安卡红曲霉液态发酵产色素及糖化酶的研究

对1株红曲霉(Monascus anka sp.)液态发酵产色素及糖化酶的培养条件进行了优化。研究了碳源、氮源、装液量、接种量等因素对色素积累及糖化酶活力的影响。并通过正交试验确定了最佳培养条件:甘油10%,蛋白胨1.5%,温度32℃,初始pH5.75,接种量6%,装液量75mL/500mL,种龄5d。验证实验表明,以色价最佳组合条件发酵时,发酵液色价达到263.5U/mL;以糖化酶活最佳组合条件发酵时,酶活达到409.6U/mL;以色价和糖化酶活力最佳组合条件发酵时,发酵液色价为260.3U/mL,糖化酶活为404.0U/mL。     

高产Monacolin K红曲霉菌种的筛选及液态发酵条件优化

为了提高红曲霉（Monascus ）液态发酵生产Monacolin K的能力,一种新型的常压室温等离子体（ARTP）诱变技术被应用于产Monacolin K红曲霉菌株的诱变选育工作;同时,通过构巢曲霉（Aspergillus nidulans ）平板对峙培养的筛选方法,选育获得较初始红曲霉菌Monacolin K产量提高60%以上的突变菌株MP60-6。确定发酵培养基组成为甘油5%,米粉50 g/L,蛋白胨15 g/L,NaNO3 2 g/L,MgSO4 1 g/L,ZnSO4 2 g/L,KH2PO4 1.5 g/L,并进一步确定在发酵第3、第4天添加0.1%的乙酸和0.2%的柠檬酸,发酵第8天补加10%的甘油。在上述条件下发酵17 d后Monacolin K产量可以达到1 302 mg/L,为出发菌株产量的2.66倍。     

红曲色素液体发酵研究

对红曲霉产红曲色素的液体发酵培养基组成和发酵条件进行了研究.结果表明红曲霉发酵产红曲色素的最佳培养基组成为:葡萄糖30 g/L,硝酸钠15 g/L,硫酸锌0.05 g/L和硫酸锰0.05 g/L,培养基初始pH=3,装液量为30 mL/250 mL,培养时间为120 h.在此条件下,红曲霉发酵产红曲色素的色价达到16.91 U/mL.     

采用响应面优化红曲霉液态发酵产高色价低桔霉素培养基的研究

以红曲霉为出发菌株,色价与桔霉素的比值(P/C)为指标,对红曲霉发酵培养基进行优化。通过单因素实验分析不同的碳源、氮源、无机盐浓度对色价和桔霉素的影响,研究发现最佳的碳源和氮源为9%的大米粉。再运用Design Expert 8.05软件,通过Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计和响应面分析,得到了红曲霉发酵的最佳培养基:NaNO30.21%,KH2PO40.11%,MgSO40.24%。在此最佳条件下,P/C的值达到30.54,其中色价的含量达到46.3U/mL,桔霉素的含量达到1.51mg/L。     

红曲色素发酵分批补料工艺研究

为了提高红曲菌（Monascus purpureus）FM-4000的红色素色价,采用优化种龄和接种量的方法,探索了分批补料发酵基质对红色素色价的影响。结果表明,最佳种龄为6 h二级种子液,接种量10%（V/V）,在发酵48 h时补加20 g/L黄豆粉,在发酵84 h时补加0.5 mol/L氨水,在发酵96 h时补加60 g/L米粉。在此工艺条件下,摇瓶发酵红曲菌FM-4000的红色素色价达到135.61 U/mL,相对初始摇瓶红曲菌FM-4000的红色素色价提高了37.25%;在5 L发酵罐中对红曲菌FM-4000进行分批补料发酵培养,红色素色价可达145 U/mL。     

红曲霉(Monascus anka As 3.782)菌种的紫外诱变和产色素的条件优化

应用红曲霉Monascus anka As 3.782(CCTCC编号:AF93208)菌株,探索其固态发酵产红曲色素的最佳基质初始含水量,结果表明:含水量为约30%最好;通过正交试验优化其液态发酵产红曲色素的培养基,大米粉9%、NaNO33%、KH2PO40.3%、MgSO,0.1%,黄豆粉0.5%,pH4.0时的培养基配方产红曲色价最高,达77.3U/mL;在紫外诱变距离20cm诱导3min的条件下筛选优良菌株,其固态发酵产红曲色价可达1156.667U/mL,是原始出发株360.667U/mL的3倍多,其液态发酵产红曲色价比原始出发株提高了2倍.     

