Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of duplex stainless steel

Present study concerns the effect of deformation and heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a duplex stainless steel. While hot rolling causes the coarse distribution of the constituent phases (ferrite and austenite), 50% cold rolling results into the elongated and splintered two — phase structure. Supersaturated ferrite structure established by water quenching from 1300°C results into the strengthening due to the formation of fine dispersed austenite precipitates within ferrite grain after isothermal heat treatment (1000°C, 0.5 hour). Duplex structure consisting of ferrite and austenite in a fine-grained form is obtained after isothermal heat treatment of cold rolled sample. Cold deformed and heat treated steel exhibits best combination of strength and ductility among all the investigated steel samples.     

氮对SAF2205双相不锈钢组织及力学性能的影响

通过增加氮质量分数、降低镍质量分数研究了对SAF2205双相不锈钢组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明,增氮降镍后,当氮质量分数和镍质量分数在合适的范围(w(N)≤0.26%、w(Ni)≥5.940%)内时,试验钢的奥氏体相区扩大,奥氏体晶粒变小且均匀;随着镍质量分数降低,晶粒变得粗大,但冲击吸收功和强度均有所提升,其中A_(kV)由199.7增至232.5J,R_m由538提高到787 MPa,Rp0.2由484提升到692 MPa,此时钢的塑性指标降低较小。     

增氮对钒微合金钢组织和性能的影响

 通过对不同钒、氮质量分数的试验钢进行热模拟压缩试验和实验室轧制试验,用OM、SEM和TEM分析试验钢的显微组织,研究增氮对钒微合金钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明,普通钒微合金钢为板条贝氏体＋粒状贝氏体组织,增加氮质量分数,可促进晶内铁素体相变,得到针状铁素体组织,使M/A组织细化且弥散分布,改善韧性;而增加钒质量分数,可以增加析出强化作用,提高强度,但组织形态无明显变化,不能提高韧性。增氮钢中的钒在奥氏体内以VN析出,低氮钢内的钒在铁素体内以VC的形式析出,奥氏体-铁素体、VC-铁素体和VN-铁素体的平面点阵错配度分别为6.72%、3.89% 和 1.55%,在奥氏体内析出的VN可以作为铁素体的优先形核位置,促进晶内铁素体相变。     

Effect of cooling after welding on microstructure and mechanical properties of 12 Pct Cr steel weld metals

The microstructure of three 12 pct cr steel weld metals with different nickel and nitrogen contents was studied in as-welded condition and after postweld heat treatment with and without intercooling. Tensile strength and impact toughness of the weld metals were investigated in different postweld heat treatment conditions. In weld metals heat treated without intercooling, austenite decomposed by a eutectoid reaction that resulted in M₂₃C₆ aggregates around retained δ-ferrite. Two morphologies of M₂N and MN precipitates were found in a low-dislocation α-ferrite. It was concluded that these phases were also transformed from austenite. In weld metals heat treated with intercooling, M₂₃C₆ precipitates were smaller and more homogeneously distributed. Different MN precipitates were found in the tempered martensite. The fracture mode of the weld metals at room temperature was mainly transgranular cleavage with some fibrous fracture. Intercooling treatment improved Charpy impact toughness of the 12 pct Cr steel weld metals substantially. It was found that the important microstructural factors affecting the impact toughness of the weld metals which were heat treated without intercooling were the sizes of the α-ferrite grains, nonmetallic inclusions, and M₂₃C₆ aggregates. For the weld metals heat treated with intercooling, the factors which affect the toughness of the weld metals were the sizes of martensite packets and nonmetallic inclusions.     

两相质量比对粉末冶金双相不锈钢显微组织与力学性能的影响

将316L奥氏体不锈钢粉末与430铁素体不锈钢粉末分别按照80:20、65:35、50:50质量比混合,采用冷等静压成型方法制备了双相不锈钢,研究了奥氏体和铁素体起始粉末质量比对双相不锈钢组织结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明:当奥氏体和铁素体起始粉末质量比为65:35,烧结温度1350℃,保温时间60 min时,双相不锈钢综合力学性能较好,其中,抗拉强度为847 MPa,屈服强度为281 MPa,硬度为HV 207,断后伸长率为37.5%。     

焊后热处理对沉淀硬化不锈钢15-7Mo焊接接头组织性能的影响

研究了4种不同的焊后热处理工艺对半奥氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢15-7Mo焊接接头组织性能的影响.结果表明:焊接接头不进行热处理或时效热处理的焊接系数低于0.7,焊接接头进行调整+时效热处理后的焊接系数可达0.9,而对焊接接头进行固溶+调整+时效热处理后焊接系数接近1.接头不进行热处理或者是仅时效热处理时,薄弱区为熔合线靠近母材的区域,组织为奥氏体和少量的铁素体.进行调整+时效热处理或固溶+调整+时效热处理时,熔合线靠近母材侧的组织为板条马氏体、少量的铁素体和沉淀析出相,焊缝的组织为板条马氏体和沉淀析出相,薄弱区消失,焊接系数大幅度提高.     

