基于有限元分析的裂纹比拟法估算微动疲劳寿命

采用Ansys有限元软件对方足微动桥/平面试样接触状态进行分析,确定试样微动接触面上应力场分布和接触面三区(黏着区、滑移区、张开区)分布特征,分析接触面上接触状态随外加交变载荷的变化规律,在此基础上改进微动疲劳(fretting fatigue,FF)寿命估算的裂纹比拟法(crack analogue method,CAM)。选取不同水平的循环载荷及不同名义接触压力对Ti811钛合金试样在350℃下进行微动疲劳试验,验证改进裂纹比拟法(modified crack analogue method,MCAM)的准确性。结果表明,微动疲劳中接触面压应力与剪应力在黏/滑交界区存在突变,张应力幅在滑移/张开分界处达到最大值,裂纹易在此萌生并扩展。改进的裂纹比拟法估算值与实验结果取得良好的一致性。     

发动机链条的微动接触有限元分析

为分析外链板和销轴接触面的过盈量与摩擦因数对配合表面微动磨损的影响,应用Ansys有限元软件对其接触面应力进行有限元分析,分别计算不同过盈量和不同摩擦因数下,接触面上可能最先发生微裂纹的接触线上的接触状态(黏着区、滑移区和张开区)和应力分布情况.结果表明,接触线上拉应力与剪应力在接触线的黏滑交界点处都达到极大值,使得微动裂纹更易于在此处萌生与扩展;通过改变接触面摩擦因数与过盈量,可以对黏滑交界点的位置(微动裂纹萌生扩展的位置)进行调整.     

微动接触疲劳机理的数值分析研究

工作中的两部件由于受到循环载荷作用产生微动,加上接触区边缘的高应力梯度,会导致部件接触表面损伤、产生裂纹,进而造成微动疲劳,严重降低零部件的使用寿命。针对常见微动疲劳问题,利用有限元软件ABAQUS进行数值分析,得到接触区的最大接触应力,与牛津大学Hills提出的接触理论计算得到的解析结果进行对比,验证有限元模型的准确性,分析法向载荷、轴向载荷对相对滑移、接触应力、等效应力、Ruiz参数κ2等的影响,进而确定其对微动疲劳的影响。综合分析结果,微动疲劳多发生在两部件接触区的边缘,且微动疲劳问题主要与滑移幅值及接触区的状态密切相关。     

新型空心车轴轮对过盈配合微动疲劳特性分析

铁道机车车辆在运行过程中,机车轮对过盈配合,但是接触边缘由于微动会产生微动损伤。微动幅值和界面应力是影响轮对过盈配合面微动特性的重要因素。利用通用有限元软件ABAQUS对动车组轮对过盈配合面在31kN轴重载荷作用下的微动情况进行了模拟分析。通过计算,获得轮对过盈配合面内、外侧区域的轮座与轮毂的接触副的应力分布和相对滑动规律,并通过能量密度法计算接触面的损伤因子,判断轮对接触面的损伤情况。结果表明,能量密度法可以预测该结构的微动疲劳特性。     

协调接触微动面裂纹萌生位置研究

为了探究协调接触条件下材料的微动疲劳失效机理,针对亚共晶铝硅合金ZL702A,使用有限元法建立了协调接触微动分析非线性模型,研究了试验条件下微动面的应力响应特征、断裂位置以及轴向载荷、法向载荷等因素对微动滑移量的影响,使用微动综合参数进一步验证了裂纹的萌生位置。结果表明:对于协调接触微动疲劳情形,微动表面并不一定必然存在微动滑移区,可能处于完全粘着状态,接触状态与轴向疲劳载荷、法向压力均有关系,微动滑移量几乎总是随轴向疲劳载荷的增加而增加,法向接触载荷越大,最大滑移量越小;如果存在微动滑移区,试件断裂位置处于粘滑过渡区;如果微动面处于完全粘着微动状态,试件断裂的位置处于压头与试件的接触边缘。     

柴油机主轴承轴瓦微动损伤可靠性分析

车用柴油机功率密度和轻量化要求不断提高,往往导致发动机零部件的刚度不足,部件接触面之间产生微位移和微动磨损,对零部件和整机的可靠性产生较大影响.对一款车用柴油机,建立曲轴、轴瓦、螺栓、机体、连杆多体接触有限元模型,根据发动机运行工况,分析一个循环内的载荷和应力分布变化规律;结合微动磨损的Archard模型和微动疲劳的S...     