常压室温等离子体诱变技术选育高产Monacolin K紫色红曲霉突变株

采用常压室温等离子体（atmospheric and room temperature plasma,ARTP）射流诱变技术处理紫色红曲霉菌株M-1,选育高产Monacolin K突变株,为Monacolin K的发酵生产提供优良菌株。确定等离子体处理条件,采用稀释平板培养法挑选突变株,高效液相色谱法分析突变株发酵液的Monacolin K产量,借助扫描电子显微镜观察诱变处理前后菌体微结构特征。结果表明：ARTP对紫色红曲霉菌株具有较强的致死和致突变效应,ARTP处理30 s紫色红曲霉菌株诱变致死率达到84%,处理90 s时其致死率约为92.6%,可获得较高的正突变率（23.8%）;筛选得到突变株23的Monacolin K产量达到428.14 mg/L,较初始菌株M-1提高了111%。ARTP作用于紫色红曲霉,可引起菌株形态学特征发生改变,突变株的菌落色泽、菌丝体和孢子形态等特征均有一定变化;ARTP产生的活性粒子可透过细胞膜作用于DNA物质,引起DNA发生多样性损伤、不完全修复突变,形成遗传稳定的突变株。     

紫色红曲霉FBKL3.0018液态发酵产红曲色素条件的优化研究

以分离自贵州某浓香型酒厂中温大曲的紫色红曲霉（Monascus purpureus）FBKL3.0018为研究对象,以发酵液中红曲色素色价为考察指标,对紫色红曲霉FBKL3.0018产红曲色素的发酵培养基配方进行优化。考察了碳源、氮源、无机盐、生长因子及初始pH值对红曲色素生产的影响,选取对红曲色素生产影响较显著的蛋白胨、FeSO4和初始pH进行响应面优化试验。得到最佳培养基配方为：葡萄糖60 g/L、蛋白胨26 g/L、FeSO4 0.9 g/L、L-谷氨酸 2 g/L和初始pH 4.5。在此优化条件下,红曲色素色价为105.22 U/mL,比优化之前（33.62 U/mL）提高了3.13倍。同时,通过验证试验,实际值105.22 U/mL与预测值108.82 U/mL相对误差为0.97%,说明所建立的回归模型可靠。     

LiCl-ARTP复合诱变选育高产碱性蛋白酶菌株及其发酵条件优化

以地衣芽孢杆菌（Baclicus lincheniformis）E-417为出发菌株,采用氯化锂（LiCl）-常压室温等离子体（ARTP）复合诱变法对其进行诱变,通过酪蛋白平板初筛、摇瓶复筛、遗传稳定性验证筛选高产碱性蛋白酶的优良菌株,并通过单因素及响应面试验对其发酵产酶条件进行优化。结果表明,在氯化锂添加量为1.5%、ARTP照射时间为45 s的最适复合诱变条件下筛选得到1株高产碱性蛋白酶的优良菌株F-3,酶活达到12 147 U/mL,且该菌株传代8次后仍具有良好的遗传稳定性,其最适发酵培养基成分为玉米粉41 g/L、豆饼粉40 g/L、碳酸钠2.1 g/L、磷酸氢二钠2.0 g/L;最适发酵条件为发酵温度37 ℃、初始pH值7.0、接种量8%。在此优化条件下,碱性蛋白酶酶活达到16 156 U/mL,较原始菌株提高75%。     

高产红色素及糖化酶红曲菌株的诱变选育

目的:通过诱变手段提高红曲菌株产色素能力和糖化酶活力。方法:采用平板稀释分离法从古田平湖红曲米中分离筛选到1株高产红色素和糖化酶的红曲霉菌株C26。以C26作为出发菌株,经紫外和紫外-Li Cl复合诱变两轮诱变,选育得到1株红色价和糖化酶活力明显提高的突变菌株183-3。结论:该突变株液态发酵红色价达138.30 U/m L,糖化酶活力达76.34 U/m L,分别比出发菌株提高了107%和51%;接种于大米中进行固态发酵,红色价和糖化酶活力分别达到7 512 U/g和1 337 U/g。结合形态学和ITS序列分析,鉴定183-3菌株为紫色红曲霉。     

基于ARTP技术选育维生素K2优势菌株及发酵培养基优化

本研究目的在于获得维生素K₂优势突变株,并利用响应面设计优化发酵培养基进一步提高其产量。采取常压室温等离子体诱变技术结合结构类似物抗性初筛、24孔板发酵复筛,对纳豆芽孢杆菌进行诱变选育,并应用Box-Behnken设计对发酵培养基进行优化。通过ARTP诱变选育得到一株维生素K₂优势突变株,维生素K2产量较初始菌株提高了3.23倍。Box-Behnken实验优化后,最佳值为K₂HPO₄（0.69 g/L）,甘油（66.01 g/L）和酵母粉（25.12 g/L）,发酵后维生素K₂产量较优化前提高了56.7%。通过ARPT技术诱变选育出一株维生素K2优势突变株,采用响应面法优化发酵培养基。实验结果表明,突变株具有潜在的生产应用价值,建立的育种方法也可为其他工业微生物的选育提供有益的参考,对提高人们的健康水平具有十分重要的意义。     