Effect of magnesium addition on microstructure and mechanical properties in wheel steel

In order to reveal the effect of Mg in low carbon microalloy steel, low carbon microalloy steel of HR60 wheel steel was smelted in vacuum induction furnace and industrial field respectively. The characteristics of typical non- metallic inclusions and microstructure of experimental steels were both compared by OM, SEM- EDS and INCA Feature with automatically scanning inclusions function. The mechanical properties of the experimental steels were also measured. The results show that alumina inclusions are modified to spinel inclusions with small size after Mg addition. Furthermore, acicular ferrite can be induced effectively by inclusions containing magnesium. The microstructures of experimental steels are changed from ??polygonal ferrite(PF) + pearlite(P)??to ??polygonal ferrite(PF) + degenerate pearlite(DP) + acicular ferrite(AF)?? and refined by Mg treatment. The strength of experimental steels is improved with Mg addition. In industrial experiments, the fatigue limit of Mg- treated steels is greater than 460MPa, while the fatigue limit of Ca- treated steels is about 450MPa. In addition, the fatigue life of Mg- treated steels is generally higher than that of Ca- treated steels under the condition that the stress is greater than the fatigue limit. In laboratory experiments, the contents of Nb and Ti are reduced while Mg content in steel is 18??10-6, the strength of the wheel steel is close to the reference steel. Therefore, the project to reducing production cost by taking advantage of the microalloy role of Mg is feasible.     

节约型双相不锈钢组织演变规律的研究进展

节约型双相不锈钢是一种高性能、低成本的结构材料,拥有广阔的应用前景,有望广泛应用于核电、石化、造船、造纸和海水淡化等领域,但是其热加工制备困难,阻碍了大规模工业化生产。简要介绍了国内外双相不锈钢的研究现状,综述了双相不锈钢的组织性能演变、热变形规律及脆性相析出行为等。从组织演变规律入手,指出改善节约型双相不锈钢热塑性的重要性及可行性。     

热处理对316L不锈钢组织和性能的影响

通过试验研究了不同热处理工艺对316L不锈钢组织和性能的影响.试验结果表明,1 000℃固溶处理30min的硬度最大(77.8 HRB)、晶粒最细.若提高固溶处理温度,可以改善钢的抗腐蚀性,但温度过高,会降低钢的硬度.与固溶处理相比,由于发生时效硬化,固溶处理后进行时效处理的硬度更高、显微组织更好.     

Elemental partitioning and microstructural development in duplex stainless steel weld metal

A thermodynamic analysis which is capable of estimating the austenite/ferrite equilibria in duplex stainless steels has been carried out using the sublattice thermodynamic model. The partitioning of alloying elements between the austenite and ferrite phases has been calculated as a function of temperature. The results showed that chromium partitioning was not influenced significantly by the temperature. The molybdenum, on the other hand, was found to partition preferentially into ferrite phase as the temperature decreases. A strong partitioning of nickel into the austenite was observed to decrease gradually with increasing temperature. Among the alloying elements, average nitrogen concentration was found to have the most profound effect on the phase balance and the partitioning of nitrogen into the austenite. The partitioning coefficient of nitrogen (the ratio of the mole fraction of nitrogen in the austenite to that in the ferrite) was found to be as high as 7.0 around 1300 K. Consequently, the volume fraction of austenite was influenced by relatively small additions of nitrogen. The results are compared with the experimentally observed data in a duplex stainless steel weld metal in conjunction with the solid state δ → δ + γ phase transformation. Particular attention was given to the morphological instability of grain boundary austenite allotriomorphs. A compariso between the experimental results and calculations indicated that the instability associated with irregular austenite perturbations results from the high degree of undercooling. The results suggest that the model can be used successfully to understand the development of the microstructure in duplex stainless steel weld metals.     

