大肠杆菌PTSNtr相关基因缺失对苏氨酸合成的影响

大肠杆菌的氮磷酸转移酶系统（nitrogen phosphotransferase system,PTSNtr）在其工作过程中会消耗L-苏氨酸合成的前体物质磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸,敲除相关基因或可影响苏氨酸合成。作者利用CRISPR-Cas9系统,分别敲除PTSNtr相关基因ptsP、ptsO和ptsN,构建得到突变株MZ001、MZ002和MZ003。通过对出发菌株和突变菌株测定生长曲线,发现ptsP、ptsO和ptsN的单缺失使菌株培养前期生长迟缓,迟滞期延长,后期快速生长,稳定期生物量积累大于出发菌株。之后在出发菌株和突变菌株中引入含有苏氨酸合成的3个关键酶编码基因thrA*、thrB和thrC以及苏氨酸转运蛋白编码基因rhtC的表达质粒。对比菌株MG1655/pFW01-thrA*BC-rhtC,菌株MZ001/pFW01-thrA*BC-rhtC、MZ002/pFW01-thrA*BC-rhtC和MZ003/pFW01-thrA*BC-rhtC苏氨酸的产量有明显提高,分别为3.805、1.722、3.091 g/L。本研究表明,大肠杆菌的PTSNtr相关基因的敲除对提高其L-苏氨酸的合成能力有促进作用。     

调整葡萄糖转运系统提高大肠杆菌L-苏氨酸产量

葡萄糖的有效利用是提高大肠杆菌合成L-苏氨酸能力的关键,作者通过优化葡萄糖转运来提高大肠杆菌L-苏氨酸合成能力。利用CRISPR基因编辑技术在大肠杆菌TWF001中分别敲除了PTS系统关键基因ptsH和ptsG,并在30 g/L葡萄糖质量浓度下进行了摇瓶发酵。与对照菌株TWF001相比,TWF001ΔptsH和TWF001ΔptsG合成L-苏氨酸能力均有明显改善;TWF001ΔptsH L-苏氨酸产量提升38.02%。在TWF001ΔptsH基因组上用trc启动子过表达galP基因,构建了TWF001ΔptsH,Ptrc：：PgalP。对3株突变菌在40、50、60 g/L葡萄糖质量浓度下进行了摇瓶发酵;36 h后TWF001ΔptsH,Ptrc：：PgalP在40 g/L葡萄糖质量浓度时,L-苏氨酸产量达到26.16 g/L,糖酸转化率为0.65 g/g,L-苏氨酸产量提升幅度达42.12%。研究结果说明优化葡萄糖转运可以有效提高大肠杆菌L-苏氨酸合成能力。     

大肠杆菌生物膜关键组分缺失对细胞性能的影响

大肠杆菌胞外存在复杂且种类繁多的生物膜组分，这些生物膜组分不仅在合成和组装过程中耗费大量的能源和底物，且某些组分还存在巨大的致病风险。为减少这些不利影响，作者采用Crisp-Cas9基因编辑技术，从基因水平分别去除大肠杆菌MG1655中非必需生物膜组分，构建了一系列非必需生物膜组分缺失突变菌株。对突变株的细胞特性进行考察，筛选具有优异特性的突变菌株。结果显示，敲除鞭毛fliE-R、fliY-T、flhE-D 、4型荚膜、唾液酸和聚- β-1,6-葡萄糖胺基因簇能促进菌株在M9培养基中的生长；敲除鞭毛基因簇flgN-L和胞外多糖类组分有利于PHB合成；敲除胞外多糖类组分基因簇或鞭毛的4个基因簇，能增强菌株膜通透性；去除大肠杆菌核心多糖能重塑代谢调控，促进克拉酸的生产。     

基于模块优化强化大肠杆菌合成乳糖-N-新四糖的研究

乳糖-N-新四糖(lacto-N-neotetraose,LNnT)作为人乳寡糖核心组分之一,在婴幼儿成长发育过程中发挥着重要作用。为寻找高效的LNnT生物合成方法,探究模块优化对大肠杆菌合成LNnT产量的影响,以大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)ΔlacZ为出发菌株,根据合成路径中的关键代谢物质将LNnT合成路径划分为:外源酶所在路径的模块A,UDP-半乳糖合成路径的模块B和UDP-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖合成路径的模块C。利用不同拷贝数质粒初步优化模块A、B和C的表达强度,当大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)ΔlacZ共表达重组质粒pRSF-lgtA-A.act和pET-galE时,LNnT产量最高,达0.87g/L。通过CRISPR/Cas9技术敲除setA和ugd强化模块A和模块B,获得的重组菌株E20合成LNnT产量达1.16g/L。摇瓶发酵条件优化后,重组菌株E20合成LNnT产量达1.28g/L。在5L发酵罐中,LNnT分批补料发酵产量达15.53g/L,发酵过程最高生产强度为0.43g/(L·h)。模块优化强化大肠杆菌高效合成LNnT有望为人乳寡糖的高效生物合成提供理论基础,进而推进婴幼儿配方食品产业的革新。     

