牡蛎中多组分多环芳烃的光动力降解研究

目的:寻求一种高效、经济、安全可靠的新型食品中有机污染物降解方法。方法:通过比较三种光敏剂（姜黄素、核黄素、金丝桃素）对牡蛎肉外观品质的影响以及光动力对水溶液中多环芳烃的降解效果,对其进行工艺优化,在最优条件下探究光动力对牡蛎中多环芳烃的降解作用。结果:当光敏剂浓度为10 μmol/L时,富集量高达89.68%~92.22%,且牡蛎肉为正常的奶白色,并未发生变化。而当浓度为20 μmol/L时,富集量仅为71.90%~78.62%,牡蛎肉颜色发生肉眼可见的由白色到黄色的变化。与核黄素和金丝桃素相比,姜黄素介导的光动力降解效果最佳,光照15 min时降解率高达91.08%。因此,确定的最佳条件为:光敏剂为姜黄素,浓度10 μmol/L,光照时间15 min。在最优条件下,相比于空白对照组,光动力对牡蛎中多环芳烃的降解率达到21.92%~88.46%。结论:光动力方法可有效降解牡蛎中的多环芳烃,该技术对于水产品中残留多环芳烃的降解是一种可行的方法,应用前景广阔。     

核黄素介导的光动力技术的研究进展

核黄素是一类B族维生素,它少部分存在于人体内,广泛的存在于食物中。核黄素对于人体的新生代谢以及生长发育具有良好的促进作用。光动力技术是一种新型、环保、高效的控制手段,光敏剂是光动力技术的关键要素,以核黄素光敏剂介导的光动力技术在肿瘤、皮肤病、病虫害等领域均已有广泛的应用。然而,大量研究表明核黄素的光敏特性对人体健康及食品稳定性仍存在一定的影响。因此,本文综述了核黄素的功能特性,并总结了核黄素作为光敏剂介导的光动力技术在治疗疾病与控制病虫害等过程中的应用,以及对人体健康及食品稳定性产生的可能影响,旨在为其进一步开发提供参考依据。     

姜黄素光动力技术对水产食品霍利斯格里蒙特菌和溶藻弧菌的灭活作用

目的:研究水溶性姜黄素介导的光动力技术对霍利斯格里蒙特菌和溶藻弧菌的灭活效果及其机理.方法:通过平板菌落计数法测定光动力技术对霍利斯格里蒙特菌和溶藻弧菌的灭活效果,采用试剂盒检测光动力作用后菌体内活性氧水平,利用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙稀酰胺凝胶电泳和琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析菌体蛋白降解和基因损伤程度.结果:水溶性姜黄素光动力对...     

不同波段的光照对无菌牛奶中光敏剂降解的影响

在油脂光照氧化过程中起催化作用的光敏剂在不同可见光照波段下有着不同的吸收特性。光敏剂对光照的吸收量越大,光敏剂降解得越迅速。研究不同可见光光照波段对无菌牛奶中光敏剂核黄素与原卟啉降解的影响,确定出这两种光敏剂降解最为迅速的光照波段。实验结果表明核黄素在400~500nm、原卟啉在500~600nm光照波段下降解迅速。因此,牛奶在这两个光照波段下氧化变质可能更为迅速。     

姜黄素介导光动力处理牡蛎的安全性评价

该研究旨在通过急性经口毒性试验和28 d经口毒性试验评价以姜黄素为光敏剂介导的光动力非热力杀菌技术处理牡蛎的食用安全性。结果显示,光动力处理的牡蛎对小鼠的急性经口半数致死剂量（medium lethal dose,LD50）大于40 g/kgbw,属于实际无毒级别,且小鼠的血常规、脏器指数和组织病理学等指标与对照组相比均未见明显异常。将光动力处理的牡蛎以10 g/kgbw的设计剂量重复灌胃大鼠28 d后,大鼠的生长发育、体重、食物利用率、尿液学、血常规、血清生化、脏器指数和组织病理学等指标均未产生显著性异常变化。以上研究结果表明,在试验剂量范围内,以姜黄素介导的光动力处理牡蛎未见急性毒性和短期毒性,具有较高的食用安全性,为该技术在贝类加工中的推广应用提供了理论依据。     

姜黄素介导的光动力冷杀菌方法对牡蛎杀菌的效果研究

通过光动力疗法（photodynamic therapy,PDT）对牡蛎肉匀浆及牡蛎肠道中的细菌进行杀灭处理,探究PDT可否杀灭牡蛎中的细菌。结果表明,以姜黄素为光敏剂的光动力冷杀菌处理对牡蛎中细菌具有非常好的灭活效果,3、6 h光敏剂富集组对牡蛎的杀菌率可达90%以上。同时该方法处理简便,且具有广谱杀菌特性。     