Analysis of the microstructure and mechanical properties of 309L austenitic stainless steel

309L is a kind of austenitic stainless steel.This paper discusses 309L,which was smelted and rolled in a lab.Its microstructural characteristics in states of as-cast,hot-rolling,cold-rolling and solid solution were investigated respectively by optical microscope (OM).It is found that 309L is composed of austenite and residual δ-ferrite under these conditions,and the δ-ferrite cannot be eliminated easily by heat-treatment.Its hot plasticity and deformation resistance were investigated in a series of heat simulation tests.Its mechanical properties under different cold reductions were studied.All these provide valuable experimental data for the industrial production.     

锰对高氮超级马氏体不锈钢组织与性能的影响

为了进一步提高超级马氏体不锈钢的强塑性能和优良耐腐蚀能力,在实验室条件下研发制备了氮质量分数为0.35％、锰质量分数分别为0.4％和2.0％的2种新型超级马氏体不锈钢试料,并采用淬火-配分的工艺对其进行处理;借助万能试验机、光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜和电子背散射衍射等方法对试验钢的微观组织和力学性能进行表征测试.研...     

退火温度对430不锈钢冷轧板组织和力学性能的影响

针对现场生产的430不锈钢冷轧板,通过高温连续退火实验研究了退火温度对材料显微组织、强度、塑性以及各向异性性能的影响.通过实验得到了合理的两段式加热连续退火工艺:选取中间温度为600℃,加热II段的加热速率为2.3℃·s-1,最高加热温度为840℃.随着退火温度的升高,薄板的屈服强度和硬度呈明显的两阶段降低趋势,延伸率呈"S"型趋势增加,平均塑性应变比基本保持不变（1.25左右）,而轧制平面各向异性指数有一定的降低.针对430不锈钢冷轧板分别建立了屈服强度与退火软化率和延伸率之间的定量关系.      

合金元素对高氮不锈轴承钢组织与性能的影响

采用金相、扫描、X射线衍射和电化学等方法研究了合金元素对高氮不锈轴承钢组织性能的影响.结果表明:钢中加氮细化组织与碳化物,析出相尺寸随着氮含量的增加而降低.高氮不锈轴承钢1030、1050℃淬火后残余奥氏体体积分数达到20％～35％,而且碳氮含量越高,残余奥氏体越多.经冷处理及回火后残余奥氏体体积分数降至7％～10.3...     

氮元素对Cr13超级马氏体不锈钢组织及性能的影响

为了提高超级马氏体不锈钢的性能以满足油气开采的使用要求,在Cr13超级马氏体不锈钢中添加质量分数为0.065%的N元素,并采用金相观察、SEM、拉伸试验、电化学测试等方法,研究N元素对Cr13超级马氏体不锈钢组织、力学性能及耐蚀性能的影响。研究发现,N元素能细化原奥氏体晶粒、对组织中的回火马氏体有一定的"短化"作用,并且能有效减少组织中的δ铁素体、增加奥氏体的含量。在力学性能方面,适量的N元素因可以细化奥氏体晶粒和短化马氏体从而增加晶界和亚晶界,所以能有效提高试验钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度。耐蚀性能方面,电化学实验表明,适量的N元素能提高钝化膜的保护能力和再钝化能力,所以在一定程度上能有效提高试验钢的耐蚀性能。     

多向锻造对超高强度不锈钢组织及力学性能的影响

通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、背散射电子衍射(EBSD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)对多向锻造淬火后的马氏体超高强度不锈钢的显微组织进行定量表征,分析多向锻造对试验钢显微组织的影响;同时进行力学性能测试,分析多向锻造对试验钢力学性能的影响,讨论不同强化机制对试验钢强度的贡献.结果 表明,随着锻造道次的...     

添加青铜粉对烧结316L不锈钢组织和性能的影响

研究了添加青铜粉对316L烧结不锈钢的密度、硬度和微观组织的影响。结果表明：添加青铜粉末提高了316L不锈钢的生坯密度。烧结样品的密度和硬度均随青铜粉体积分数的增大而提高，烧结温度升高也有利于316L烧结不锈钢密度和硬度的增大，最佳烧结温度为1200℃左右。当青铜粉的体积分数为30％、烧结温度为1200℃时，316不锈钢的最大相对密度和硬度分别为95．1％和HRB83。添加青铜粉引起的液相烧结使不锈钢颗粒球形化趋势明显，颗粒表面平直化。     

Study on microstructure and mechanical properties of martensitic stainless steel 6Cr15MoV

