碳化硅陶瓷预制体的选区激光烧结及真空压力渗铝

提出采用选区激光烧结法(SLS)制备碳化硅(SiC)陶瓷预制体,探讨SiC陶瓷表面改性对激光烧结成形性的影响,进行SiC陶瓷粉末的激光烧结成形工艺实验,并对SiC陶瓷激光烧结件进行热脱脂和真空压力渗铝.结果表明:SiC陶瓷表面经硅烷偶联剂KH.570(5%)改性处理后的激光烧结成形性得到很大的改善;同时,所添加粘结剂中的无机磷酸二氢氨含量控制在8%,其激光能量密度在0.10～0.12 J/mm2范围内均能烧结成形,而激光能量密度0.11J/mm2的烧结件密度为2.31g/cm3,抗弯强度达到0.81MPa.对SiC陶瓷激光烧结件的热脱脂和真空压力渗铝后的XRD和OM分析表明:脱脂过程中生成的SiP207是陶瓷预制体的新粘结剂;而真窄浸渗过程中也仅有微量的AIPO4新生成相,并没有其它的残留物;且SiC陶瓷分布均匀,大小颗粒相互搭配,组织致密.此外,其外形形状与CAD模型吻合,可实现SiCp/Al复合材料的近净成形.     

工艺参数对氮化铝陶瓷表面激光金属化层电阻的影响

目的 提高氮化铝陶瓷表面激光金属化层的导电性能。方法 采用正交试验设计方案,使用30 W纳秒光纤激光打标机制备了氮化铝陶瓷表面激光金属化试样,测量了金属层的电阻。通过极差分析和方差分析方法分析了激光工艺参数及其交互作用对氮化铝陶瓷表面激光金属化层电阻值的影响规律。结果 在本研究激光工艺参数及其取值范围内,激光功率对氮化铝表面激光金属化层电阻的影响最为显著,增大激光功率有利于降低氮化铝表面激光金属化层的电阻值。采用优化工艺参数(激光功率30 W、频率30 kHz、扫描速度100mm/s)单次激光扫描制备激光金属化层的电阻为2.25?/mm。随着重复扫描次数的增加,功率不同的激光表面金属层的电阻值向相反方向转变：小功率激光表面金属层电阻值随扫描次数增加而迅速减小,大功率激光表面金属层电阻值随扫描次数增加而增大。经10次重复扫描后,激光功率3 W(相应的激光能量密度约为15.3 J/cm²)激光金属化层的电阻值低于功率分别为30 W和18.75 W激光金属化层的电阻值。结论 采用30 W激光单次扫描,或者采用3 W激光多次扫描,有利于提高氮化铝表面激光金属化层的导电性。     

不锈钢表面激光熔覆镍基合金涂层的数值模拟与试验

为改善不锈钢表面熔覆质量,探究能量密度对不锈钢表面激光熔覆镍基合金涂层质量的影响,利用Visual-Environment数值模拟软件,基于高斯体热源模型,通过改变激光功率获得不同的能量密度输入,对304不锈钢表面激光熔覆Ni35合金涂层的过程进行了数值模拟分析,并采用相应能量密度对应的激光功率进行试验验证。模拟结果表明,激光功率为900 W,扫描速度为6 mm/s,光斑半径为1 mm时,对应的激光能量密度为75 J/mm²,所得温度分布云图峰值温度2459.55℃,在较合理的温度范围内(2400～2600℃)。试验验证结果显示,该工艺参数下熔覆层宏观形貌较好且微观组织致密,基体与涂层间形成了良好的冶金结合。     