基于ANSYS Workbench梳棉机回转盖板疲劳寿命分析

探讨梳棉机回转盖板的疲劳寿命分析。通过与Mindlin理论比较,建立有限元模型及对计算分析结果对比,验证了应用ANSYS有限元分析软件分析盖板与曲轨间平面/平面接触形式的微动疲劳的正确性。同时运用ANSYS Workbench软件对梳棉机回转盖板进行了疲劳寿命分析,通过分析应力云图以及在交变载荷作用下回转盖板的安全系数及疲劳累积损伤系数,验证了回转盖板设计的合理性。     

压装轴微动疲劳主裂纹萌生位置的分析

为研究压装轴微动疲劳主裂纹的萌生位置,进行由锁紧环、压装垫环和压装轴试样组成的过盈配合结构的旋转弯曲加载条件下的微动疲劳试验,观察不同名义弯曲应力对应的试样的主裂纹萌生位置,发现主裂纹位于比张开区更深的接触内部。针对试验加载条件,采用有限元软件ANSYS,进行弹性有限元仿真分析,运用Ruiz法预测不同名义弯曲应力下试样的主裂纹萌生位置,并将Ruiz法的预测结果与疲劳试验的测量结果进行比较。结果表明,随着名义弯曲应力的增加,预测误差大幅度的增加。研究发现,接触边缘处发生的接触面张开现象是引起预测误差的主要原因;基于Ruiz法预测压装轴微动疲劳裂纹萌生位置时,需要考虑在接触边缘处接触面张开区宽度的影响,特别是对于名义弯曲应力与接触压力的比值较大的压装工况。     

Ti-6Al-4V燕尾榫结构微动疲劳裂纹萌生及扩展行为研究

针对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金燕尾榫连接结构在不同载荷下的微动疲劳现象,采用榫形微动疲劳试验进行研究,并对裂纹萌生扩展、微动磨损及断口进行分析。结果表明,微动疲劳使构件疲劳寿命显著降低约70%;疲劳载荷对微动裂纹扩展的影响比对裂纹萌生的影响更大;微动疲劳裂纹起始于接触面边缘,与接触表面约成45°角,裂纹扩展到60~150μm后转向与接触表面垂直;微动疲劳断口形貌表面在微动磨损区具有多个裂纹源点,但只有一个主裂纹形成。     

接触面应力强度对微动裂纹萌生特性的影响

根据微动接触副的几何结构和接触状态,以柱面桥脚微动桥与平面试样接触为研究对象,基于ANSYS软件建立其微动疲劳损伤有限元模型,分析应力强度和应力强度幅度对微动裂纹萌生特性的影响规律,采用SWT临界面法预测微裂纹萌生位置并与试验结果进行比较。结果表明:柱面桥脚微动桥与平面试样接触副在接触区存在应力集中,最大应力强度幅度出现在微动桥脚外侧接触区,在轴向应力作用下,此处的应变量最大,易于裂纹的萌生;SWT临界面法预测裂纹萌生位置与最大应力强度幅度所在位置一致,并与试验结果吻合。     

Characterization of fretting wear behavior of Cu–Al coating on Ti–6Al–4V substrate

Fretting wear and fretting fatigue are two commonly observed material damages when two contacting bodies with a clamping load are under the oscillatory motion. In this study, fretting wear damage of Cu–Al coating on titanium alloy, Ti–6Al–4V substrate was investigated using the dissipated energy approach. Fretting tests were conducted with either no fatigue load or the maximum fatigue load of 300 MPa and stress ratio of 0.1 on the substrate (specimen). In order to investigate the effect of contact load and contact size, different pad sizes and contact loads were used in the tests. Accumulated dissipated energy versus wear volume data showed a linear relationship regardless of fatigue loading condition on specimen with the smaller pad size. However, two separate linear relationships were observed based on the fatigue loading condition with the larger pad size, such that a relatively more dissipated energy was required for a certain amount of wear with fatigue load on the specimen. The linear relationship between the accumulated dissipated energy and wear volume for both pad sizes extended from partial to gross slip regimes and was not affected by the applied contact load. Further, fretting tests with and without fatigue load resulted in different shapes of fretting loops when the larger pad size was used.     

