石家庄市大学生添加糖摄入情况调查及影响因素分析

目的：通过调查石家庄市大学生添加糖的摄入情况，分析影响因素，提出营养干预措施。方法：采用食物频率表法调查大学生含糖食物食用频率和食用量，并用SPSS 25.0进行统计学分析。结果：本研究共纳入学生350人，其中女性277人、男性73人；添加糖平均每日摄入量为56.67 g;男性每日的添加糖摄入量高于女性(Z=-2.396,P=0.017);家住城市的学生摄入的添加糖高于农村(H=18.371,P<0.001);睡眠在9 h以上的学生添加糖摄入量显著低于睡眠时间在7 h及以下的学生(H=16.654,P=0.001);大二学生较大三和大五的学生摄入的添加糖更多。结论：性别、年级、家庭居住地、对自身糖摄入的评价和睡眠时长是影响大学生添加糖摄入量的因素，建议开展营养相关措施，帮助大学生提高营养意识。     

现制奶茶对青少年健康的影响分析

目的：调查青少年饮用现制奶茶现状,分析现制奶茶中糖及咖啡因对青少年健康的影响,为青少年科学饮用奶茶提供参考。方法：通过问卷调查法,从饮用奶茶的习惯、频率及饮用奶茶后出现的身体状况等方面随机对286名青少年进行调研。同时随机抽取市场上热销的10个品牌标示“全糖”“五分糖”和“无糖”的3种类型现制奶茶并测定其中的总糖及咖啡因含量。结果：每周喝奶茶1 000 mL以上的人数占调研对象的58.00%,且选择“含糖”奶茶的占97.90%;饮用奶茶出现体重增加的占调查人数的54.20%,出现失眠现象占46.15%;每杯奶茶（以500 mL计）总糖含量为64.5～623.8 g,咖啡因含量为6.199～52.133 mg。结论：青少年每天喝一杯500 mL奶茶糖分的摄入量为中国膳食指南中建议的每天摄入量的4.7～12.5倍,糖类、咖啡因摄入会导致青少年产生健康不良问题。     

北京市海淀区市售肉制品和腌制蔬菜中亚硝酸盐含量及居民知信行调查

目的了解北京市海淀区市售肉制品和腌制蔬菜中亚硝酸盐含量,并调查该地区居民对亚硝酸盐的知识、态度以及对含有亚硝酸盐食物的摄入情况。方法采集市售肉制品和腌制蔬菜样品34份,经过预处理后采用分光光度法检测样品中亚硝酸盐含量。采用自拟调查表和偶遇抽样面访采集数据,使用Epidata 3.1对问卷进行平行双录入,使用SPSS 20.0进行统计分析。结果样品中亚硝酸盐含量均在食品安全国家标准允许范围内,平均亚硝酸盐含量从高到低依次为香肠、酱卤肉、腌腊肉、腌制蔬菜,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。受访者对亚硝酸盐的危害及亚硝酸盐含量高的食物认识不足,仅有54.5%的人表示会有意减少食用亚硝酸盐含量高的食物;受访者在上个月内食用肉制品及腌制蔬菜的量和频率不高。结论北京市海淀区居民通过肉制品及腌制蔬菜摄入过量亚硝酸盐的风险很低,可以安全食用。     

添加糖从10%降到5%,你怎么看？

最近,世界卫生组织（WHO）在全球范围内征求关于拟将每人每天＂添加糖＂（free sugar,不含食物本身含有的糖）摄入量的推荐上限减半的意见,即从占膳食总能量的10%降低到5%。     

我国市售饮料中游离糖含量研究

目的 了解我国市售饮料中游离糖及其单体的含量,为游离糖摄入及其风险评估提供基础数据,为制定完善相关政策提供科学依据.方法 根据我国饮料行业产销量并结合地理分布,2015年采集9类饮料样品共计708份;根据美国分析化学家协会(AOAC)2000.17方法,以高效离子色谱-脉冲安培检测法测定其中的单糖和二糖(葡萄糖、果糖、...     

