistical model, based on experimental data, is presented to characterize the multipath propagation medium in typical manufacturing environments. The statistical behavior of the medium is described by a time-varying impulse response which includes the distribution of the parameters of the channel such as the gain, the interarrival time, and the number of paths. The resolvable components in a number of experimentally measured pulse responses of indoor factory radio channels were used to estimate the channel statistics. The interarrival times of the signals were modeled by the Weibull distribution. A model for the distribution of signals was presented using the modified beta distribution. The path gain coefficients were represented using the Rayleigh, Rician, or log-normal distributions. The model for the factory channel is flexible enough to fit the data for other indoor sites by changing the parameters of the factory channel appropriately relative to the size, topography, and other structural features of the site     

A statistical discrete-time model for the WSSUS multipath channel

The computation of the tap gains of the discrete-time representation of a slowly time-varying multipath channel is investigated. Assuming the channel is wide-sense stationary with uncorrelated scattering (WSSUS), a known Monte Carlo based method approximating the given scattering function (which fully determines the WSSUS channel) is extended by including filtering and sampling. The result is a closed-form solution for the tap gains. This allows the efficient simulation of the continuous-time channel with, e.g., only one sample per symbol, and without explicit digital filtering     

A general statistical channel model for mobile satellite systems

In order to guarantee the service quality and reliability for mobile satellite communication systems, we have to take into account outages due to obstruction of the line-of-sight path between a satellite and a mobile terminal as well as the signal fluctuation caused by interference from multipath radio waves. Thus, we need a good characterization for the satellite propagation channel. In this paper, we derive a general statistical model for mobile communication systems based on propagation scattering theory. Both the probability density function (PDF) of the received signal envelope and that of received signal power are given. This model is shown to be more general than previously known statistical models and can provide a better fit to the experimental data. This new model will play a significant role in the design of mobile satellite communication systems     

A statistical model of mobile-to-mobile land communication channel

A statistical model applicable to a local area has been developed for mobile-to-mobile urban and suburban land communication channels. Using the model, the probability distributions of the received envelope and phase, spatial-time correlation function, and the power spectral density of the complex envelope have been developed.     

Adjacent channel interference in a macrocell/microcell WCDMA system

This paper studies the impacts of adjacent channel interference (ACI) on uplink capacity in a multi‐macrocell/multi‐microcell wideband code‐division multiple access (WCDMA) system. A method is presented for computing ACI and deriving capacity limitation. This method is based on an interference analysis that accounts for shadow fading, and random distribution of mobile users. The results indicate that both the base station (BS) separation and adjacent channel interference power ratio (ACIR) strongly affect system capacity reduction. The proposed method in this paper is useful for measuring the impacts of ACI on uplink capacity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于 Inverted-Parabolic 分布的空间统计信道模型

针对在非均匀散射体分布下信号到达角度、到达时间以及多普勒效应等信道参数估计的复杂性,提出一种合理的空间信道模型,并引入几何分割法导出基于散射体Inverted-Parabolic分布的空间统计信道模型。模型能方便地估计室外宏小区和微小区移动通信环境下各种重要的空时信道参数,如AOA、TOA概率分布密度函数和多普勒功率谱以及信号的空—时相关性。数值结果与均匀散射体圆模型和高斯散射体圆模型对比表明本模型的信道参数估计结果符合理论和经验,且与实测结果吻合较好。在基站设计采用指向性天线时研究了移动台MS的多普勒效应,修正了Clarke U-shaped经典模型,阐明了天线主瓣宽度 、空间模型参数D/R和MS移动参数影响信道参数的机理。     

Geometry‐based statistical channel model and performance for MIMO antennas

To test an adaptive array algorithm in cellular communications, we developed a geometry‐based statistical channel model for radio propagation environments, which provides the statistics of the angle of arrival and time of arrival of the multipath components. This channel model assumes that each multipath component of the propagating signal undergoes only one bounce traveling from the transmitter to the receiver and that scattering objects are located according to Gaussian and exponential spatial distributions, and a new scatterer distribution is proposed as a trade‐off between the outdoor and the indoor propagation environments. Using the channel model, we analyze the effects of directional antennas at the base station on the Doppler spectrum of a mobile station due to its motion and the performance of its MIMO systems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于分层几何单反射原理的连续时间时变矢量信道模型

提出了一种适用于智能天线技术的新的基于分层几何单反射原理的连续时间时变矢量信道传播模型。在此基础上,直接从矢量信道冲击响应出发,得到了宽带连续时间无线信道数学模型,通过改变几何参数,可以仿真具有任意衰落特性的无线信道。*     