姜黄素介导的光动力冷杀菌技术在食品中的研究进展

姜黄素介导的光动力冷杀菌技术是食品工业中新型杀菌技术之一,由于其高效,安全且能保持食品品质及感官特性,因此在未来食品杀菌领域具有广阔的应用前景。该文介绍了姜黄素介导光动力冷杀菌技术的杀菌机理和影响食品杀菌效果的因素,并与其他冷杀菌技术进行比较。在此基础上,总结了姜黄素介导的光动力冷杀菌技术在食品杀菌中的研究进展,并对其未来应用前景进行了展望。     

光动力技术对副溶血性弧菌的灭活作用

该文探究了姜黄素介导的光动力技术(photodynamic technology, PDT)协同柠檬酸处理对副溶血性弧菌的灭活效果和机理。通过平板菌落计数法测定光动力技术对副溶血性弧菌的灭活效果、扫描电镜观察细菌形态变化,酶标仪检测PDT处理后菌体活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)水平以及过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、腺苷三磷酸酶(adenosine triphosphatase, ATPase)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, AKP)的活性变化,琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析基因损伤程度。结果表明,PDT杀菌效果随姜黄素浓度增加、光照时间延长和柠檬酸(0.5 mg/mL)的添加而显著增强(在最高浓度姜黄素条件下P<0.05)。当姜黄素浓度为2μmol/L,柠檬酸质量浓度为0.5 mg/mL,光照2 min后,PBS中的副溶血性弧菌菌落总数从7.43 lg CFU/mL降至0。光敏剂姜黄素被蓝光激活后通过电子转移和能量转移产生具有强氧化性的ROS,菌体内...     

姜黄素介导的光动力技术对真空包装鲜莲胀袋控制效果的研究

针对真空包装的鲜莲在冷藏过程中产生的胀袋问题,探究以姜黄素为光敏剂、LED灯为光源的光动力技术对真空包装鲜莲胀袋现象的控制效果及抑菌作用。结果显示,光照45 min、姜黄素浓度为1.5 mmol/L的光动力处理能有效抑制鲜莲的酸败胀袋现象。同时,光动力技术对胀袋鲜莲的灭菌效果达到99%,并且理化性质与质构特性分析显示光动力技术处理后对鲜莲的品质特性影响不大。文章采用新型冷杀菌技术,有效解决鲜莲胀袋问题,为莲子及其副产品的开发、包装和储藏提供理论依据。     

姜黄素介导的光动力技术对鲜切马铃薯的杀菌效果

本文运用光动力技术（Photodynamic technology,PDT）对鲜切马铃薯进行非热杀菌,实验选用姜黄素为光敏剂,420 nm LED蓝光为激发光源。探究了光照功率、光照时间、孵育时间以及光敏剂浓度等因素对鲜切马铃薯表面大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌杀菌效果的影响,并确定最优杀菌条件。结果表明,该技术对大肠杆菌的最优杀菌条件分别为:光照功率40 W、光照时间20 min、孵育时间15 min、姜黄素浓度30 μmol/L;金黄色葡萄球菌的最佳杀菌条件分别为:光照功率40 W、光照时间10 min、孵育时间15 min、姜素浓度30 μmol/L。与对照组相比,光动力技术处理后的大肠杆菌与金黄色葡萄球菌菌落总数分别为降低3.60与5.23 lg CFU/mL。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fresh and cold-smoked Atlantic salmon fillets

The occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked fish as a consequence of cold smoking was studied. Raw fillets of Salmo salar from Norway or the Irish Sea were sampled in a modern smokehouse and examined for PAH content. The same fillets, labeled with an identification number, were sampled immediately after the smoking process and analyzed. Among the investigated compounds, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, and benzo[ghi]perylene were detected in both raw and smoked fillets. No significant difference (P < 0.01) was observed between raw and smoked samples in the concentrations of six PAHs, but significant differences were found for fluorene, anthracene, fluoranthene, benz[a]anthracene, and benzo[ghi]perylene. Results confirm that PAHs concentrations in smoked fish are the product of both sea pollution and the smoking process. A modern smoking plant with an external smoke generator and a mild treatment as described here will not add significantly to the concentration of PAHs, except for some compounds.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food samples collected in Barcelona, Spain

This study reports on the concentrations of eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in food samples collected in the city of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) from 2003 to 2004. Food samples included meat products, fish (fresh and smoked), other seafood (cephalopods, crustaceans, and bivalves), vegetable oil, and tea. Concentrations of benz[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, benzo[alpha]pyrene, benzo[e]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene were determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. PAHs were detected in most tea samples (94%), which had the highest concentration of total PAHs (mean concentration of 59 microg/kg). Other food groups with a high presence of PAHs were bivalves (present in 34% of the samples; mean value of 2.7 microg/kg) and meat products (present in 13% of the samples; mean value of 1.7 microg/kg). The PAHs detected most frequently were benzo[e]pyrene and benzo[b]fluoranthene. No sample had levels above current regulation standards. Nevertheless, the frequent presence of PAHs in bivalves, tea samples, and meat products, together with the fact that dietary sources are the main exposure to these carcinogenic compounds, suggests the need for some monitoring scheme to follow up on these trends.     