我国3岁及以上居民碳酸饮料中添加糖摄入状况分析

目的了解我国3岁及以上居民碳酸饮料中添加糖的摄入状况。方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,2014年在我国14个省(市)抽取28个城市区和县内的27 485名3岁及以上常住人群作为调查对象,利用非连续3 d 24 h膳食回顾法收集调查对象碳酸饮料的消费状况,结合2015年开展的饮料添加糖含量专项调查中132份碳酸饮料糖含量数据,采用简单分布评估方法计算人群碳酸饮料中添加糖摄入量分布和饮料提供的能量,并与人群膳食摄入总能量相比计算碳酸饮料中添加糖的供能比。结果我国14个省(市)3岁及以上居民碳酸饮料添加糖每日平均摄入量为0.5 g,供能比为0.11%,其中碳酸饮料消费人群添加糖每日平均摄入量为13.4 g,中位数为12.3 g,供能比为2.69%。不同消费人群添加糖每日摄入量的中位数比较,男性(15.3 g)高于女性(10.1 g),城市(13.8 g)高于农村(10.7 g),差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。碳酸饮料中添加糖的供能比比较,男女之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);城市(3.02%)高于农村(2.01%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);13～17岁年龄组人群的碳酸饮料供能比最高为3.41%。结论 13～17岁青少年为碳酸饮料中添加糖的高消费群体,应重点开展科普宣教,引导合理消费。     

正交试验优化芒果果脯微波渗糖工艺

以凯特芒果为原料,芒果果脯总糖含量为评价指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化芒果果脯微波渗糖工艺条件,并分析黄原胶对芒果果脯质构特性的影响。结果表明,最佳微波渗糖条件为微波功率210 W、料液比1∶3（g∶mL）、黄原胶添加量0.3%、微波时间60 min、糖浓度40%,在该最佳工艺条件下,芒果果脯的总糖含量为46.24%。0.3%黄原胶的添加能显著降低果脯硬度和提高其咀嚼性（P＜0.05）,而对内聚性、弹性、胶黏性没有显著影响（P＞0.05）。     

一种基于口腔软摩擦学的奶茶顺滑特性评价模型

该文系统研究了奶茶主要原料植脂末（5.00~100.00 g）、冰块（5.00~200.00 g）和糖浆（0~12.00% m/m）添加量对奶茶顺滑特性，包括粒径分布、流变特性、感官评价及口腔软摩擦学的影响，通过补充和优化现有标准，成功建立了特异性针对奶茶口感顺滑度的感官评价新标准。结果表明奶植脂末添加量与奶茶的粒径呈负相关，与粘度呈正相关。当植脂末添加量为60.00 g时，奶茶的平均粒径为0.66 μm。通过对样品进行口腔软摩擦学分析，建立了奶茶口感顺滑度的预测模型和评判标准，即只有当口腔软摩擦学曲线同时满足K2∈(-0.23, -0.05)和vR2<40.00 mm/s时，奶茶表现出较好的顺滑特性，否则奶茶口感淡薄或厚重，口感顺滑度差。因此，该口腔软摩擦模型能够评价不同配方奶茶的顺滑特性，在快速评价流体食品的口感顺滑方面具有实际应用前景。     

预包装食品营养强化标签标识现状调查

目的 了解市售预包装食品营养强化标签标识现状,为我国食品营养强化相关标准的修订提供参考。方法 采用横断面调查方法,从GB 14880—2012《食品安全国家标准 食品营养强化剂使用标准》允许强化的食品类别中选取11类常见食品,随机采集市售预包装食品标签样品3 760份,分析每类食品中强化的营养素种类及其强化比例。结果 3 760份调查样品中共有489份样品进行了营养强化,总体强化率为13.0%,不同类别食品的营养强化情况差异较大,其中乳及乳制品、饮料类和粮食及粮食制品强化比例较高,分别为39.7%(160/403)、15.0%(151/1 006)和14.0%(76/542),110份调制乳粉样品全部进行了营养强化,远高于其他类别食品,而冷冻饮品、果泥、豆浆、胶基糖果、大米制品、杂粮粉及其制品等类别共计411份样品均未进行营养强化。从强化的营养素种类看,维生素A、D、E、B族以及钙、铁、锌等我国居民较缺乏的营养素在各类食品中的强化比例相对较高,磷、γ-亚麻酸、乳铁蛋白、酪蛋白磷酸肽等在各类食品中的强化比例较低。结论 我国市售预包装食品总体营养强化比例不容乐观,建议相关标准修订过程中应结合市场产品现状,对可强化的食品类别、允许添加的营养素种类等进行系统评估分析,以切实提高居民微量营养素摄入,并丰富市场产品和促进产业创新。     