The ultra-wide bandwidth indoor channel: from statistical model to simulations

We establish a statistical model for the ultra-wide bandwidth (UWB) indoor channel based on an extensive measurement campaign in a typical modern office building with 2-ns delay resolution. The approach is based on the investigation of the statistical properties of the multipath profiles measured in different rooms over a finely spaced measurement grid. The analysis leads to the formulation of a stochastic tapped-delay-line (STDL) model of the UWB indoor channel. The averaged power delay profile can be well-modeled by a single exponential decay with a statistically distributed decay constant. The small-scale statistics of path energy gains follow Gamma distributions whose parameters m are truncated Gaussian variables with mean values and standard deviations decreasing with delay. The total received energy experiences a lognormal shadowing around the mean energy given by the path-loss power law. We also find that the correlation between multipath components is negligible. Finally, we propose an implementation of the STDL model and give a comparison between the experimental data and the simulation results.     

5G网络中无人机-车辆非平稳信道模型与统计特性分析

针对无人机到车辆通信场景,提出了一种椭圆-圆柱-半球几何非平稳无人机-车辆信道模型。为了描述收发端周围散射体分布情况,一次散射径的散射体分布用同心椭圆面模拟;在二次散射径建模中,无人机侧散射体分布采用同心圆柱体模拟,并且车辆侧散射体分布使用同心半球体模拟;地面一次反射径的反射点分布则通过半球底面同心圆来模拟。为了进一步研究信道的非平稳特性,在各路径分量的二维角度服从Von Mises分布、Laplacian分布以及Von Mises Fisher分布的基础上,推导了时间自相关函数、空间互相关函数和多普勒频谱密度函数。仿真结果表明,理论值与测量值具有较好的拟合度,所提出的信道模型可以作为无人机到车辆非平稳信道建模的设计方案。     

基于一阶统计量的CDMA信道估计方法

本文是基于一阶统计量的CDMA信道估计方法研究,导出了信道估计和方差运算表达式,进行了估计器性能及峰均功率比分析.算法对信道没有特殊要求、运算简单且没有信息速率的损失.仿真结果验证了其有效性.     

基于雨衰雪衰影响的空间信道统计模型

针对某些特殊的移动通信环境中信号的到达角度( TOA)、到达时间( AOA)等信道参数估计的复杂性,提出一种基于散射体均匀分布室外统计信道模型。该模型将树木中的树冠层作为散射体呈均匀分布在移动台与基站周围的椭圆形区域内,通过树冠层在雨雪环境中的相对介电常数来分析降雨降雪量对信号传输带来的影响,可以方便地估计出此室外微小区的空时信道参数,如AOA概率密度分布函数、TOA概率密度分布函数以及到达角度/到达时间( AOA/TOA )联合概率密度分布函数。仿真结果表明,信号的到达时间TOA以及到达角度AOA随着降雨降雪量的增大而增大,尤其当降雪量增大使得树冠层相对介电常数达到4.5时,信号的传输将被阻塞。该模型的信道参数估计结果符合理论与经验,扩展了移动无线通信信道模型的研究与应用。     

Net-based force-directed macrocell placement for wirelength optimization

We propose a net-based hierarchical macrocell placement such that "net placement" dictates the cell placement. The proposed approach has four phases. 1) Net clustering and net-level floorplanning phase: a weighted net dependency graph is built from the input register-transfer-level netlist. Clusters of nets are then formed by clique partitioning and a net-cluster level floorplan is obtained by simulated annealing. The floorplan defines the regions where the nets in each cluster must be routed. 2) Force-directed net placement phase: a force-directed net placement is performed which yields a coarse net-level placement without consideration for the cell placement. 3) Iterative net terminal and cell placement phase: a force-directed net and cell placement is performed iteratively. The terminals of a net are free to move under the influence of forces in the quest for optimal wire length. The cells with high net length cost may "jump" out of local minima by ignoring the rejection forces. The overlaps are reduced by employing electrostatic rejection forces. 4) Overlap removal and input/output (I/O) pin assignment phase: Overlap removal is performed by a grid-based heuristic. I/O pin assignment is performed by minimum-weight bipartite matching. Placements generated by the proposed approach are compared with those generated by Cadence Silicon Ensemble and the O-tree floorplanning algorithm. On average, the proposed approach improves both the total wire length and longest wire length by 18.9% and 28.3%, respectively, with an average penalty of 5.6% area overhead.     

Geometrical-based lip-reading using template probabilistic multi-dimension dynamic time warping

By identifying lip movements and characterizing their associations with speech sounds, the performance of speech recognition systems can be improved, particularly when operating in noisy environments. In this paper, we present a geometrical-based automatic lip reading system that extracts the lip region from images using conventional techniques, but the contour itself is extracted using a novel application of a combination of border following and convex hull approaches. Classification is carried out using an enhanced dynamic time warping technique that has the ability to operate in multiple dimensions and a template probability technique that is able to compensate for differences in the way words are uttered in the training set. The performance of the new system has been assessed in recognition of the English digits 0 to 9 as available in the CUAVE database. The experimental results obtained from the new approach compared favorably with those of existing lip reading approaches, achieving a word recognition accuracy of up to 71% with the visual information being obtained from estimates of lip height, width and their ratio.     