L-苏氨酸发酵过程中乙酸的控制

大肠杆菌是表达外源基因常用的宿主菌,然而在培养过程中容易发生副产物乙酸的积累,不仅造成碳源的浪费,而且严重抑制菌体生长及外源基因的表达.本研究利用一株自主构建的大肠杆菌基因工程菌(MHZ0200-2)发酵生产L-苏氨酸.通过选择合适的发酵条件来控制其副产物乙酸的生成,从而提高L-苏氨酸的产量.L-苏氨酸的初始产量是0.09g/L,培养条件优化后产量提高到2.06g/L.     

大肠杆菌中吡咯喹啉醌合成途径的构建

目前吡咯喹啉醌（Pyrroloquinoline quinone,PQQ）在大肠杆菌中的异源合成主要以质粒为表达载体进行,但是质粒载体难以进行合成途径多基因表达的系统优化,并且容易造成发酵不稳定。作者以大肠杆菌为底盘生物,利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术,在基因组水平系统优化PQQ的合成。将来源于Gluconobacter oxydans 621H的操纵子pqqABCDE引入底盘大肠杆菌,并进一步通过优化合成途径基因表达强度,敲除大肠杆菌自身抑制基因及强化PQQ的胞内需求与胞外转运等,获得了一株能够高效合成PQQ的工程菌,摇瓶发酵72 h时产量达到86.3 mg/L。以大肠杆菌为底盘构建PQQ高效合成途径的工作能够为后续以其他底盘生物生产PQQ及相关代谢产物提供借鉴。     

高效合成L-高丝氨酸大肠杆菌基因工程菌株的构建

针对现有L-高丝氨酸生产菌株因营养缺陷需在发酵过程中添加L-苏氨酸等物质的问题,以大肠杆菌为底盘细胞,构建1株非营养缺陷型L-高丝氨酸高产菌株.首先通过下调thrB和thrC的转录弱化L-高丝氨酸的降解途径;并过表达thrA、ppc和pntAB以强化L-高丝氨酸合成代谢流、提高前体物以及辅酶供应;在此基础上过表达rht...     

利用代谢工程改造谷氨酸棒杆菌产丙酮酸研究

丙酮酸是一种重要的有机酸,可以作为前体物质,参与合成多种有机化合物,在生物体的能量代谢中发挥着重要作用。为提高丙酮酸产量,选择利用代谢工程改造谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)生产丙酮酸。利用同源重组的方法,依次敲除谷氨酸棒杆菌中与丙酮酸代谢支流相关的5个关键基因(丙酮酸醌氧化还原酶基因pqo、丙酮酸羧化酶基因pyc、转氨酶基因alaT、缬氨酸-丙酮酸氨基转移酶基因avtA、丙酮酸脱氢酶基因aceE),摇瓶发酵72h后丙酮酸的产量达到14.64g/L。通过过表达编码转酮醇酶基因tkt、转醛酶基因tal、磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶基因pck,增加合成丙酮酸前体物质的供应。最终,复合培养基摇瓶发酵72h后,发酵液中丙酮酸的产量达到15.39g/L,与野生型菌株相比提高了28倍。研究旨在为利用微生物发酵生产丙酮酸提供一定的理论参考。     

改造乙酰羟酸合成酶提高L-亮氨酸产量

乙酰羟酸合成酶（acetohydroxy acid synthase,AHAS,编码基因ilvBN）是L-亮氨酸合成途径的第一个限速酶。以谷氨酸棒杆菌XL-3（Corynebacterium glutamicum XL-3）为底盘细胞,通过分析并改造AHAS增加其对底物丙酮酸的偏好性,从而提高L--亮氨酸产量。首先利用AHAS的氨基酸序列进行同源建模,根据蛋白质结构进行丙氨酸扫描,找到突变的潜在位点,通过测定突变体酶活力和重组菌株的L--亮氨酸产量寻找最适突变体。测定结果发现将157位Gln突变成Arg能够有效提高AHAS催化丙酮酸的能力,最终重组菌株的L--亮氨酸产量达到（23.5±1.8）g/L,比出发菌株谷氨酸棒杆菌XL-3增加了51%,同时副产物L--异亮氨酸产量有所下降。因此,通过对AHAS的理性改造促进了L--亮氨酸的合成,该研究结果对后续利用蛋白质工程强化微生物合成L-亮氨酸等支链氨基酸具有重要的参考价值。     