西索米星生产菌株的诱变选育及工艺优化

利用原生质体常压室温等离子体（ARTP）诱变方法选育西索米星高产菌株,经诱变筛选获得一株高产菌株I4-10,其西索米星的生物效价达到1 389 U/mL,较原始菌株提高了35.4%。通过对高产菌株I4-10进行碳源、氮源优化,确定可溶性淀粉和牛肉粉是突变菌株I4-10的最适碳源和氮源。进一步采用响应面实验设计方法优化发酵培养基,结果表明黄豆饼粉和DL-蛋氨酸的添加量为显著影响因素,经优化其最适添加质量浓度分别为32.78 g/L和1.75 g/L。在此最适工艺下,西索米星的生物效价提高至1 849 U/mL,较原始菌株提高了80%。最后对原始菌及高产突变株中西索米星代谢途径及菌株生长相关的关键酶进行转录水平比较分析,初步解析了突变菌株I4-10高产西索米星的机制。     

Optimization of culture medium for yellow pigments production with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monascus anka</Emphasis> mutant using response surface methodology

In our laboratory, one Monascus anka mutant able to produce high yield of yellow pigments screened by physical and chemical combination mutagenesis was obtained. This study evaluated peptone, NH₄NO₃ and KH₂PO₄ as the most significant variables for Monascus yellow pigment production by this M. anka mutant MYM in submerged fermentation. Response surface methodology (RSM) optimized these nutrient parameters for maximum yellow pigment production (87.24 OD units), which resulted at 10.3 g/L peptone, 11.9 g/L NH₄NO₃ and 4.7 g/L KH₂PO₄ in the medium. According to the fitting equation, through five replication experiments under the optimized conditions, the average yellow pigment production obtained was 88.14 OD units for flask cultivation and 92.45 OD units for 5 L fermenter cultivation. Meanwhile, the citrinin could not be detected by HPLC method.     

常压室温等离子诱变选育L-色氨酸高产菌株

为了提升发酵法产L-色氨酸的生产效率,使用常压室温等离子(atmospheric and room temperature plasma, ARTP)诱变育种技术,并结合结构类似物抗性定向筛选的方法,选育高产色氨酸菌株。将出发菌Escherichia coli AC-1042经过ARTP诱变处理后,在抗性培养基平板上筛选具有5-甲基色氨酸、对氟苯丙氨酸抗性的突变菌株,选取产酸高、遗传稳定的菌株重复进行ARTP诱变处理和抗性筛选,不断提高菌株对结构类似物的抗性水平。经过多次ARTP诱变处理和抗性筛选,获得1株色氨酸高产菌株ACTRP104,经过30 L发酵罐培养44 h后L-色氨酸质量浓度可以达到61.65 g/L,葡萄糖转化率达到20.64%,比出发菌分别提高了20.69%和17.81%。结果表明,ARTP诱变和结构类似物抗性筛选相结合,可以有效地获得色氨酸高产突变菌株,大大提高色氨酸的发酵生产技术水平,获得的色氨酸高产菌株ACTRP104具有较好的工业化应用前景。     

Reduction of Methanol in Brewed Wine by the Use of Atmospheric and Room‐Temperature Plasma Method and the Combination Optimization of Malt with Different Adjuncts

Methanol, often generated in brewed wine, is highly toxic for human health. To decrease the methanol content of the brewed wine, atmospheric and room‐temperature plasma (ARTP) was used as a new mutagenesis tool to generate a mutant of Saccharomy cescerevisiae with lower methanol content. Headspace gas chromatography was used to determine the identity and concentration of methanol with butyl acetate as internal standard in brewed wine. With 47.4% higher and 26.3% positive mutation rates were obtained, the ARTP jet exhibited a strong effect on mutation breeding of S. cerevisiae. The mutant S. cerevisiae S12 exhibited the lowest methanol content, which was decreased by 72.54% compared with that of the wild‐type strain. Subsequently, the mutant S. cerevisiae S12 was used to ferment different combinations of malt and adjuncts for lower methanol content and higher alcoholic content. It was shown that the culture 6#, which was 60% malt, 20% wheat, and 20% corn, was the best combinations of malt and adjuncts, with the lowest methanol content (104.8 mg/L), and a relatively higher alcoholic content (15.3%, v/v). The optimal malt–adjunct culture 6#, treated with the glucoamylase dose of 0.04 U/mg of grain released the highest reducing sugars (201.6 mg/mL). It was indicated that the variation in reducing sugars among the combinations of malt and different adjuncts could be due to the dose of exogenous enzymes.     

