基于模型间迁移性的黑盒对抗攻击起点提升方法

为高效地寻找基于决策的黑盒攻击下的对抗样本,提出一种利用模型之间的迁移性提升对抗起点的方法。通过模型之间的迁移性来循环叠加干扰图像,生成初始样本作为新的攻击起点进行边界攻击,实现基于决策的无目标黑盒对抗攻击和有目标黑盒对抗攻击。实验结果表明,无目标攻击节省了23%的查询次数,有目标攻击节省了17%的查询次数,且整个黑盒攻击算法所需时间低于原边界攻击算法所耗费的时间。     

基于平移随机变换的对抗样本生成方法

基于深度神经网络的图像分类模型能够以达到甚至高于人眼的识别度识别图像,但是因模型自身结构的脆弱性,导致其容易受对抗样本的攻击。现有的对抗样本生成方法具有较高的白盒攻击率,而在黑盒条件下对抗样本的攻击成功率较低。将数据增强技术引入到对抗样本生成过程中,提出基于平移随机变换的对抗样本生成方法。通过构建概率模型对原始图像进行随机平移变换,并将变换后的图像用于生成对抗样本,有效缓解对抗样本生成过程中的过拟合现象。在此基础上,采用集成模型攻击的方式生成可迁移性更强的对抗样本,从而提高黑盒攻击成功率。在ImageNet数据集上进行单模型和集成模型攻击的实验结果表明,该方法的黑盒攻击成功率高达80.1%,与迭代快速梯度符号方法和动量迭代快速梯度符号方法相比,该方法的白盒攻击成功率虽然略有降低,但仍保持在97.8%以上。     

一种基于局部平均有限差分的黑盒对抗攻击方法

在黑盒攻击领域,目前主流方法是利用对抗样本迁移性实现对抗攻击,然而此类方法效果不佳。为此提出一种基于访问的黑盒攻击方法,此方法运用有限差分法直接估计样本在目标模型中的损失函数梯度。为提高攻击效率,算法在两方面进行优化:第一,在估计梯度时,固定区域内使用平均像素值代替区域所有像素值进行有限差分,从而每个区域只需计算一次梯度;第二,在迭代生成对抗样本时,提出复用多代梯度生成对抗扰动的思想,显著减少攻击迭代次数。经过大量实验验证,在MNIST、 CIFAR-10和ImageNet中迭代的非目标攻击分别获得了99. 8%、 99. 9%和85. 8%的攻击成功率,领先当今大多数黑盒攻击算法。     

基于腐蚀批归一化层的对抗攻击算法

目前在对抗样本生成研究领域,基于梯度的攻击方法由于生成速度快和资源消耗低而得到广泛应用。然而,现有大多数基于梯度的攻击方法所得对抗样本的黑盒攻击成功率并不高。最强基于梯度的攻击方法在攻击6个先进防御黑盒模型时的平均成功率只有78.2%。为此,提出一种基于腐蚀深度神经网络架构中批归一化层的对抗攻击算法来改进现有基于梯度的攻击方法,以实现所得对抗样本的黑盒攻击成功率进一步提升。在一个ImageNet兼容数据集上做了大量实验,实验结果表明所提出的算法在单模型攻击和集成模型攻击中均能与现有基于梯度的攻击方法有效组合,实现在几乎不增加额外计算开销条件下增强对抗样本的攻击性能。此外,所提算法还使得最强基于梯度的攻击方法针对6个先进防御黑盒模型的平均攻击成功率提升了9.0个百分点。     

基于图像翻转变换的对抗样本生成方法

面对对抗样本的攻击,深度神经网络是脆弱的。对抗样本是在原始输入图像上添加人眼几乎不可见的噪声生成的,从而使深度神经网络误分类并带来安全威胁。因此在深度神经网络部署前,对抗性攻击是评估模型鲁棒性的重要方法。然而,在黑盒情况下,对抗样本的攻击成功率还有待提高,即对抗样本的可迁移性有待提升。针对上述情况,提出基于图像翻转变换的对抗样本生成方法——FT-MI-FGSM（Flipping Transformation Momentum Iterative Fast Gradient Sign Method）。首先,从数据增强的角度出发,在对抗样本生成过程的每次迭代中,对原始输入图像随机翻转变换;然后,计算变换后图像的梯度;最后,根据梯度生成对抗样本以减轻对抗样本生成过程中的过拟合,并提升对抗样本的可迁移性。此外,通过使用攻击集成模型的方法,进一步提高对抗样本的可迁移性。在ImageNet数据集上验证了所提方法的有效性。相较于I-FGSM（Iterative Fast Gradient Sign Method）和MI-FGSM（Momentum I-FGSM）,在攻击集成模型设置下,FT-MI-FGSM在对抗训练网络上的平均黑盒攻击成功率分别提升了26.0和8.4个百分点。     