谷氨酸棒状杆菌合成L-高丝氨酸的代谢改造与发酵条件探究

目的:本研究以谷氨酸棒状杆菌ATCC 13032为底盘细胞,构建1株L-高丝氨酸合成菌株并分析溶氧环境对其产物合成的影响。方法:首先通过外源添加0～40 g/L的L-高丝氨酸分析谷氨酸棒状杆菌的产物耐受性;随后,通过基因thrB敲除阻断L-高丝氨酸的降解途径,获得谷氨酸棒状杆菌重组菌H1;在此基础上利用挡板摇瓶进行细胞培养以增强发酵过程中氧气供给能力。结果:与大肠杆菌相比,谷氨酸棒状杆菌对L-高丝氨酸具有更强耐受性。研究中通过敲除基因thrB构建了L-苏氨酸缺陷型谷氨酸棒状杆菌重组菌H1,发现基础培养基中加入0.5 g/L的L-苏氨酸后,该重组菌生长恢复正常水平。挡板摇瓶条件下重组菌H1的L-高丝氨酸产量增加至836.7 mg/L,较普通摇瓶产量44.6 mg/L提高了17.76倍。结论:通过阻断L-苏氨酸的合成,成功构建L-高丝氨酸合成菌株谷氨酸棒状杆菌H1,并且发现利用挡板摇瓶增强发酵过程中供氧能力是促进谷氨酸棒状杆菌高效合成L-高丝氨酸的有效手段,为后续提高L-高丝氨酸发酵产量提供了参考。     

First evidence of the presence of genomic islands in Escherichia coli P4, a mammary pathogen frequently used to induce experimental mastitis

Mastitis pathogens belonging to Escherichia coli species are often considered as environmental opportunistic pathogens that invade the udder and are rapidly killed by the immune system of cows. However, several studies have reported that some of these strains are able to persist in the udder for prolonged periods or to adhere and invade mammary epithelial cells, suggesting that they might possess some specific properties or genes that could be involved in their capacity to provoke mastitis. The aim of this work was to search for such specific genes in the E. coli strain P4, which was isolated from a case of severe mastitis and is often used to induce experimental mastitis. We established that this strain belongs to phylogenetic group A of the E. coli species, and that its core genome is very similar to that of the commensal nonpathogenic strain E. coli K-12 MG1655. Seventeen transfer RNA loci, known to be frequently associated with genomic islands, were screened and an altered structure was detected for 7 of them. The partial characterization of 5 of these loci (asnT, leuX, pheV, serU, and thrW) and the complete characterization of 1 (argW) revealed the presence of genomic islands that differ from those already described in pathogenic or nonpathogenic E. coli strains.     

红曲色素高产菌的诱变选育与发酵优化

红曲红是一种由红曲霉生产的具有较高药用及营养价值的天然色素。为提高红曲红液态发酵产量,利用常压室温等离子体诱变技术(ARTP)对紫红曲霉（Monascus purpureus）LBBE进行诱变并优化了发酵条件。确定ARTP诱变条件为：红曲霉孢子浓度107个/mL、通气量10 SLM、功率80 W、诱变时间42 s。上述诱变条件下,经10轮诱变,红曲霉正向突变率从44.6 %降至3.8%,突变株LBBE-15的红曲红色价达到1 244 U/mL,较出发菌株提高1.26倍。红曲霉培养条件优化确定为：接种体积分数7%、硫酸锰1 g/L、初始pH 3.7。优化后的红曲红色价达到1 376 U/mL。50 L罐分批发酵显示,红曲红色价为642 U/mL。该研究结果为实现工业大规模生产提供了数据参考。     

变形假单胞菌吡咯喹啉醌合成基因簇的克隆与分析

从变形假单胞菌JUIM01中克隆到吡咯喹啉醌(PQQ)合成基因簇,阐明了其基因组成和生物学信息。根据已报道的假单胞菌的基因组进行简并引物设计,采用LA-PCR技术克隆变形假单胞菌的PQQ合成基因簇,对克隆的基因片段进行测序并使用生物信息学方法进行综合分析。结果表明:克隆到的基因片段全长为11 659 bp,其中包括pqqF、pqqA、pqqB、pqqC、pqqD、pqqE、pqqM、pqqH和pqqI共9个基因,编码PQQ生物合成的前体短肽PqqA和合成途径的相关酶;这些基因与荧光假单胞菌Pf0-1的PQQ合成基因簇的基因组成类似,相应基因的序列一致性达41%～94%。本研究中首次从变形假单胞菌中克隆到PQQ合成基因簇,并对其进行生物信息学分析,为变形假单胞菌的PQQ生物合成途径和胞内再生机制的研究奠定了基础,进而为提高2KGA的生产强度提供了理论支撑。     