脉冲激光改性碳纤维复合材料及其金属化研究

目的 选择性地实现碳纤维复合材料(Carbon fiber reinforced plastic,CFRP)表面良好的导电性,满足它在共形天线上的应用。方法 采用波长为1 064 nm的纳秒脉冲激光器对惰性极高的CFRP表面进行表面改性处理,并结合化学镀铜技术,制备激光改性碳纤维复合材料表面金属层。利用扫描电镜、X射线光电子能谱仪对改性后的材料表面进行表征,利用焊点拉脱方法表征金属层结合力。结果 研究表明,激光能量密度越高,则CFRP基材表面树脂被去除得越多;激光搭接率越大,则碳纤维束表面越粗糙;在适当的激光能量密度(60 J/cm²)和横/纵向搭接率(50%)下,会产生大量的极性化学基团。当激光能量密度为10~100 J/cm²、激光搭接率为0%时,CFRP表面镀铜层的结合强度为0.57~3.16 MPa,且激光能量密度与镀层结合强度呈正相关。当激光能量密度为60 J/cm²、激光搭接率为−100%~90%时,CFRP表面镀铜层的结合强度为0.19~ 3.24 MPa,且激光搭接率与镀层结合强度呈正相关。结论 脉冲红外纳秒激光在一定能量密度和搭接率的条件下,可改变碳纤维表面形貌、化学成分,实现金属层的制备。     

激光除漆对铝合金飞机蒙皮微观组织的影响

目的 探究激光除漆对铝合金飞机蒙皮基体近表层(15 μm)微观组织的影响规律,阐明近表层微观组织变化与显微硬度的内在联系。方法 采用纳秒脉冲红外激光去除2024-T3铝合金飞机蒙皮表面漆层,通过调节激光能量密度,分别除漆至基体阳极氧化层、铝合金、铝合金表面熔融。利用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)表征漆层的剥离程度及基体的表面形貌。通过超景深三维显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、Image-Pro Plus软件表征Keller试剂腐蚀后铝合金基体近表层的微观组织。采用数显显微维氏硬度计测量基体剖面的显微硬度。结果 在激光能量密度为4.26 J/cm²时,相较于原始基体,阳极氧化层较完整,其基体的表面粗糙度接近于原始基体(未除漆),近表层的微观组织无明显改变,近表层的显微硬度增加了1.6%。当除漆至铝合金基体表面完整时(15.25 J/cm²),相对于原始基体,其表面粗糙度降低,近表层的微观组织无明显改变,近表层的显微硬度增加了4.8%。在激光能量密度为27.79 J/cm²时,铝合金表面熔融,其表面粗糙度相对于原始基体增大,近表层的晶粒显著细化,其显微硬度增加了17.3%。结论 采用合适的激光能量密度对铝合金飞机蒙皮进行激光除漆,不会显著改变其基体近表层的微观组织。在较高能量密度下,铝合金近表层会发生晶粒细化,导致显微硬度显著增加。     

激光能量密度对Al2O3颗粒增强Ni60A激光熔覆涂层组织及性能的影响

目的 实现钛合金表面强化和正向改性,扩大钛合金应用范围。方法 采用预置粉末法在钛合金表面制备Ni60A-Al₂O₃激光熔覆层,通过改变激光功率,进而研究激光能量密度对Ni60A-Al₂O₃熔覆层横截面形貌、微观组织、元素分布、显微硬度以及耐磨性和耐腐蚀性的影响规律。结果 激光能量密度对熔覆层的平整性、成形性有着直接影响。不同激光能量密度下的熔覆层微观组织相似,但在125 J/mm²下,熔覆层形成的陶瓷增强相分布更均匀,且杂质相衍射峰面积较小,元素分布更均匀。此时,熔覆层的力学性能也最好,平均显微硬度值为1132.7HV0.2,较基体硬度提升约3.3倍,摩擦系数最小,且波动较平稳,磨损率也最低,具有较好的减摩性和耐磨性。125J/mm²下熔覆层形成的陶瓷增强相TiC、TiB₂既能作为不良导体降低电化学腐蚀速率,又由于分布均匀而避免应力集中引发裂纹,较其他激光能量密度下的熔覆层具有较好的耐腐蚀性。结论 利用控制变量法探究激光能量密度对Ni...     

