面团组分及环境因素对面团二硫键形成的影响研究现状

面包、馒头、面条等面制品加工过程的本质是小麦面粉中蛋白与水相互作用形成包裹有淀粉和脂肪的面筋网络结构,该结构加热后转变为形态固定的食品。面团中二硫键的形成量对面筋网络结构的质量和最终食品的品质起着决定性的作用,而面团中的蛋白、淀粉等组分和环境因素影响面团中二硫键的形成量。本文综述了近年来面筋蛋白组成、淀粉组成及种类、面团pH、发酵以及面团成熟温度等环境因素对面团中二硫键形成的影响,提出了未来这方面研究的可能探索方向及相关产业的可能发展趋势,以期为研究人员和食品生产者分析面制品品质变化提供理论支持,促进提高面团品质、面制品质量的二硫键调控理论的形成和创建。     

面筋蛋白在发酵面团加工中的作用机制及研究进展

面筋蛋白是小麦粉中的重要组成物质,其结构性质与面团流变学特性及对应产品品质密切相关。面团是以小麦粉为主要原料经过揉捏而成的混合物,其中面筋蛋白能形成面团的骨架结构并赋予面团独特的功能特性。文章综述了面筋蛋白的组成结构和作用成分及其在发酵面团中的作用机制,并阐述在不同的加工方式下面筋蛋白的结构和性质的不可逆变化以及对发酵面团产生的影响,最后为工业化生产及储藏条件下的发酵面团品质劣变提出针对性的改良措施,进一步改善发酵面团的典型产品（馒头）品质。文章可为进一步开发研究面筋蛋白和发酵面团工业化发展提供参考,对提高产品品质和经济效益具有重要指导意义。     

碱性电解水对重庆小面面团理化特性的影响

该文以钾盐电解的碱性电解水替代食用碱,研究其对重庆小面淀粉糊化特性、面团热机械学特性、流变学特性、蛋白质结构变化的影响,并与纯水及传统食用碱制面比较分析。结果表明,碱性电解水和制面团提升了面团稳定性,降低了蛋白质弱化度,淀粉结构排列更有序,晶体热稳定性提升;面团模量上升,损耗因子下降,面团黏弹性得到改善,面筋网络加强;面团蛋白质组分发生变化,碱性电解水面团麦醇溶蛋白与麦谷蛋白比接近1.0,麦谷蛋白大聚体含量上升,面筋网络黏弹性提升;面团二硫键含量增加,蛋白质二级有序结构上升,面筋网络更加稳定且面团弹性提高。该文研究了碱性电解水对重庆小面专用面粉及面团理化特性的影响,既为面团品质改良剂提供了新的选择性,也对后续小面加工及其蒸煮食用品质评价提供理论参考。     

面制品制作过程中蛋白质的行为及作用

以小麦为原料生产的面制品是我国居民主要的日常主食之一,其中所含的植物蛋白也是日常膳食中蛋白质的主要来源。小麦蛋白是面团的主要结构组分,对面团特性具有重要影响。对小麦粉中蛋白质组分、和面与发酵过程中面团蛋白质的结构和组成变化,以及添加非小麦蛋白后面团性能的变化及其对面制品的品质影响进行了归纳总结,以期为面制品的品质改良和开发提供理论参考。     

几种油脂添加量对发酵面团相互作用的影响

将一定比例（4%、6%、8%、10%和12%）的菜籽油、花生油、棕榈油和奶油添加到小麦粉中,测定油脂添加量对面团的持水性、二硫键含量、化学作用力、表面疏水性、蛋白二级结构及面团微观结构等内部机制的影响。结果表明,油脂的添加可显著影响持水性的变化,提升β-折叠和α-螺旋的比例,促进巯基转化使其相对含量下降,增强二硫键的稳定性,通过调整次级键间的比例增强发酵面团内部组分间的交联作用,形成紧密有序的面筋蛋白基质,结合油脂和淀粉等大分子颗粒构建稳定的微观结构,以维持网络立体结构的稳定性。然而,油脂添加量超过10%时,面团内部结构的形成受到破坏,面制品特性和品质开始降低。综合考虑,建议菜籽油、花生油和棕榈油的最适添加量为8%,奶油的最适添加量范围为8~10%,此条件下发酵面团品质的改善效果最好。     