干辣椒及辣椒粉中罗丹明B含量的调查与分析

目的了解我国市售干辣椒及辣椒粉中罗丹明B的含量状况,分析违法添加罗丹明B的可能性和含量,为提出罗丹明B经济获利水平下添加行为的评判提供数据支持。方法使用随机抽样原则,在餐饮店、食品商店超市和农贸市场,随机采集干辣椒及辣椒粉,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法检测。结果在2 107份样品中,检出罗丹明B72份(干辣椒21份,辣椒粉51份),检测值在0.2×10-3~11.9 mg/kg之间,干辣椒检测值均0.1 mg/kg;辣椒粉中,23份样品检测值0.1 mg/kg,12份样品检测值在0.1~0.5 mg/kg之间,13份样品检测值在0.5~5.0 mg/kg之间,仅3份样品检测值5.0 mg/kg,且农贸市场和散装样品罗丹明B的检出率高。结论市售干辣椒及辣椒粉中存在违法添加罗丹明B的情况,辣椒粉问题为更严重。     

Occurrence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in animal- and plant-derived food: results of a survey across Europe

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are secondary metabolites of plant families such as Asteraceae or Boraginaceae and are suspected to be genotoxic carcinogens. Recent investigations revealed their frequent occurrence in honey and particularly in tea. To obtain a comprehensive overview of the PA content in animal- and plant-derived food from the European market, and to provide a basis for future risk analysis, a total of 1105 samples were collected in 2014 and 2015. These comprised milk and milk products, eggs, meat and meat products, (herbal) teas, and (herbal) food supplements collected in supermarkets, retail shops, and via the internet. PAs were detected in a large proportion of plant-derived foods: 91% of the (herbal) teas and 60% of the food supplements contained at least one individual PA. All types of (herbal) teas investigated were found to contain PAs, with a mean concentration of 460 µg kg^?1 dry tea (corresponding to 6.13 µg L^?1 in [herbal] tea infusion). The highest mean concentrations were found in rooibos tea (599 µg kg^?1 dry tea, 7.99 µg L^?1 tea infusion) and the lowest in camomile tea (274 µg kg^?1 dry tea, 3.65 µg L^?1 tea infusion). Occurrence of PAs in food supplements was found to be highly variable, but in comparable ranges as for (herbal) tea. The highest concentrations were present in supplements containing plant material from known PA-producing plants. In contrast, only 2% of the animal-derived products, in particular 6% of milk samples and 1% of egg samples, contained PAs. Determined levels in milk were relatively low, ranged between 0.05 and 0.17 µg L^?1 and only trace amounts of 0.10–0.12 µg kg^?1 were found in eggs. No PAs were detected in the other animal-derived products.     

Safety evaluation on fluoride content in black tea

Fluoride content in black tea in various commodities, packages, and preparation processess was assayed and its safety evaluated. A fluoride ion selective electrode method was used to determine the fluoride content in 20 tea samples, in various black tea commodities, namely stick-shaped, granular, and canned or bottled tea beverage, originally produced in India, Sri Lanka, China, Japan and UK, and milk–tea after addition of milk and sugar. The fluoride content of 5 stick-shaped black teas was 96.9–148 mg/kg, that of 8 granular black tea was 139–223 mg/kg, and that of 3 canned or bottled beverage black tea beverages was 0.70–0.96 mg/l, respectively. Neither the bagged black tea paper nor the addition of milk and sugar affected the ionic fluoride level within the tea. These results suggest that, for heavy black tea drinkers, the fluoride intake in areas with drinking water fluoridation, and also other probable sources of fluoride, may approach or reach the level of risk from chronic fluoride intoxication.     