冷冻除脂-气相色谱-串联质谱法检测食用植物油中30 种多环芳烃

建立冷冻除脂--气相色谱-串联质谱检测食用植物油中30?种多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAH）的方法。选用6?种氘标记PAH为内标,样品经乙腈--丙酮溶液（4∶1,V/V）于离心管中涡旋提取,10?000?r/min离心5?min,－80?℃对油脂冷冻固化,倾出提取液,再经减压浓缩和氮气吹干,以二氯甲烷复溶,气相色谱--串联质谱多反应监测方式进行检测。结果表明,在相应质量浓度范围内30?种PAH均有良好线性（R2＞0.998）,检出限为0.10～1.83?μg/kg,定量限为0.35～6.11?μg/kg,在5、20?μg/kg和50?μg/kg添加水平下的回收率为67.77%～119.28%,相对标准偏差为1.18%～12.47%。采用本方法对市售11?类38?个食用植物油样品的检测显示,萘、1-甲基萘、2--甲基萘、联苯、2,6--二甲基萘、苊烯、苊、2,3,6--三甲基萘、芴、二苯并噻吩、菲、蒽、1-甲基菲、荧蒽、芘、环戊烯[c,d]芘、苯并[a]蒽、屈、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[e]芘和苯并[a]芘的检出率均为100%;5--甲基屈、苝、茚并[1,2,3--c,d]芘、二苯并[a,h]蒽、苯并[g,h,i]苝和二苯并[a,l]芘的检出率分别为86.84%、63.16%、81.58%、21.05%、81.58%和26.32%;二苯并[a,e]芘和二苯并[a,h]芘未检出;PAH总量为92.56～905.16?μg/kg,其中苯并[a]芘含量为1.94～7.40?μg/kg,依据食品安全标准限量,PAH处于较安全水平。     

Trophic dilution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a marine food web from Bohai Bay, north China

Trophic transfer of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aquatic ecosystems is an important criterion for assessing their ecological risk. This study analyzed 18 PAHs in phytoplankton/seston, zooplankton, five invertebrate species, five fish species, and one seabird species collected from Bohai Bay, and trophic transfer of the PAHs was determined in the food web, of which the length was approximately 4 on the basis of stable nitrogen isotope values. The concentrations of PAHs (2-64.5 ng/g wet weight) in the marine ecosystem were moderate compared with other marine organisms worldwide, and the PAH compositions exhibited species-specific profiles that were related to trophic levels in some organisms. Significant negative relationships were also found between trophic levels and lipid-normalized concentrations for 10 PAH compounds (acenaphthylene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene + benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[e]pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, and perylene), and their trophic magnification factors (TMFs) ranged from 0.11 for fluoranthene to 0.45 for acenaphthylene. These results confirm that PAHs undergo trophic dilution in the marine food web, which is likely to be the combined results of low assimilation efficiencies and efficient metabolic transformation at higher trophic levels.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in foods: human exposure through the diet in Catalonia, Spain

The dietary intake of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene) by the general population of Catalonia, Spain, was calculated. Concentrations of PAHs in food samples randomly acquired in seven cities of Catalonia from June to August 2000 were measured. Eleven food groups were included in the study. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to analyze PAHs. The dietary intakes of total and carcinogenic PAHs was calculated for five population groups: children, adolescents, male adults, female adults, and seniors. Among the analyzed PAHs, there was a predominance of phenanthrene (16.7 microg/kg) and pyrene (10.7 microg/kg). By food group, the highest levels of total PAHs were detected in cereals (14.5 microg/kg) and in meat and meat products (13.4 microg/kg). The mean estimated dietary intake of the sum of the 16 PAHs was as follows: male adults, 8.4 microg/day; adolescents, 8.2 microg/day; children, 7.4 microg/day; seniors, 6.3 microg/day; female adults, 6.3 microg/day. The calculated daily intake of PAHs would be associated with a 5/106 increase in the risk for the development of cancer in a male adult with a body weight of 70 kg.     