马铃薯膳食纤维对小麦面团流变和热机械特性的影响

马铃薯膳食纤维(Potato dietary fiber,PDF)是一种优质膳食纤维,具有良好的理化特性和生理功能,添加PDF可提高面制食品的营养品质和功能特性。文章研究了PDF对小麦面团热力学特性、热机械特性、流变特性和微观结构的影响,结果发现随着PDF添加量逐渐增加(2%～10%),小麦面团保持了较好的机械力稳定性,筋力强度和蒸煮稳定性逐渐降低;面筋网络弱化速率、淀粉糊化速率和淀粉酶降解速率均呈现下降趋势。升温条件下添加PDF的面团黏弹性更高,但面筋网络连续性降低,面筋网络包裹淀粉颗粒的能力变差。综上所述,添加2%～10% PDF可较好地保持小麦面团原有的流变特性和热机械特性,为进一步研发含有PDF的面制品提供理论支持。     

影响冷冻面团的因素及其品质改良研究进展

冷冻面团技术因具有延长货架期、防止老化、便于冷藏和运输等优越性,在国内外食品工业得到了广泛的应用。然而,冷冻面团的生产和储存也会面临诸多困难,例如酵母活性降低、面筋结构破坏和冰晶形成等,这些都会破坏冷冻面团的质量。本文概括总结了影响冷冻面团品质因素的作用机理及研究现状,并总结了提高酵母耐冻性、改善面筋结构和面团特性的有效方法。添加改良剂可以减小由于冻藏或冻融循环致使面筋网络破坏的程度,添加谷氨酰胺转氨酶可改善冷冻面团的粘弹性与面筋网络结构,还可明显增加冷冻面团面包的比容,减小面包芯的硬度。选用优质酵母可提高酵母在冷冻期间的发酵力,改善冷冻面制品的风味和口感,其中高产胞外多糖的乳酸菌可以有效改善冷冻馒头面团品质。冷冻面团技术推动了我国馒头、包子、饺子、月饼等中式面食制品快速发展,具有一定的发展潜力。     

椰子粉对小麦粉热机械流变特性的影响

目的:为椰子粉在面制品中的应用提供基础数据。方法:将冻干椰子粉与小麦粉进行不同比例混合,采用GB/T 37511—2019中混合实验仪法测定椰子粉对小麦面筋蛋白和淀粉两个主要组分特性的影响。结果:椰子粉对淀粉特性和面筋蛋白均有较大影响,随着椰子粉添加量的增加,混合粉的吸水率下降、面团稳定时间降低,面筋蛋白弱化度、淀粉峰值黏度、淀粉回生度降低。结论:椰子粉不利于面筋网络的形成,但提高了网络的稳定性、促进了淀粉的糊化、抑制了回生。     

小麦面筋蛋白结构、功能性及应用

小麦面筋蛋白的结构和组成是影响小麦粉面团粘弹性及烘焙品质的重要因素，而且在食品和非食品领域有着广泛的应用。对小麦面筋蛋白的结构、组成对功能特性的影响进行了综述，并简要介绍了小麦面筋蛋白在食品方面的应用。     

影响冷冻面团因素及其品质改良研究进展

冷冻面团技术作为一种面制品加工工艺,具有防止产品老化,便于冷藏和运输等优势,因此在国内外得到广泛应用。然而,在冷冻面团生产和贮藏过程中存在一系列问题,例如：面筋结构完整性丧失、酵母细胞失活以及淀粉结构被破坏等,这些都导致了面制品品质的劣变。本文综述了影响冷冻面团品质的主要因素,总结了提高冷冻面团品质特性的有效方法,改良剂的添加不仅可以提高酵母的耐冻性,而且可以保持面团的流变学特性。基因工程技术修饰可以提高酵母的耐冻性和发酵能力。通过优化冷冻和储存条件,确保酵母的活性和面团的网络结构,使冰晶造成的冻害最小化。此外,新型冷冻技术的应用如超声波辅助冷冻可以在加速冷冻过程的同时生成均匀的冰晶,从而保护面团的网络结构。以期为改善冷冻面团品质以及为开发新型的冷冻面团技术提供理论依据。     