Concentration of trichloroethylene in breast milk and household water from nogales, Arizona

The United States Environmental Protection Agency has identified quantification of trichloroethylene (TCE), an industrial solvent, in breast milk as a high priority need for risk assessment. Water and milk samples were collected from 20 households by a lactation consultant in Nogales, Arizona. Separate water samples (including tap, bottled, and vending machine) were collected for all household uses: drinking, bathing, cooking, and laundry. A risk factor questionnaire was administered. Liquid-liquid extraction with diethyl ether was followed by GC-MS for TCE quantification in water. Breast milk underwent homogenization, lipid hydrolysis, and centrifugation prior to extraction. The limit of detection was 1.5 ng/mL. TCE was detected in 7 of 20 mothers' breast milk samples. The maximum concentration was 6 ng/mL. TCE concentration in breast milk was significantly correlated with the concentration in water used for bathing (ρ = 0.59, p = 0.008). Detection of TCE in breast milk was more likely if the infant had a body mass index <14 (RR = 5.2, p = 0.02). Based on average breast milk consumption, TCE intake for 5% of the infants may exceed the proposed U.S. EPA Reference Dose. Results of this exploratory study warrant more in depth studies to understand risk of TCE exposures from breast milk intake.     

扁形绿茶矿质元素含量与品质成分相关性分析

为探明扁形绿茶矿质元素含量与品质成分是否存在一定的相关性,实地采集5个产地（湖北省大悟县、浙江省磐安县、安徽省歙县、贵州省湄潭县、四川省峨眉山市）共10个代表性扁形绿茶样品,测定了9种矿质元素（Mg、K、Ca、P、Al、Mn、Fe、Zn、B）与5种品质成分（水浸出物、茶多酚、游离氨基酸、可溶性总糖、咖啡碱）含量。结果表明,扁形绿茶样品中矿质元素之间互相影响,存在协同或拮抗作用。品质成分中水浸出物含量与B含量呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,茶多酚含量与Fe含量呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,可溶性总糖含量与B含量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,与Mg、Ca含量则呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,Fe、Mn含量与咖啡碱存在显著负相关（P<0.05）。主成分分析结果显示前3个主成分解释累计方差贡献率为89.00%,Mg、Ca、Zn、Al、P可作为扁形绿茶的特征矿质元素,水浸出物、游离氨基酸可作为评价扁形绿茶品质的重要理化指标。聚类分析结果表明,同一产地的扁形绿茶样品聚为一类,不同产地则明显区分开,表明扁形绿茶品质存在明显的地域分布特征。     

金银花叶乳酸杆菌发酵凉茶的研制及其抗氧化活性分析

为获得一款具强抗氧化活性的高保健性金银花叶发酵凉茶,以金银花叶为原材料,通过单因素实验和正交试验,研究了发酵时间、发酵温度、保加利亚乳酸杆菌(L. plantarum 758)接种量及糖的添加量(葡萄糖与蔗糖质量比为3:2)对金银花叶凉茶抗氧化活性的影响并对工艺条件进行了优化,还对比了金银花叶凉茶与市场上常见三种凉茶在抗氧化性及挥发性成分上的差异。结果表明,乳酸杆菌发酵金银花叶凉茶的最佳发酵条件为:发酵时间24 h、发酵温度38℃、接种量4%及糖添加量7%,在此发酵条件下所获得的金银花叶凉茶绿原酸含量达到7.11%,总黄酮含量为22.51%,DPPH自由基清除率为84.23%±3.32%,ABTS自由基清除率为85.30%±2.14%,均显著高于市场上的三种凉茶(P<0.05);金银花叶凉茶中共有挥发性物质32种,其种类和含量都较其它对比组高。总体表明,保加利亚乳酸杆菌(L. plantarum 758)发酵的金银花叶凉茶抗氧化能力突出,具有较高的营养价值和实用功能性。     