Martensitic stainless steel containing 12%-18%Cr have high hardness due to high carbon content. These steels are common utilized in quenching and tempering processes for knife and cutlery steel.The properties obtained in these materials are significantly influenced by matrix composition after heat treatment,especially as Cr and C content.Comprehensive considered the hardness and corrosion resistance,a new type martensitic stainless steel 6Cr15MoV has been developed.This study emphatic researches the effect of heat treatment processes on microstructure and mechanical properties of 6Cr15MoV martensitic stainless steel.Thermo-Calc software has been carried out to thermodynamic calculation;optical microscope（OM）,scanning electronic microscope（SEM） and transmission electron microscope（TEM） have been carried out to microstructure observation;hardness and impact toughness test have been carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties.Results show that the equilibrium carbide in 6Cr15MoV steel is M₂₃,C₆ carbide,and finely distributed of M₂₃C₆ carbides can be observed on annealed microstructure of 6Cr15MoV stainless steel.6Cr15MoV martensitic stainless steel has a wider quenching temperature range,the hardness value of steel 6Cr15MoV can reach to 60.8 -61.6 HRC when quenched at 1060 - 1100℃.Finely distributed carbides will exist in quenched microstructure,and effectively inhabit the growth of austenite grain.With the increasing of quenching temperature,the volume fraction of undissolved carbides will decrease.The excellent comprehensive mechanical properties can be obtained by quenched at 1060-1100℃with tempered at 100-150℃,and it is mainly due to the high carbon martensite and fine grain size.At these temperature ranges,the hardness will retain about 59.2-61.6 HRC and the Charpy U-notch impact toughness will retain about 17.3-20 J.The morphology of impact fracture surface of tested steel is small dimples with a small amount of cleavage planes.The area of cleavage planes increases with the increasing of tempering temperature.     

Structural stability of super duplex stainless weld metals and its dependence on tungsten and copper

Three different superduplex stainless weld metals have been produced using manual metal arc welding under identical welding conditions. The concentration of the alloying elements tungsten and copper corresponded to the concentrations in commercial superduplex stainless steels (SDSS). Aging experiments in the temperature range 700 °C to 1110 °C showed that the formation of intermetallic phase was enhanced in tungsten-rich weld metal and also dissolved at higher temperatures compared with tungsten-poor and tungsten-free weld metals. It could be inferred from time-temperature-transformation (TTT) and continuous-cooling-transformation (CCT) diagrams produced in the present investigation that the critical cooling rate to avoid 1 wt pct of intermetallic phase was 2 times faster for tungsten-rich weld metal. Microanalysis in combination with thermodynamic calculations showed that tungsten was accommodated in χ phase, thereby decreasing the free energy. Experimental evidence supports the view that the formation of intermetallic phase is enhanced in tungsten-rich weld metal, owing to easier nucleation of nonequilibrium χ phase compared with σ phase. The formation of secondary austenite (γ₂) during welding was modeled using the thermodynamic computer program Thermo-Calc. Satisfactory agreement between theory and practice was obtained. Thermo-Calc was capable of predicting observed lower concentrations of chromium and nitrogen in γ₂ compared with primary austenite. The volume fraction of γ₂ was found to be significantly higher in tungsten-rich and tungsten + copper containing weld metal. The results could be explained by a higher driving force for precipitation of γ₂ in these.     

加载方向对TRIP双相不锈钢板带拉伸性能的影响

 为了研究加载方向对一种TRIP型双相不锈钢板带力学性能的影响,利用拉伸试验机研究了加载方向与轧制方向分别成0°、45°和90°条件下试验钢板带的拉伸变形行为。利用EBSD、TEM、XRD等分析手段对比研究了不同加载方向下形变组织演化的特点及形变诱导马氏体相变动力学规律,探讨了作用机理。结果表明,试验钢表现出明显的各向异性,其中各方向塑性和抗拉强度(由高到低)的变化规律为0°＞45°＞90°,但屈服强度对加载方向不敏感。钢中奥氏体相发生了形变诱导马氏体相变,主要演化机制为γ→ε→α′,从而形成TRIP效应。0°加载有助于TRIP效应的发生与发展,而90°加载时,两相间的应变配分延迟了马氏体相变的进程,抑制了TRIP效应。通过回归分析分别建立了不同加载方向下形变诱导马氏体相变动力学模型,可实现各加载方向下不同变形阶段马氏体转变量的预测。