木聚糖酶对全麦发酵面团水相溶液流变及泡沫特性的影响

面团水相的性质会影响面团气室结构稳定性,本文对木聚糖酶（xylanase, XYL）处理全麦发酵面团水相溶液的物质组成、流变学特性及泡沫稳定性进行了研究。结果表明:全麦粉中添加60、120 μg/g XYL可显著提高水相溶液中阿拉伯木聚糖（arabinoxylan, AX）含量（P<0.05）,增幅分别达到35.70%和52.15%,且水相溶液得率显著增加（P<0.05）。与未加酶样品相比,XYL作用下多糖重均分子量由3.001×104 g/mol降低至2.690×104 g/mol。XYL对水相溶液粘度和粘弹性的影响程度与温度密切相关。25 ℃时,水相溶液粘度随着XYL用量的增加而降低;而在60~62 ℃附近,水相溶液形成弱的凝胶结构,XYL提高了体系的粘度及水相溶液由溶液向凝胶态转变的初始温度。XYL对全麦面团体系中AX的增溶作用及对流变特性产生的影响显著改善了水相溶液的泡沫稳定性。相关研究结果为从薄层液膜角度阐明XYL改良全麦发酵面团气室稳定性提供理论依据。     

棕榈油添加量对面团质量的影响

目的:探寻棕榈油在生产馕、面包、馒头、苏打饼干及冷冻面制品等发酵面团中的应用工艺。方法:利用旋转流变仪测定棕榈油添加量对发酵面团流变特性的影响,并通过扫描电镜观察面团微观结构分析棕榈油添加量对面团组分的作用机理。结果:在小麦粉中分别添加4%,6%,8%,10%,12%(以小麦粉的总质量为100%计)的棕榈油,面团的发酵特性和流变特性发生显著变化。当棕榈油添加量为4%~10%时,有效地改善了面团发酵特性,延缓了面团老化速度。但当棕榈油添加量为12%时,会稀释面筋蛋白,降低面筋网络结构的稳定性,增大发酵面团的硬度和黏性。随着棕榈油添加量的增加,面团的发酵体积、持水性和黏弹性先递增后递减。结论:添加适量棕榈油有利于面筋网络结构的形成和稳定,改善面团的发酵及流变特性,棕榈油添加量为6%~8%时面团发酵效果较好。     

Ultrasonic Investigation of the Effect of Vegetable Shortening and Mixing Time on the Mechanical Properties of Bread Dough

ABSTRACT:  Mixing is a critical stage in breadmaking since it controls gluten development and nucleation of gas bubbles in the dough. Bubbles affect the rheology of the dough and largely govern the quality of the final product. This study used ultrasound (at a frequency where it is sensitive to the presence of bubbles) to nondestructively examine dough properties as a function of mixing time in doughs prepared from strong red spring wheat flour with various amounts of shortening (0%, 2%, 4%, 8% flour weight basis). The doughs were mixed for various times at atmospheric pressure or under vacuum (to minimize bubble nucleation). Ultrasonic velocity and attenuation (nominally at 50 kHz) were measured in the dough, and dough density was measured independently from specific gravity determinations. Ultrasonic velocity decreased substantially as mixing time increased (and more bubbles were entrained) for all doughs mixed in air; for example, in doughs made without shortening, velocity decreased from 165 to 105 ms⁻¹, although superimposed on this overall decrease was a peak in velocity at optimum mixing time. Changes in attenuation coefficient due to the addition of shortening were evident in both air-mixed and vacuum-mixed doughs, suggesting that ultrasound was sensitive to changes in the properties of the dough matrix during dough development and to plasticization of the gluten polymers by the shortening. Due to its ability to probe the effect of mixing times and ingredients on dough properties, ultrasound has the potential to be deployed as an online quality control tool in the baking industry.     

