芬顿的原理与应用

电芬顿作为一种新型电化学氧化技术,由于它在阴极和阳极都能产生羟基自由基(·OH)氧化降解水体中污染物,引起了学者们广泛的关注。针对含苯酚废水来源广、危害大、成分复杂的特点,采用Fenton技术对苯酚废水的处理效果进行了研究,考察了催化剂、氧化剂、粉煤灰的用量和pH值对芬顿试剂氧化苯酚的影响。     

太阳光Fenton氧化-混凝联合处理含酚废水

研究了煤气含酚废水和模拟苯酚废水的太阳光Fenton氧化-混凝联合处理技术,比较了混凝法、太阳光Fenton氧化法及其联合技术对含酚废水的处理效果。结果表明,太阳光Fenton体系可有效地氧化降解含酚废水,但废水完全矿化所需的H2O2用量较大,导致处理成本较高。含酚废水直接采用混凝处理的效果不理想,CODCr和挥发酚去除率较低(6.5%～28.7%)。采用太阳光Fenton氧化-混凝联合技术处理中等浓度的煤气含酚废水,使其CODCr和挥发酚浓度达到国家二级排放标准,只需投加700mg/L的H2O2,而单纯采用太阳光Fenton氧化所需消耗的H2O2大于2800mg/L,即联合技术可节约H2O2用量3倍以上。结果还表明晴天下太阳光Fenton氧化反应45min与人工电紫外光Fenton氧化反应30min对含酚废水的处理效果相当。太阳光Fenton氧化-混凝联合技术具有能耗低、处理效率高、处理量大等特点,在环境治理领域具有更广阔的应用前景。     

工业有机废水深度处理系统技术研究

本文研究了“萃取+共沸-水蒸汽精馏+改性活性污泥法+芬顿氧化”的系统新技术,使用萃取剂萃取废水中不能形成共沸的有机物,再加入共沸剂,通入水蒸汽,使有机物与水形成共沸气体而逸出,经冷凝分离出有机物;通过添加特异性菌种和改变营养条件等,使活性污泥细菌种群中的目标菌变成为优势菌,实现去除目的污染物的预期;采用芬顿氧化等去除菌类等剩余物,使工业有机废水获得深度处理而回收利用,实现零排放。     

多种工艺联合处理医药废水的研究

介绍了应用“混凝沉淀-芬顿氧化-微电解-混凝沉淀-UBF-接触氧化-沉淀-活性炭吸附”多种工艺联合处理医药及其中间体生产废水。处理后的废水经监测证明,各项指标均达到国家排放标准,其中COD、BOD、SS及色度的去除率分别为99.5%、98.6%、85.7%和97.2%以上。为医药难降解废水的处理开辟了新途径。     

高浓度切削乳化液废水预处理试验研究

针对高浓度切削乳化液废水,采用破乳-多元微电解-芬顿氧化-中和絮凝沉淀组合工艺处理具有较好的效果,COD去除率能达到80％以上,且出水澄清透明,不会导致废水盐分过度升高,有利于后续生化处理的进行.     

类芬顿催化剂强化去除喷漆废水COD的研究

目前环保行业中,喷漆废水的处理因其COD浓度高、可生化性极差而成为一个难点。研究在使用类芬顿催化剂后对喷漆废水COD的去除率,结果表明,原水水质COD=7690mg/L,传统芬顿反应后COD=4960mg/L,处理效率为35.5%,经类芬顿催化剂使用后COD=1740mg/L,处理效率为77.3%,约是相同实验条件下传统芬顿反应的2倍,明显强化了传统芬顿反应的处理效率。     

芬顿(Fenton)高级氧化技术在废水处理上的研究进展

介绍芬顿(Fenton)技术的氧化机理、研究现状及其在废水处理中的应用与发展前景。     

光催化技术在水处理中的研究进展

光催化氧化技术作为一种新兴的氧化技术近年来在难降解污染物的处理方面得到了广泛的研究。结合光催化氧化技术的原理及国内外的研究进展情况,阐述光催化氧化在处理染料废水、表面活性剂废水、制药废水、有机农药废水、含油废水、无机污染废水方面的应用状况,以及用于去除消毒副产物以及消毒方面的情况。分析影响光催化反应的因素,主要有:催化剂浓度、污染物浓度、光照条件及催化剂制备条件,并对今后该技术的发展方向提出建议。     

某造纸废水处理工程设计实例

采用"前物化-厌氧-好氧"组合工艺处理高浓度废纸造纸废水,同时以芬顿高级氧化工艺进行深度处理,进一步提高废水处理效率。处理效率均达到98%,处理后排放水质达到国家和地方排放标准。通过长时间实际运行表明,该系统处理的出水水质稳定,处理效率高。     