Modeling of geometry effects in fretting fatigue

The stress field that results from two bodies in contact is an important aspect that governs the fretting fatigue behavior of materials. Applied loads as well as contact geometries influence the contact stresses. The profile of an indenter and the boundary conditions provide sufficient information from which the surface tractions and the corresponding subsurface stresses have been calculated in a semi-infinite halfspace using singular integral equations. In this investigation, a numerical subroutine was developed to calculate the surface tractions and the corresponding surface and subsurface stresses of an arbitrary finite thickness infinite plate subjected to loading through a random indenter. The results from the detailed stress analysis of the contact region are required by both an initiation and fracture mechanics approach. While initiation criteria involving stress gradient fields, such as sharp notches and edges of contact in fretting fatigue, are not well established or agreed upon, stress intensity factor calculations using tools such as weight functions are more reliable. The stress intensity analysis, which is used to determine whether an initiated crack will continue to grow if it is above the threshold, depends on many variables in the stress analysis such as pad and specimen geometry, loading configuration and friction coefficient. The contact stress analysis has been used to determine equivalent stress parameters that are related to the initiation of a crack. Similarly the numerical subroutine for the contact stresses is used in conjunction with the stress intensity analysis to determine the influence of the geometry, loading configuration and friction coefficient on the stress intensity factor. Results from high-cycle fretting fatigue experiments are used to determine the threshold stress intensity factor for a given configuration. The combination of the numerical and experimental analysis is then used to develop a tool for high-cycle fretting fatigue based on a threshold approach involving a go–no go criterion.     

Effect of dissimilar mating materials and contact force on fretting fatigue behavior of Ti–6Al–4V

Fretting fatigue behavior of a titanium alloy, Ti–6Al–4V, in contact with two pad materials having quite differing values of hardness and elastic modulus (aluminum alloy 2024 and Inconel 718) using “cylinder-on-flat” configuration was investigated at different applied stress levels and contact forces. Applied contact forces for both pad materials were selected to provide two Hertzian peak pressures of 292 and 441 MPa. Finite element analyses of all tests were also conducted which showed that an increase in contact force resulted in a smaller relative slip amplitude and a larger width of stick zone. These two factors, along with the lower coefficient of friction during fretting, resulted in less fretting damage on the contact surface of specimen subjected to higher contact force relative to that at lower contact force regardless of the hardness difference of mating materials. Also, an increase in hardness resulted in greater fretting damage on the contact surface of specimens only at higher contact force. Further, the fretting fatigue life decreased with an increase of applied contact force at higher applied effective stress, while it increased at lower applied effective stress with both pad materials. These observations suggest that there is complex interaction among hardness difference between mating surfaces, relative slip amplitude, and stress state in the contact region during fretting fatigue of dissimilar materials.     

Fretting fatigue crack initiation behavior using process volume approach and finite element analysis

This study investigates crack initiation behavior by incorporating fretting fatigue process volume. Three critical plane based fretting fatigue crack initiation parameters are characterized by computing their averaged values over the process volume and then comparing with their counterparts obtained from the localized approach. Two approaches are used: first one involves the computation of parameter at several points over a rectangular region and then its average, and second approach computes the average state of stress/strain over a radial region from which the averaged parameter is calculated. Both approaches require pre-determination of a critical location at or around which the process volume needs to be placed. Effects of size and location of process volume on the averaged value of parameters are studied in detail. Two radii of cylindrical pad are analyzed to investigate the effect of severity of stress gradient on process volume approach. Effects of finite element mesh refinement are also investigated. Averaged value of parameter decreases with the increase of process volume size. This decrease is higher when the process volume is located in the region that is away from the contact zone. Further, a parameter based on normal stress on the critical plane shows more dependence on the size of process volume than that based on shear stress or on a combination of both shear and normal stresses. Orientation of crack initiation changes within a range that is well within the scatter band of experimental observations as the process volume size increases. Averaged value of parameter for a pad with higher stress gradient has a larger reduction with the increase of process volume size than that with a lower stress gradient. Process volume size has less effect on the averaged value of parameter with coarser finite element mesh. Finally, the localized approach provides a conservative value of fretting fatigue crack initiation parameter compared to its counterpart based on the process volume.     