Cf/C-SiC烧蚀行为及激光复合超声磨削可行性研究

目的 揭示激光与Cf/C-SiC陶瓷基复合材料相互作用机理,分析激光能量密度对材料形性演变的影响规律。提出Cf/C-SiC陶瓷基复合材料激光复合超声磨削加工方案,探究硬脆材料多能场复合加工的可行性。方法 使用不同能量密度的激光束扫描Cf/C-SiC陶瓷基复合材料表面,以明确材料烧蚀行为。在材料表面预制不同间距的平行纹理沟槽,进而对比传统磨削、超声辅助磨削和激光复合超声磨削的加工效果,同时研究不同扫描间距的预制沟槽对磨削效果的影响规律。结果 陶瓷基复合材料(CMC)在激光作用下可呈现2种截然不同的状态,改性状态时材料以氧化等热化学变化为主,样件内出现热影响区和裂纹区。烧蚀状态时材料以热物理和热机械变化为主,样件内出现烧蚀凹坑、重铸层、热影响区和裂纹区。纤维束中界面经整体脱黏后,裂纹向下延伸并发生偏转。基体中的裂纹多起源于纤维界面处,并在扩展过程中发生偏转、分叉。激光烧蚀作用可改变材料的可加工性,有利于后续超声磨削加工。激光复合超声磨削的两方向磨削力相较传统磨削分别减小了51.4%和56.5%,同时表面粗糙度Sa可降低至4.228 μm。结论 激光复合超声磨削可有效降低磨削力和加工表面粗糙度,从而提高加工质量,该方法在实现硬脆材料高质量低成本加工方面具有较大的潜能。     

带热障涂层镍基单晶高温合金的激光制孔研究

采用毫秒激光和皮秒激光在带热障涂层的镍基单晶合金上加工了气膜孔,对比研究了长脉冲与超短脉冲加工对热障涂层及金属基体孔壁形貌的影响。实验发现,波长1064 nm的毫秒激光在试样表面产生的能量密度直接影响到陶瓷层的加工。以2866 J/cm2的能量密度从陶瓷面加工,陶瓷面的熔化所需要的热积累时间长,热量会传导至高温金属,产生类似熔池的热影响;而从金属面加工则由于陶瓷是最后加工的材料,有足够的热积累时间熔化陶瓷涂层,从而直接打通小孔。当毫秒激光的能量密度提高至6369 J/cm2时,热量在涂层中的积累速度加快,陶瓷材料能够快速熔化,从而避免了金属基体先于陶瓷熔化的现象,同时,加工过程中熔化后的陶瓷会经过孔通道,从而出现附着在孔壁上的现象。采用皮秒激光加工陶瓷涂层仅需要能量密度达到32 J/cm2,皮秒激光旋切制孔是将小孔圆周上的材料全部剥蚀掉,直至孔打通,而孔内的材料会从孔中掉出。皮秒激光加工中产生的等离子体冲击力会引起涂层的开裂,由于热障涂层制备方法不同引起涂层中的裂纹方向有所不同,等离子喷涂制备的涂层为层状结构,裂纹易沿平行于表面方向生长,而EB-PVD制备的涂层为柱状晶结构,裂纹多出现在柱状晶的间隙。     

选区激光熔化TC4球化飞溅机理及其试验研究

目的 提升单熔道、单层面的成形质量和打印精度,通过对球化、飞溅缺陷机理的研究及试验探索,寻找减少其产生的最优工艺路径.方法 采用不同激光功率、点间距、线间距的打印策略成形单熔道,通过单熔道的成形质量,初步选取表面质量较好的成形工艺参数范围,进行单层面的成形试验.在单熔道、单层面成形试验中,进行球化、飞溅缺陷产生的研究和分析,探讨其产生机理及对表面质量的影响,并进一步进行单层面试验研究,找到合理的工艺参数取值范围,以此提升单层面表面质量.结果 球化、飞溅缺陷对于单熔道、单层面的成形质量及精度都有较大影响.能量密度是影响缺陷产生的主要原因,适当的能量密度可以提升表面质量,线能量密度在0.4～0.6 J/mm、面能量密度在4～6 J/mm2时,所成形的样件表面较为平整,球化、飞溅缺陷明显减少,成形质量好,精度较高.结论 当能量密度合适时,球化、飞溅缺陷明显减少,单熔道、单层面的成形效果好,流动均匀且连续.球化、飞溅缺陷有一定的规律性,可以通过最优工艺参数进行避免.     