高级氧化技术在印染废水处理的应用和前景研究

本文通过臭氧氧化法实验分析高级氧化技术对印染废水处理的应用原理。结果表明,使用高级氧化技术中的臭氧氧化法对印染废水的净化处理有显著的效果,其应用原理是臭氧能将废水中原有的部分有机物被氧化成CO2和H2O,另一部分有机物被氧化成易于生物降解的小分子有机物,使得整体COD降低,并在一定程度上降低废水的色度,从而实现废水的处理。在实际的印染废水处理应用中,还可以结合其他催化剂一起使用,或根据废水的水质情况选用其他高级氧化技术,实现印染废水的处理。     

脱硫废水荷电喷雾干燥对燃煤烟气特性影响

脱硫废水富含氯离子,是燃煤电厂难以处置的污染物之一。使用荷电喷雾干燥的方法,将富氯脱硫废水返喷除尘器前,研究了其干燥迁移规律和对烟气成分的影响,证实了将其有害成分固定到飞灰颗粒物中脱除实现零排放的可行性;同时研究了荷电喷雾过程对超细粉尘的凝并作用,可以有效的提高常规除尘器对超细粉尘的脱除效率。富含氯离子的脱硫废水对烟气中的元素态汞具有促进氧化脱除的作用,为脱硫废水零排放同时促进多种污染物联合脱除提出了一条新思路。     

难生化污水处理技术研究进展

介绍了难生化污水处理技术的研究进展及发展趋势。重点介绍了高级氧化法（包括超声氧化技术、超临界水氧化技术、光催化氧化技术、臭氧氧化法、Fenton试剂法）、铁碳微电解法、高效微生物法处理难生化污水的基本原理、技术特点、研究进展、存在的问题及今后研究方向等。并指出未来将会在生产全过程污染控制与清洁生产技术、污染标准升级后的达标排放处理技术、高级氧化技术、高效微生物技术、污水零排放技术等领域取得重大进展。     

Gasification of two and three-components mixture in supercritical water: Influence of NaOH and initial reactants of acetic acid and phenol

Acetic acid (HAc) and phenol are the most common and refractory compounds during supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of organic waste water for hydrogen production. Here we report SCWG of HAc and the two and three-components mixture containing HAc and phenol with and without sodium hydroxide catalyst, which was conducted in a tubular flow reactor. Sodium hydroxide had a catalytic effect on the steam reforming reaction of methane during SCWG of HAc. For SCWG of HAc (0.5wt%) and phenol (1.0wt%) mixture, yield of hydrogen and carbon dioxide reached a maximum at 0.2wt% of sodium hydroxide. The hydrogenation of phenol to form benzene and further to cyclohexane can be reinforced by the acceleration of NaOH on hydrogen production. The amount of undesired long-chain alkyl esters were also found in the liquid products. Large amount of sodium acetate and sodium phenolate formed at high NaOH concentrations, which can lead to lower reaction efficiency and more serious deposition and coking problem. For SCWG of the three-components (methanol, HAc and phenol) mixture, TOC (Total Organic Carbon) removal efficiency, H and C gasification efficiency can be strongly retarded by both HAc and phenol. Decarboxylation of HAc leaded to relatively higher C gasification efficiency. Besides, their empirical quadric polynomial regression models were provided via response surface method.     

可见光响应型改性纳米二氧化钛催化降解生物质气化洗焦废水

制备了可见光响应型改性纳米二氧化钛催化剂,用于处理生物质气化洗焦废水,考察了催化剂改性方式对苯酚和洗焦废水COD去除的影响。实验结果表明：以Ag-C/TiO2为催化剂,在可见光下照射10 h,苯酚的COD去除率可达43.5%,洗焦废水的COD去除率达26.8%;在太阳光下照射36 h,洗焦废水的COD去除率达到90.9%。改性纳米Ag-C/TiO2催化剂在可见光下具有良好的催化活性,对洗焦废水有较好的处理效果。     

生物氧化技术除臭在污水处理厂中的应用

长庆石化运行三部污水区块现有碱渣预处理单元、高浓度污水处理系统、低浓度污水处理系统等8套污水、污泥处理设施。在生产过程中,无组织排放的废气对周围环境造成一定影响。废气主要组成为硫化氢、氨气、二甲苯、苯、甲苯、酚、烃类、甲硫醇、甲硫醚、二甲二硫等。对各种气体治理技术进行比对,选取生物氧化法工艺,该工艺集生物液滤、生物滴滤和生物氧化技术于一身,具有流程简单,装置占地少,减除效果明显,不产生二次污染,以及系统启动速度快、抗污染物冲击能力强、污染物去除效率高、运行成本低等优点。污染气体经过生物氧化系统处理后,在工况良好情况下,处理效果明显,可同时去除多种污染物组分。排放气体中VOC含量明显低于排放标准限值,显示出良好的处理效果。但由于系统补水为新鲜水(电导率约为1800μS/cm),导致生物氧化后系统排水电导率较高。准备将污水反渗透水引入生物氧化系统,以更好地提高生物氧化工艺的处理效果。     