Finite Element Analysis of Localized Plasticity in Al 2024-T3 Subjected to Fretting Fatigue

Fretting fatigue is a combination of two complex mechanical phenomena, namely, fretting and fatigue. Fretting appears between components that are subjected to small relative oscillatory motion. Once these components undergo cyclic fatigue load at the same time, fretting fatigue occurs. Fretting fatigue is an important issue in aerospace structural design. Many studies have investigated fretting fatigue behavior; however, the majority have assumed elastic deformation and very few have considered the effect of plasticity. The main goal of this study is to monitor the effect of different fretting fatigue primary variables on localized plasticity in an aluminum alloy (Al 2024-T3) test specimen. In order to extract the stress distribution at the contact interface under elasto-plastic conditions, a modified finite element contact model was used. The contact model was verified through comparison with an elastic analytical solution. Then, a bilinear elasto-plastic isotropic hardening model with a von Mises yield surface was implemented to simulate the material behavior of the aluminum alloy. The effect of different fretting fatigue primary variables, such as axial stress, contact geometry, and coefficient of friction, on localized plasticity was investigated. Finally, the relationship between the location of maximum localized plasticity and Ruiz fretting damage parameter with the crack initiation site is discussed.     

Prediction of fretting fatigue behavior under elastic-plastic conditions

Fretting fatigue generally leads to the degradation of the fatigue strength of a material due to cyclic micro-slip between two contacting materials. Fretting fatigue is regarded as an important issue in designing aerospace structures. While many studies have evaluated fretting fatigue behavior under elastic deformation conditions, few have focused on fretting fatigue behavior under elastic-plastic deformation conditions, especially the crack orientation and fatigue life prediction for Ti-6Al-4V. The primary goal of this study was to characterize the fretting fatigue crack initiation behavior in the presence of plasticity. Experimental tests were performed using pad configurations involving elastic-plastic deformations. To calculate stress distributions under elastic-plastic fretting fatigue conditions, FEA was also performed. Several parametric approaches were used to predict fretting fatigue life along with stress distribution resulting from FEA. However, those parameters using surface stresses were unable to establish an equivalence between elastic fretting fatigue data and elastic-plastic fretting fatigue data. Based on this observation, the critical distance methods, which are commonly used in notch analysis, were applied to the fretting fatigue problem. In conclusion, the effective strain range method when used in conjunction with the SMSSR parameter showed a good correlation of data points between the pad configurations involving elastic and elastic plastic deformations.     

轧机油膜轴承锥套接触疲劳损伤的机理分析

研究了油膜轴承锥套与辊颈接触表面在轧制载荷作用下发生微动疲劳损伤的力学机理。在分析油膜轴承油膜压力分布特征的基础上,采用有限元法给出了锥套与辊颈接触区边缘产生接触应力集中和微滑移的分布规律,阐明了弹性结合连接的锥套与辊颈接触表面产生微动疲劳损伤的原因。利用断裂力学裂纹尖端应力场与接触边缘区域应力局部渐近场的等效原则,给出了疲劳裂纹自点蚀处萌生与扩展的力学条件。上述结果为锥套和辊颈的实际损伤状态及模拟试验所验证。     

Finite element analysis of shot-peening effect on fretting fatigue parameters

Shot peening is widely used to improve the fretting fatigue strength of critical surfaces. Fretting fatigue occurs in contacting parts that are subjected to fluctuating loads and sliding movements at the same time. This paper presents a sequential finite element simulation to investigate the shot peening effects on normal stress, shear stress, bulk stress and slip amplitude, which are considered to be the controlling parameters of fretting damage. The results demonstrated that among the modifications related to shot peening, compressive residual stress has a dominant effect on the fretting parameters.     

Life estimation of Ti-6Al-4V specimens subjected to fretting fatigue and effect of surface treatments

Suitability of different multi-axial parameters in predicting fretting fatigue life of Ti-6Al-4V specimens has been investigated. Ameliorating effect of surface treatments on fretting fatigue has been studied. In simple uni-axial/multi-axial fatigue tests, nucleation as well as propagation of cracks occur under the influence of identical stresses. Hence nucleation accounts for most of the total life. Fretting fatigue crack nucleation occurs due to very large contact stresses, effect of which is felt only close to the surface (due to steep gradients). Propagation mostly occurs due to lower stresses in the bulk of the material (negligible influence of contact tractions) and forms a significant portion of total life. Total life has to be taken as sum of initiation life calculated from different multi-axial fatigue parameters and propagation life from conventional fracture mechanics approach. Steep stress gradients necessitate the adoption of a statistics based approach to predict the crack initiation life, based on an assumed distribution of flaws. The quality of comparison between predicted and experimentally observed failure lives provides confidence in the notion that conventional fatigue life prediction tools can be used to assess fretting fatigue failure. Effect of surface treatments like shot-peening with or without additional surface coatings on total life of the specimen and on friction coefficient has been studied.