激光功率对Al2O3-ZrO2共晶陶瓷成形质量的影响

采用激光近净成形系统成形了Al2O3-Zr O2(Y2O3)共晶陶瓷,研究了激光功率对成形形貌以及陶瓷内部裂纹、气孔的影响规律,利用X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜对样件进行相成分分析和微观组织观察。研究表明,相对较高的激光功率可以得到裂纹以及气孔较少的陶瓷样件;陶瓷样件具有紧凑排列的胞状共晶组织,亚微米级t-Zr O2(Y2O3)纤维均匀分布在胞状共晶组织内部。由于激光近净成形加工具有层层堆积的特点,微观组织呈现出垂直于沉积方向的周期性带状组织。     

激光功率与扫描速度对选区激光熔化钴铬合金组织性能的影响

目的 明确选区激光熔化钴铬合金中激光线能量密度、激光功率和激光扫描速度对成形件组织、性能的影响,探究优化工艺参数的方法。方法 基于ANSYS有限元软件模拟选区激光熔化过程中熔池尺寸的基础上,通过金相显微镜分析了熔池尺寸和显微组织,电子背散射衍射分析了晶粒尺寸,使用力学试验机和洛氏硬度计研究了试样的力学性能。结果 随着线能量密度降低,成形件的熔池尺寸、晶粒大小、冷却速度和力学性能降低。但在激光线线能量密度为0.242 J/mm的条件下,扫描速度为1 200 mm/s时成形试样的致密度为98.7%,抗拉强度为867 MPa,延伸率为6.5%,其力学性能均高于扫描速度为950 mm/s时成形的试样,与线能量密度更高的0.263 J/mm成形条件下250 W+950 mm/s的成形试样力学性能相近。结论 激光线能量密度是影响选区激光熔化钴铬合金熔池尺寸和组织性能的关键因素,但熔池尺寸与激光线能量密度没有线性关系。相同的线能量密度下,增加激光扫描速度,有利于获得大的熔池尺寸和冷却速度,提高成形件的致密度和降低晶粒尺寸,最终使成形件力学性能提高。     

High quality welding of stainless steel with 10 kW high power fibre laser

Abstract

The objectives of this research are to investigate penetration characteristics, to clarify welding phenomena and to develop high quality welding procedures in bead on plate welding of type 304 austenitic stainless steel plates with a 10 kW fibre laser beam. The penetration depth reached 18 mm at the maximum at 5 mm s^?1. At 50 mm s^?1 or lower welding speeds, however, porosity was generated at any fibre laser spot diameter. On the other hand, at 100 mm s^?1 or higher welding speeds, underfilling and humping weld beads were formed under the conventionally and tightly focused conditions respectively. The generation of spatters was influenced mainly by a strong shear force of a laser induced plume and was greatly reduced by controlling direction of the plume blowing out of a keyhole inlet. The humping formation was dependent upon several dynamic or static factors, such as melt volume above the surface, strong melt flow to the rear molten pool on the top surface, solidification rate and narrow molten pool width and corresponding high surface tension. Its suppression was effective by producing a wider weld bead width under the defocused laser beam conditions or reduction of melt volume out of keyhole inlet under the full penetration welding conditions. Concerning porosity, X-ray transmission in situ observation images demonstrated that pores were formed not only from the tip of the keyhole but also at the middle part because of high power density. The keyhole behaviour was stabilised using a nitrogen shielding gas, resulting in porosity prevention. Consequently, to produce high quality welds in 10 kW high power fibre laser welding, the reduction procedures of welding defects were required on the basis of understanding their formation mechanism, and 10 kW fibre laser power could produce sound deeply penetrated welds of 18 mm depth in a nitrogen shielding gas.     

激光熔丝增材制造监测与控制系统研究现状

激光熔丝增材制造作为一种定向能量沉积技术,具有很好的发展前景。文中对国内外激光熔丝增材制造监测与控制系统进行归纳概述。现阶段,国内外激光熔丝增材制造常见的监测系统包括结构光扫描系统、红外测温成像系统等,实时监测沉积层高度、熔池状态;常见的控制系统为以闭环控制策略为主的在线反馈送丝速率控制系统、在线反馈激光功率控制系统等,在线监测系统与控制系统协同作用,能够显著优化增材制造工艺、提高成形质量。介绍了包括三维超声波扫描技术、电磁振动监测技术在内的新兴激光熔丝增材制造监测技术。结合激光熔丝增材制造技术的工艺难题对下一代监测与控制系统进行展望。国内外对沉积层高度和宽度、熔池尺寸和温度等监测对象已有较为充分的研究和试验验证,但在沉积过程中,由于激光的高能量密度会造成高温度梯度,因此对沉积过程在线高精度、高质量监测与控制技术的研究变得至关重要。 创新点： 激光熔丝增材制造成形精度要求高,同时国内外对该技术的相关工艺、成形原位控制的研究处于起步阶段,对沉积层、熔池偏差的实时监测与控制进行深入研究具有重要意义。     