16S与gyrB基因联合建树快速鉴定一株蜡样芽孢杆菌

开发一种可用于保守序列相似度较高的菌群快速鉴定的方法,并用其鉴定一株从土壤采集的芽孢杆菌。从厦门市同安国家农业科技园区施用动物肥的种植区采集土壤,稀释涂布平板,分离纯化菌株后,扩增16S与gyrB基因序列并测序,在Genbank选择序列相似的ATCC菌株进行比对,将16S序列与gyrB序列线性拼接后,利用Paup* 4.0构建进化树,通过生理生化实验对鉴定结果进行验证。在16S序列与gyrB基因序列单独建树均无法鉴定到种的情况下,通过16S与gyrB碱基线性拼接序列联合建树,将土壤中分离得到的芽孢杆菌HX2016002鉴定为蜡样芽孢杆菌,该方法所构建的进化树自展值高,鉴定结果与生理生化实验一致。对Genbank中已知的蜡样芽孢杆菌序列建树分析表明,该方法在蜡样芽孢杆菌中具有普适性。利用16S与gyrB基因拼接序列联合建树,在保守序列相似度高的属内菌种鉴定中具有进一步研究的价值。     

Biological control of Penicillium italicum of Citrus and Botrytis cinerea of Grape by Strain 34–9 of Kloeckera apiculata

The biological control capability of strain 34-9 of Kloeckera apiculata against Penicillium italium (Wehmer), postharvest rot of citrus fruits and Botrytis cinerea, postharvest rot of grape fruits was studied in vitro and in vivo. Strain 34-9 of K. apiculata at 3×10⁸ CFU (colony-forming unit)/ml of washed cells provided complete control of 3×10⁵ spores/ml of P. italium and B. cinerea during storage at 25 °C for 6 d. Antagonist population increased 40, 195 times in citrus fruit wound site and grape fruit wound site at 25 °C for 3 d, respectively, then the population stabilized for the remaining storage period. Cell-free culture filtrate, supernatant fluid and sterilized solution of strain 34-9 of K. apiculata had no antagonist against P. italium of citrus and B. cinerea of grape. These results showed that competition for nutrient, not antibiotic production, played a major role in the biological control capability of strain 34-9 of K. apiculata against P. italium of citrus and B. cinerea of grape.     

ACE-inhibitory activity and gamma-aminobutyric acid content of fermented skim milk by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lactobacillus helveticus</Emphasis> isolated from Xinjiang koumiss in China

Eighty-one strains of Lactobacillus were isolated from the koumiss collected in Xinjiang, China. The strains were cultivated in skim milk medium, ACE inhibitory activity and GABA concentrations in the culture supernatants were measured. Screening results revealed that ACE inhibitory activity of 16 strains was higher than 50% and two strains produced GABA. The Lactobacillus—ND01 strain produces both the high ACE inhibitory activity and GABA. The sequence of 16S rDNA of the Lactobacillus—ND01 showed 99% homology to L. helveticus. The first identification of the newly isolated Lactobacillus—ND01 strain which produces both high ACE inhibitory activity and GABA revealed differences from reported species in our study. The L. helveticus ND01 was resistant to acidic condition. The results suggest that L. helveticus ND01 showed good potential for application in the management of hypertension.     

Disruption of ubiquitin-related genes in laboratory yeast strains enhances ethanol production during sake brewing

Sake yeast can produce high levels of ethanol in concentrated rice mash. While both sake and laboratory yeast strains belong to the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the laboratory strains produce much less ethanol. This disparity in fermentation activity may be due to the strains' different responses to environmental stresses, including ethanol accumulation. To obtain more insight into the stress response of yeast cells under sake brewing conditions, we carried out small-scale sake brewing tests using laboratory yeast strains disrupted in specific stress-related genes. Surprisingly, yeast strains with disrupted ubiquitin-related genes produced more ethanol than the parental strain during sake brewing. The elevated fermentation ability conferred by disruption of the ubiquitin-coding gene UBI4 was confined to laboratory strains, and the ubi4 disruptant of a sake yeast strain did not demonstrate a comparable increase in ethanol production. These findings suggest different roles for ubiquitin in sake and laboratory yeast strains.