Molecular simulations of benzene and PAH interactions with soot

Molecular mechanics simulations and ab initio calculations were performed to investigate the mechanism of PAH-soot adsorption. Partitioning of benzene, naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, fluoranthene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene between water and soot was modeled with classical and quantum mechanical calculations in order to determine a method for predicting log(K(d)) values. In both cases, the predicted mechanism of adsorption is interaction of the pi-electrons in the PAH and soot (i.e., pi-pi van der Waals forces). Solvation energies, the energy difference between the solute in the gas phase and in the model aqueous phase, calculated with molecular mechanics did not follow the observed solubilities of the PAHs. Molecular dynamics simulations overestimate the favorability of PAHs in the aqueous phase. Hence, the partitioning between the aqueous phase and soot does not accurately correlate with observed log(K(d)) values. Models of PAH adsorption using structures from molecular mechanics and energies from ab initio calculations do produce water-soot partitioning energies that correlate well with observed log(K(d)) values. The log(K(d)) values for benzene, anthracene, fluorene, and benzo[a]pyrene were predicted based on the correlation between calculated partitioning energies and observed log(K(d)) values. Results presented here suggest that partitioning of PAHs onto soot should depend on the size of the PAH, the planarity of PAH molecule, and the aromaticity of the compound. The methodology developed bythis research can be used to predict PAH K(d) values that have not yet been measured.     

Soil ecotoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in relation to soil sorption,lipophilicity, and water solubility

A data set was generated aiming to predict the toxicity of PAHs to soil organisms. Toxicity data include the effects of 16 PAHs on the survival and reproduction of the soil-dwelling springtail Folsomia fimetaria. The results show that only PAHs with reported log Kow values < or = 5.2 (i.e., naphthalene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, anthracene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, and fluoranthene) significantly affected the survival or reproduction of the test organisms. Threshold values for the toxicity of the individual PAHs could be expressed as pore-water concentrations by the use of reported organic carbon-normalized soil-pore-water partitioning coefficients (Koc values). For the PAHs with a log Kow < or = 5.2, toxicity significantly increased with increasing lipophilicity of the substances (r2 = 0.67; p = 0.012; n = 8), suggesting a narcotic mode of toxic action for most substances. However, the position of anthracene in the regression plot indicated a more specific mode of toxic action than narcosis, and removing this data point yielded the following regression equation: log EC10 (micromol/L) = -0.97 log Kow + 4.0 (r2 = 0.80; p = 0.006; n = 7). Using this quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) to calculate threshold values for the toxicity of the remaining nontoxic substances (benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, perylene, and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene), the absence of toxicity could, in most cases, be explained by a limited water solubility, indicating that these substances do act by narcosis as the mode of toxic action and that their toxicity is governed by concentrations in the pore-water. The results provide important input to future model predictions of the ecological risk posed by PAH contaminated sites.     

Sources, vertical fluxes, and equivalent toxicity of aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal sediments of the Río de la Plata Estuary, Argentina

Settling particles and bottom sediments collected at 1, 2.5, and 4 km off the metropolitan Buenos Aires coast in the Río de la Plata were analyzed to evaluate the sources and toxicity of resolved (PAHs) and unresolved (AROUCM) aromatic hydrocarbons. PAHs (0003-2.1 microg g(-1)) and AROUCM (0.01-78 microg g(-1)) presented the highest concentrations nearthe Buenos Aires port and sewer and decreasing values up- and downstream and along on- and offshore gradients. Sediment traps deployed in the Central area revealed large aromatic fluxes (1.3 +/- 1.5 and 31 +/- 47 mg m(-2) day(-1) for PAHs and AROUCM). The composition of sedimentary PAHs was dominated by uniformly distributed high molecular weight pyrogenic PAHs (53 +/- 11% fluoranthene, pyrene, and heavier PAHs), followed by diagenetically derived perylene more abundant in less polluted sites (29 +/- 15%) and lower molecular weight petrogenic PAHs (18 +/- 7.1% phenanthrene, anthracene, and methylated compounds), which covaried inversely with perylene. PAH diagnostic ratios indicated a stronger influence of petrogenic discharges close to the shore and the prevalence of combustion of fossil fuels and vehicle emissions over wood in offshore sediments. Sediment cores showed sustained hydrocarbon levels with decreasing proportion of petrogenic PAHs and relative enrichment of pyrogenic components and perylene down to 20-cm depth. PAH toxicity assessment by sediment quality guidelines (SQG) and dioxin-equivalent factors (PAH TEQ: 0.08-395 pg g(-1) dw) identified 1-2.5 km sediments close to the port and sewer as the most affected area. According to SQG, dibenz[a,h]anthracene and pyrene were the most critical PAHs, followed by benzo[a]pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, and chrysene. In contrast, PAH TEQs were dominated by indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, perylene, and benz[a]anthracene which accounted for an average 86 +/- 5.7% of total TEQs.