红曲黄色素在不同食品体系中的应用与探讨

将红曲黄色素油树脂以直接添加或制成微胶囊粉末添加到不同食品体系（液体、半固体和固体）中,采用分光测色仪考察颜色变化,分析其在不同食品体系中的稳定性,进一步对其变色的原因及机理进行探讨。结果表明,在软饮料体系中添加红曲黄色素能保持产品鲜艳的黄色,但在黄油曲奇饼干和卡仕达酱中,红曲黄色素的添加会使产品颜色变红,其中微胶囊在卡仕达酱中对色素的色调具有一定的保护作用。红曲黄色素（未知色素组分,非红曲素）能够与食品中未解离的氨基反应生成红色色素,从而导致其颜色色调变红。     

Improvement of flavour compound synthesis in a mixed culture system at high temperature by solid‐state fermentation

In order to enhance the synthesis of flavour compounds in solid‐state fermentation (SSF) at a high temperature, Bacillus subtilis XJ‐013 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Z‐06 were used as a mixed culture with Monascus HQ‐3. The culture temperature was enhanced from 37°C to 56°C by the synergetic effect, and the synthesis of esterase was enhanced from 85.43 U/g to 129.65 U/g in the mixed culture system (over 50% higher than that of the culture using a single strain). This resulted in the synthesis of favourable flavour compounds in the solid‐state fermentation. These results signified that a mixed culture of Monascus and S. cerevisiae was favourable for enzyme production. The mixed culture of Monascus and B. subtilis resulted in a high culture temperature that promoted flavour compound synthesis in the solid‐state fermentation system dramatically. These results present a model to explain the synergetic effects between the fungus and the Bacillus in the solid‐state fermentation. Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

常压室温等离子体诱变与微生物微液滴培养选育谷胱甘肽高产菌株

为提升野生毕赤酵母菌株BY-1产谷胱甘肽的能力,通过常压室温等离子体（atmospheric and room temperatureplasma,ARTP）诱变技术得到诱变菌株BY-1-26。进一步在摇瓶培养过程中添加1,2,4-三氮唑,提高诱变菌株产量。最后将1,2,4-三氮唑作为筛选因子,利用微生物微液滴培养（microbial microdroplet culture system,MMC）仪对诱变菌株进行适应性进化,获得了1株高产谷胱甘肽的突变株BY-2-24,并对其遗传稳定性进行研究。结果表明：出发菌株BY-1经过ARTP诱变处理、抗性梯度平板初筛、MMC适应性进化、摇瓶复筛等,可以选育高产谷胱甘肽突变株。突变株BY-2-24摇瓶产量达（312.13±2.62）mg/L,较出发菌株提高134.26%,且经过7次传代培养,仍然具有较好的遗传稳定性。同时,生物量提高118.33%,表明诱变菌株的生长能力得到提高。研究表明,ARTP与MMC联合应用作为一种简便高效的微生物诱变方式,可用于定向诱变筛选高性能微生物菌株,为高通量选育目标菌株提供了参考。     

高糖化力白曲霉的复合诱变及固态发酵条件优化

采用紫外线及常压室温等离子体（ARTP）复合诱变技术对白曲霉（Aspergillus candidus）Nz 3.602进行诱变选育。对诱变致死率进行测定,确定最佳诱变条件为：15 W紫外灯照射12 min,ARTP处理40 s。对突变菌株进行透明圈法初筛、糖化力测定法复筛,最终得到产酶能力较高的突变菌株B5。其糖化酶酶活为1 050.32 U/g,较出发菌株糖化酶酶活提高85.53%,并且遗传稳定性较好。以菌株B5为研究对象,经单因素试验和响应面分析法对其固态发酵条件进行优化,最佳固态发酵条件为：糠壳添加量15%,原料含水量70%,接种量12%,培养时间5 d,培养温度30 ℃。该条件下糖化酶酶活为（1 254.17±6.14） U/g,比优化前提高了19.41%。     

Characteristics of Monascus sp. isolated from Monascus fermentation products

To screen for the strains suitable for industrial applications, 15 Monacus sp. were isolated from various Monascus fermentation products. The isolated strains were belonging to Monascus pilosus, Monascus purpureus, Monascus albidulus, and Monascus femeus based on the ITS sequence and morphological characteristics. They produced globular and hyaline conidia, and red, orange, or hyaline ascomata except for M. fumeus, in which ascomata was not observed in malt extract media. Each strain produced monacolin K and citrinin at different levels on different media: 15.79–20.05 mg/L of monacolin K and 0–255 μg/L of citrinin in submerged culture of monacolin K producing media, 1.27–2.69 mg/L and about 507.4 μg/L in YES medium, 0–0.78 g/kg and 0–9.7 mg/kg in Monascus red rice products, suggesting that it is necessary to adopt the similar conditions to a specific application for screening as well. These various isolated strains would be great resources for industrial application to develop Monascus fermented functional products.