Capacity analysis for underlaying CDMA microcell/macrocell systems

The CDMA system can provide more capacity than the conventional AMPS system and the hierarchical layer of cells is required for system design in the future. However, the problem is whether the same RF channels used in a CDMA underlaying macrocell/microcell structure also obtain high capacity as in the homogeneous structure. This paper investigates the interference of uplink and downlink from both the microcell and macrocell in a hierarchical structure. Downlink power control is also considered. The results show that the capacity of microcell in a hierarchical structure is 23 per cent less than in homogeneous cells. The capacity of macrocell in a hierarchical structure decreases dramatically in proportion to the number of microcells. The capacities of the microcell and macrocell are limited in downlink, and uplink, respectively. In addition, more efforts for microcell should be made, such as more power is transmitted by microcell basestation if the same RF channel is used in a hierarchical structure. The results suggest that different RF channels are used in a two‐tier cellular environment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Two-way cooperative communications with statistical channel knowledge

We consider the problem of distributed beamforming for a two-way relay network which consists of two transceivers and multiple relay nodes. The main assumption in this work, which differentiates it from previously reported results, is that one of the transceivers is assumed to have only statistical information about channels between the other transceiver and the relay nodes. This assumption imposes less stringent restrictions on the bandwidth required to obtain channel state information via training. Based on this statistical modeling, we propose to use a chance-constrained programming approach to design a distributed beamforming algorithm. In this approach, we aim to minimize the total transmit power (consumed in the entire network) as perceived by one of the transceivers, subject to two probabilistic constraints. These constraints guarantee that the outage probability of the transceivers' received SNRs, as perceived by the master transceiver, is not less than certain given thresholds. We prove rigorously that such an approach leads to a relay selection algorithm where the relay with the strongest channel coefficient to the master transceiver participates in relaying and the remaining relays are shut off. As such, the optimal distributed beamforming algorithm is simplified to a power control solution. Closed-form solution to this problem is obtained and its performance is evaluated through numerical examples.     

Geometrical statistical channel model arisen from scatterers around the mobile with an inverted-parabolic spatial distribution

In this paper,firstly presented a geometrically based statistical channel model with scatterers that are with an inverted parabolic spatial distribution around mobile station(MS) within a circle wherein the base station(BS) and MS are included.This paper proposed a technique to simply derive probability density functions(PDFs) of angle of arrival(AOA),time of arrival(TOA) and Doppler spectra to characterize the outdoor macrocell and microcell environments by employing various distances between BS and MS,or different size of circular region.Employing this channel model,we analyze the impacts of a directional antenna at BS with the main-lobe width 2 on the fading and the Doppler spectra.     

扩展式机动目标当前统计模型

在许多实际情况中,目标测量值通常在极坐标或球坐标中得到,而不是在笛卡尔坐标中得到。此时,目标跟踪实际上是非线性的。在众多的军事与非军事领域,机动目标跟踪都是一个非常重要的问题。机动目标跟踪的困难之处在于目标模型的不确定性。针对非线性机动目标跟踪问题,本文提出了一种扩展式当前统计模型机动目标跟踪算法。该算法不需要假定目标的机动加速度模型,而是直接正确地估计出机动目标的当前状态,不存在任何估计滞后与修正问题。最后,给出了算法的仿真分析。     

Three-dimensional statistical model for gingival contour reconstruction

Optimal gingival contours around restored teeth and implants are of critical importance for restorative success and esthetics. This paper describes a novel computer-aided methodology for building a 3-D statistical model of gingival contours from a 3-D scan dental dataset and reconstructing missing gingival contours in partially edentulous patients. The gingival boundaries were first obtained from the 3-D dental model through a discrete curvature analysis and shortest path searching algorithm. Based on the gingival shape differential characteristics, the boundaries were demarcated to construct the gingival contour of each individual tooth. Through B-spline curve approximation to each gingival contour, the control points of the B-spline curves are used as the shape vector for training the model. Statistical analysis results demonstrate that the method can give a simple but compact model that effectively capture the most important variations in arch width and shape as well as gingival morphology and position. Within this statistical model, the morphologically plausible missing contours can be inferred based on a nonlinear optimization fitting from the global similarity transformation, the model shape deformation and a Mahalanobis prior. The reconstruction performance is evaluated through large simulated experimental data and a real patient case, which demonstrates the effectiveness of this approach.