激光熔覆熔池动态演化及缺陷工艺调控研究进展

激光熔覆是一种高能束增材修复技术,具有热影响区小、组织性能可控性强、材料选择范围广等系列优势,目前已广泛应用于能源动力等领域关键金属构件的增材制造成形与受损零部件的修复再制造中。激光熔覆是以“激光”为热源的能量沉积技术,包括高能激光束冲击、表面熔池熔化快凝及熔覆表面层形成等多种物理、化学过程,其中熔池内金属热流体动力演化行为与熔覆层缺陷及表层组织性能调控密切相关。金属熔池具有“急热骤冷”的凝固特征,其内部对流、传热和传质等行为决定了熔覆层中温度及应力分布状态,是诱导熔覆层内气孔、裂纹等组织内部缺陷形成的关键因素。从激光熔覆过程中熔池内部对流、传热与传质的动态物理特性出发,论述了激光热源的理论模型设计、动态熔池中“流场+温度场+应力场”的多物理场数值模拟等方面的相关研究。在此基础上,分析了激光熔覆层典型缺陷-裂纹和气孔的形成机理及特征,总结了“材料-工艺-熔凝行为-涂层缺陷”的内在关联机制。同时,针对单一工艺方式调控熔池内熔凝过程的局限性,概述了多种复合能量场调控技术对熔覆层内部缺陷的作用机制与调控效果。最后,总结了当前激光熔覆层缺陷动态形成过程中存在的问题,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

Synchrotron-Based X-ray Microtomography Characterization of the Effect of Processing Variables on Porosity Formation in Laser Power-Bed Additive Manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V

The porosity observed in additively manufactured (AM) parts is a potential concern for components intended to undergo high-cycle fatigue without post-processing to remove such defects. The morphology of pores can help identify their cause: irregularly shaped lack of fusion or key-holing pores can usually be linked to incorrect processing parameters, while spherical pores suggest trapped gas. Synchrotron-based x-ray microtomography was performed on laser powder-bed AM Ti-6Al-4V samples over a range of processing conditions to investigate the effects of processing parameters on porosity. The process mapping technique was used to control melt pool size. Tomography was also performed on the powder to measure porosity within the powder that may transfer to the parts. As observed previously in experiments with electron beam powder-bed fabrication, significant variations in porosity were found as a function of the processing parameters. A clear connection between processing parameters and resulting porosity formation mechanism was observed in that inadequate melt pool overlap resulted in lack-of-fusion pores whereas excess power density produced keyhole pores.     

Observation of keyhole-mode laser melting in laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing

Laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing of metals employs high-power focused laser beams. Typically, the depth of the molten pool is controlled by conduction of heat in the underlying solid material. But, under certain conditions, the mechanism of melting can change from conduction to so-called “keyhole-mode” laser melting. In this mode, the depth of the molten pool is controlled by evaporation of the metal. Keyhole-mode laser melting results in melt pool depths that can be much deeper than observed in conduction mode. In addition, the collapse of the vapor cavity that is formed by the evaporation of the metal can result in a trail of voids in the wake of the laser beam. In this paper, the experimental observation of keyhole-mode laser melting in a laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing setting for 316L stainless steel is presented. The conditions required to transition from conduction controlled melting to keyhole-mode melting are identified.     