Partial oxidative gasification of phenol for hydrogen in supercritical water

The paper reports partial oxidative gasification of phenol for hydrogen in supercritical water (SCW) at lower temperature (<753 K), at which cleavages of aromatic ring occur difficultly and tend to undesirable polymerization. The results showed that O₂ is effective to gasification of phenol in SCW. ∼76% of phenol was gasified and 2.7 mol/mol of hydrogen was produced within 180 s with Na₂CO₃ as catalyst at the selected process conditions, a molar ratio of oxygen-to-phenol, 7.5–1, 723 K, and 24 MPa. It was found that unstable opening-rings products oxalic and maleic acid and stable dimmerization compounds in liquid water were formed during partial oxidation process. The process also indicated phenol was rapidly converted, and some opening-rings products were slowly gasified, which also confirmed oxygen served as effective reactant for ring-opening. Based on the given reaction conditions, a treatment process using a real wastewater from coking industry was performed. The data showed that the present technology provides an effective way to gasification of phenol wastewater for high-value energy utilization.     

二维与三维电极法处理苯酚废水试验研究

以苯酚模拟废水为研究对象,对pH值、电解电压、电解质浓度、电解时间进行L16（44）正交试验,确定电催化氧化法处理苯酚废水的最佳反应条件为：pH值为6,电解电压为9 V,电解质浓度为20 g/L,电解时间为120 min。在此基础上,确定三维电极法最佳活性炭投加量为150 g/L,通过试验得出,在一定时间下,三维电极法废水处理效果明显优于二维电极法。     

A simple route for photocatalytic degradation of phenol in aqueous zinc oxide suspension using solar energy

In a laboratory study, the effectiveness of zinc oxide-mediated solar photocatalytic degradation of phenol was examined. The effect of various parameters like concentration of substrate, amount of photocatalyst, pH and irradiation time on the efficiency of photocatalytic degradation was studied. The demineralization of substrate was checked by Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) reduction method. The photocatalytic degradation of phenol was found to be more effective under solar light in comparison to artificial visible light irradiation. It was observed that photodegradation of phenol is favorable in weakly acidic or neutral solutions. Zinc oxide can be reused for five times as it undergoes photocorrosion only to the negligible extent. This work envisages great potential that sunlight mediated photocatalysis has in the removal of phenol from waste water.     

Study on carbon nanotube reinforced phenol formaldehyde resin/graphite composite for bipolar plate

Using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) after different Fenton treatments as a reinforcement and a phenol formaldehyde resin/graphite (PF/G) composite as matrix, a new composite for bipolar plate was formed by hot-pressing. The effects of Fenton, Fenton/ultrasonic and Fenton/ultraviolet treatments on the surface of the CNTs, and the bend strength and conductivity of bipolar plate composite produced using them were investigated. It was found that Fenton/UV treatment was an effective and advanced oxidation process, which could generate a large quantity of hydroxyl groups and few carboxyl groups on the sidewalls of the CNTs, but without severe damage. The functional groups on CNTs after Fenton/ultraviolet treatment can improve the interfacial adhesion between CNTs and matrix, which can improve the bend strength, but does not play an important role in the improvement of the conductivity. The bend strength and conductivity of the composite with 3% CNTs after Fenton/ultraviolet treatment are 68.6 MPa and 145.2 s cm⁻¹, respectively, when pressed at 240 °C for 60 min.     

烘焙对生物质热化学转化特性影响的研究进展

生物质是可再生能源的重要组成部分,储量巨大,但其含水量高、能量密度和热值低等缺点致使其研磨难度大、存储运输不便,难以资源化利用。本文对烘焙预处理技术的过程及特点、能耗分析和较为理想的烘焙标准进行了简述;并重点阐述了烘焙对生物质燃烧、热解和气化特性影响的研究进展。经烘焙处理后的生物质在炉膛内可快速、稳定燃烧,炉内温度迅速升高,产生的烟气量减少;热解产生的生物质焦油中水和乙酸含量明显减少,苯酚含量增加,热值总体升高;气化合成气品质明显提升,能量密度增大,总气化效率显著提高。此外,对烘焙预处理技术在城市固体废弃物处理的应用进行了简要的概述,并对其在生物质和城市固体废弃物研究方向上进行了展望。