应用引导积分梯度的对抗样本生成

给图片添加特定扰动可以生成对抗样本, 误导深度神经网络输出错误结果, 更加强力的攻击方法可以促进网络模型安全性和鲁棒性的研究. 攻击方法分为白盒攻击和黑盒攻击, 对抗样本的迁移性可以借已知模型生成结果来攻击其他黑盒模型. 基于直线积分梯度的攻击TAIG-S可以生成具有较强迁移性的样本, 但是在直线路径中会受噪声影响, 叠加与预测结果无关的像素梯度, 影响了攻击成功率. 所提出的Guided-TAIG方法引入引导积分梯度, 在每一段积分路径计算上采用自适应调整的方式, 纠正绝对值较低的部分像素值, 并且在一定区间内寻找下一步的起点, 规避了无意义的梯度噪声累积. 基于ImageNet数据集上的实验表明, Guided-TAIG在CNN和Transformer架构模型上的白盒攻击性能均优于FGSM、C&W、TAIG-S等方法, 并且制作的扰动更小, 黑盒模式下迁移攻击性能更强, 表明了所提方法的有效性.     

一种基于进化策略和注意力机制的黑盒对抗攻击算法

深度神经网络在许多计算机视觉任务中都取得了优异的结果,并在不同领域中得到了广泛应用.然而研究发现,在面临对抗样本攻击时,深度神经网络表现得较为脆弱,严重威胁着各类系统的安全性.在现有的对抗样本攻击中,由于黑盒攻击具有模型不可知性质和查询限制等约束,更接近实际的攻击场景.但现有的黑盒攻击方法存在攻击效率较低与隐蔽性弱的缺陷,因此提出了一种基于进化策略的黑盒对抗攻击方法.该方法充分考虑了攻击过程中梯度更新方向的分布关系,自适应学习较优的搜索路径,提升攻击的效率.在成功攻击的基础上,结合注意力机制,基于类间激活热力图将扰动向量分组和压缩优化,减少在黑盒攻击过程中积累的冗余扰动,增强优化后的对抗样本的不可感知性.通过与其他4种最新的黑盒对抗攻击方法（AutoZOOM、QL-attack、FD-attak、D-based attack）在7种深度神经网络上进行对比,验证了该方法的有效性与鲁棒性.     

一种利用类别显著性映射生成对抗样本的方法

如果对抗样本的迁移性越强,则其攻击结构未知的深度神经网络模型的效果越好,所以设计对抗样本生成方法的一个关键在于提升对抗样本的迁移性.然而现有方法所生成的对抗样本,与模型的结构和参数高度耦合,从而难以对结构未知的模型进行有效攻击.类别显著性映射能够提取出样本的关键特征信息,而且在不同网络模型中有较高的相似度.基于显著性映...     

基于改进遗传算法的对抗样本生成方法

对抗样本是评估模型安全性和鲁棒性的有效工具,对模型进行对抗训练能有效提升模型的安全性。现有对抗攻击按主流分类方法可分为白盒攻击和黑盒攻击两类,其中黑盒攻击方法普遍存在攻击效率低、隐蔽性差等问题。提出一种基于改进遗传算法的黑盒攻击方法,通过在对抗样本进化过程中引入类间激活热力图解释方法,并对原始图像进行区域像素划分,将扰动进化限制在图像关键区域,以提升所生成对抗样本的隐蔽性。在算法中使用自适应概率函数与精英保留策略,提高算法的攻击效率,通过样本初始化、选择、交叉、变异等操作,在仅掌握模型输出标签及其置信度的情况下实现黑盒攻击。实验结果表明,与同是基于遗传算法的POBA-GA黑盒攻击方法相比,该方法在相同攻击成功率下生成的对抗样本隐蔽性更好,且生成过程中模型访问次数更少,隐蔽性平均提升7.14%,模型访问次数平均降低6.43%。     

车牌识别系统的黑盒对抗攻击

深度神经网络(Deep neural network, DNN)作为最常用的深度学习方法之一, 广泛应用于各个领域. 然而, DNN容易受到对抗攻击的威胁, 因此通过对抗攻击来检测应用系统中DNN的漏洞至关重要. 针对车牌识别系统进行漏洞检测, 在完全未知模型内部结构信息的前提下展开黑盒攻击, 发现商用车牌识别系统存在安全漏洞. 提出基于精英策略的非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-II)的车牌识别黑盒攻击方法, 仅获得输出类标及对应置信度, 即可产生对环境变化较为鲁棒的对抗样本, 而且该算法将扰动控制为纯黑色块, 可用淤泥块代替, 具有较强的迷惑性. 为验证本方法在真实场景的攻击可复现性, 分别在实验室和真实环境中对车牌识别系统展开攻击, 并且将对抗样本用于开源的商业软件中进行测试, 验证了攻击的迁移性.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.