复合酶制剂对甜酒酿面包发酵烘焙特性的影响

选用中国特色传统甜酒曲制作的甜酒酿进行面包制作,通过面团流变学分析、生物化学分析、激光共聚焦 显微观察、感官评定等多种手段对甜酒酿面团及面包的品质进行综合评估,与普通小麦面包进行对比,并使用天然 酶制剂来提高含甜酒酿面包的发酵烘焙特性。结果表明：含甜酒酿面团游离巯基含量增加,蛋白酶活力较强,甜酒 酿对面包面团面筋网络结构的形成有破坏作用,会导致面包内聚性、弹性下降,降低口感评分。但甜酒酿能给面包 带来更加诱人的色泽,其特有的酒香使面包更加可口,通过酶制剂的作用,面团面筋网络结构得到强化,含酶甜酒 酿面包品质全面提升,比普通小麦面包更受欢迎。     

Improving porous crumb structure of rice‐related leavened food products by fermentation and gelatinization at slightly higher air pressure conditions

Porous crumb structure of rice‐related leavened food products developed under air pressure conditions during fermentation and gelatinization in a fabricated fermentation chamber were characterized. Therein, four samples were prepared under three pressurized conditions (sample pressurized by the leavened gas itself, 1 kg/cm² initial pressure, 1.5 kg/cm² initial pressure) along with a control (unpressurized). Crumb volume, specific volume, bulk density, pH as well as crumb texture profile and cellular structure were analyzed. Results revealed that fermentation and gelatinization under air pressure (slightly higher than the atmospheric air pressure) conditions in the fabricated fermentation chamber help to arrest leavening gas within the dough mass to improve the properties of porous crumb structure. Sample fermented and gelatinized at 1 kg/cm² initial pressure presented better crumb mechanical and cellular structural properties compared to the other two pressurized samples and the control.     

Mechanistic study of the impact of germinated brown rice flour on gluten network formation,dough properties and bread quality

The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of germinated brown rice flour (GBRF) on the mechanism of high gluten wheat flour (HGWF) network formation and dough properties. Therefore, dough properties, microstructures, stability mechanism and bread quality were evaluated. Results showed that HGWF+10%GBRF exhibited a higher dough stability time (DST), pasting temperature, storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G′′), as well as a lower compliance value. The microstructure of dough showed that GBRF interfered with the self-organization of gluten protein molecules and affected the formation of gluten network structure. The disulfide bonds and β-sheet structure were proved to play an important role in facilitating the formation of a stable three-dimensional network structure, which revealed the regulatory mechanism of GBRF in maintaining the dough stability and strength. Furthermore, the dough mixing properties and texture parameters (i.e., hardness and fracturability) of breads were significantly correlated. Overall, GBRF can be used as a potential ingredient for whole grain products and its realistic role in bread-making has been demonstrated.     

Effect of baked wheat germ on gluten protein network in steamed bread dough

The effect of baked wheat germ (BWG) on the gluten network structure in steam bread dough was investigated. The secondary structure, free sulphydryl (-SH) content, disulphide (-SS-) bonds content and microstructure of gluten were analysed to evaluate gluten structural changes. The addition of different amounts of BWG (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12%) in dough resulted in decreased content of α-helix and β-sheet structures, but increased random coils, which indicated that a disordered structure was formed. The presence of BWG increased the -SH content but decreased the -SS- bonds content, which indicated fracture of disulfide bonds. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) analysis indicated that steamed bread dough containing BWG had larger-sized gas cell and granules of starch separated by the protein matrix, which weakened the gluten network structure. These changes may inevitably affect the viscoelastic properties of steamed bread dough.