不同时期梨枣叶茶品质的差异性分析

目的:研究梨枣叶茶感官、滋味、色泽及营养品质随采收时期的变化规律。方法:采收五月至八月间五个时段的梨枣嫩叶,利用炒青工艺制茶,对枣叶茶进行感官评定,测定其水浸出物、可溶性糖、茶多酚、咖啡碱、氨基酸、矿质元素、总抗坏血酸以及叶绿素含量。结果:不同时期制成的枣叶茶水浸出物含量无显著差异(p>0.05),可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、茶多酚及抗坏血酸含量都表现出显著差异(p<0.05),由于咖啡碱含量极低,可视为未检出。此外梨枣叶茶具有高矿质元素Zn和Fe以及高VC含量的特点。最终五月份的梨枣叶茶条索紧细、色泽嫩绿,汤色明亮、滋味鲜醇,整体品质最好,水浸出物、游离氨基酸、茶多酚、可溶性糖和VC含量分别为41.82%、8.99%、5.64%、114.72mg/g和136.5mg/100g;六月份叶茶干茶色泽和茶汤滋味次之,七月和八月份叶茶干茶色泽和茶汤滋味最差。结论:五月份是梨枣叶茶收获制茶的的最佳时期,枣叶茶作为一种矿物质、维生素营养丰富,且无咖啡碱的新型茶叶极具开发潜力。     

红茶奶粉的研制

介绍用鲜牛奶、红茶、砂糖及阿期巴甜为原料研制的具有西式奶茶风味的固体乳饮料。经1∶16水稀释成奶茶,牛奶含量达40%以上,甜度以蔗糖计为6.0%。其中每加工1000kg牛奶需投入碎红茶37.5kg。产品经真空浓缩、喷雾干燥制成。     

牛奶中共轭亚油酸含量的紫外分光光度测定方法

研究了牛乳中共轭亚油酸含量的紫外分光光度测定方法。利用紫外分光光度计,先建立标准曲线与回归公式,再将牛奶样品提取、甲酯化后,进行紫外检测。结果表明,共轭亚油酸甲酯的最大吸收波长是234nm;共轭亚油酸浓度的有效测定范围是0.00856-0.0428mg/mL;吸光度与共轭亚油酸浓度间的回归公式为Y=52.602X 0.0917(R2=0.9862);得出共轭亚油酸浓度与吸光度之间的经验公式为:共轭亚油酸浓度C(mg/mL)=0.019×吸光度(ABS);并且推出了利用紫外分光光度法测定牛奶中共轭亚油酸含量的计算公式。同时,检验了几种市售牛奶中共轭亚油酸,其平均含量为1.64mg/g。     

即溶葛根奶茶的研制

利用乙醇法制备颗粒状冷水可溶性葛根粉,在可溶性葛根粉中添加奶粉、蔗糖,用感官分析评定与正交实验法研制葛根奶茶。着重探讨了乙醇法葛根奶茶里葛根粉的生产工艺参数,确定了葛根奶茶的配方。结果表明NaOH溶液的添加量45ml、乙醇浓度50%、温度40℃时,葛根粉溶解度高达96%。葛根奶茶配方为：奶粉14%、白砂糖12%、红茶粉6%、香兰素0.2%。     

The effect of the duration of infusion,temperature, and water volume on the rutin content in the preparation of mate tea beverages: An optimization study

The consumption of tea beverages has increased 30% over the last decade, mainly due to the presence of bioactive compounds. Mate tea, produced by infusing the leaves and stems of Ilex paraguariensis, is the most widely consumed beverage in Brazil. The present study employed a central composite experimental design to optimize the transfer of rutin from the leaves and stems to the beverage during the infusion process. The optimum condition was applied to three batches of mate tea beverages from five commercial samples. Analysis of the rutin content was performed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a photo diodo array detector. The maximum rutin content in the beverage was obtained when the infusion was performed using 2 g of mate tea added to 100 mL of water at 72 °C and infused for 9 min. The commercial tea beverages prepared under these conditions contained from 0.16 to 1.1 mg of rutin in the ready-to-drink product.