激光熔化沉积制备2A50锻造铝合金组织性能

工艺参数的协同调控决定了沉积工件的组织与性能,在锻造铝合金零件激光增材修复工程应用方面具有重要研究价值。采用OM、SEM、XRD等试验方法,研究能量密度对激光沉积成形2A50铝合金构件组织与性能的影响规律。结果表明：当能量密度低于200 J/mm2时,成形效果较差且产生粉末球化、未熔合等凝固缺陷;随着能量密度的提高,沉积试样底部和顶部一次枝晶间距均明显缩短、平均硬度由85.7 HV提高至92.1 HV;过高的能量密度输入会导致熔池内部分低熔点合金元素蒸发形成气孔缺陷、同时削弱了合金元素的固溶强化效果。在优化的能量密度（333J/mm2）条件下,激光沉积成形2A50锻造铝合金构件获得了较优的综合力学性能,其屈服强度、抗拉强度和延伸率分别为85 MPa、207 MPa和14%。为航空重大装备关键零部件的激光增材修复探索出一条行之有效的技术途径。     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of NiTi Shape Memory Alloys by In Situ Laser Directed Energy DepositionEI北大核心CSCD

以Ni粉与Ti粉为原料,采用激光定向能量沉积(LDED)技术制备NiTi形状记忆合金。利用XRD、物相拟合、SEM、EDS和DSC等测试方法,对NiTi合金的显微组织、物相含量和物相转变进行分析,随后采用压缩圆柱样品进行形状记忆效应测试,并评估其形状记忆效应。激光能量密度较低时,NiTi合金中产生大量Ni_(4)Ti_(3)相沉淀,随着激光能量密度增加,Ni_(4)Ti_(3)相消失。激光能量密度为20.0 J/mm^(2)时,NiTi合金具有2878 MPa的压缩断裂强度与34.9%的压缩失效应变,且样品在循环20 cyc后具有88.2%形状记忆恢复率。     

Selective laser melting of aluminium components

Previous work has shown that the processing of aluminium alloys by selective laser melting (SLM) is difficult, with reasonable components only being produced with high laser powers (minimum 150 W) and slow laser scanning speeds. The high laser power is a significant problem as it is higher than that used in many SLM machines. Also, the combination of high power and low speed creates a large melt pool that is difficult to control, leading to balling of the melt and possible damage to the powder distribution system. Even when processing is carried out successfully, the high power and slow scan speed significantly increase build time and the manufacturing costs.This paper considers the changes that can be made to the SLM process so as to reduce the laser power required and increase the laser scanning rates, while still producing components with a high relative density. It also considers why aluminium and its alloys are much more difficult to process than stainless steels and commercially pure titanium. Two MCP Realizer machines were used to process 6061 and AlSi12 alloys, one processing at 50 W and the other 100 W laser power. Even with an optimum combination of process parameters a maximum relative density of only 89.5% was possible (achieved with 100 W). The major confounding factor for processing aluminium and its alloys was found to be oxidation due to the presence of oxygen within the build chamber. This formed thin oxide films on both the solid and molten materials. It was observed that the oxide on the top of the melt pool vaporised under the laser creating a fume of oxide particles, while melt pool stirring, probably due to Marangoni forces, tended to break the oxide at the base of the melt pool allowing fusion to the underlying tracks. However, the oxides at the sides of the melt pool remained intact creating regions of weakness and porosity, as the melt pool failed to wet the surrounding material. Therefore, if 100% dense aluminium components are to be produced by SLM, using low laser powers, methods need to be developed that can either disrupt these oxide films or avoid their formation.     

SLM成形Cu6AlNiSnInCe仿金合金的工艺优化及其组织与性能

采用激光选区熔化(SLM)工艺成形Cu6AlNiSnInCe仿金合金,研究不同SLM工艺参数组合对试样成形质量及其组织和性能的影响。结果表明,根据SLM成形试样的形貌特征可将激光功率和扫描速度的影响直观地划分为六个区域,分别是过熔区、完全熔化区、球化区、部分熔化区、严重球化区和未成形区。在完全熔化区时,激光能量密度达到156 J/mm3,仿金粉末在该参数区域完全熔化且熔池保持稳定的状态,试样密度较高、表面质量较好,表面粗糙度为9.2μm;SLM试样由基体α-Cu(Al Ni)相和弥散分布在基体中的析出δ-Cu41Sn11相组成;SLM试样的抗变形能力、显微硬度和耐腐蚀性能均优于铸造试样。