硬质合金刀具高速切削Ti6A14V合金时扩散磨损的数值模拟

应用通用商业有限元软件Deform-2D,对航空用钛合金Ti6A14V进行了不同冷却润滑条件下的正交切削有限元模拟.在参考已有刀具扩散磨损率模型的基础上,利用有限元模拟出的刀具/工件接触区的切削温度与相对滑动速度等基本变量,对高速切削钛合金Ti6A14V时的WC-Co类硬质合金刀具前刀面的扩散磨损率进行了预测,进而分析了削介质的冷却与润滑作用对刀具扩散磨损率的影响.研究结果表明:切削介质的润滑作用对刀具前刀面的扩散磨损率具有较大影响,而切削介质的冷却作用则对刀具前刀面扩散磨损率无显著影响.     

超低温大进给铣削Ti6Al4V钛合金的刀具磨损试验研究

以液氮作为冷却介质,对难加工材料Ti6Al4V钛合金进行了大进给铣削试验。研究分析了刀具耐用度、刀具磨损区的宏观形态与微观形态,并与干铣削进行了对比分析。研究结果表明:相对于干切削,液氮冷却下超低温、大进给铣削Ti6Al4V钛合金可以减缓热裂纹的产生,显著提升刀具耐用度;两种冷却润滑条件下的刀具使用寿命主要由沟槽磨损决定。     

钛合金锯齿状切屑形态模拟研究

利用有限元软件建立了钛合金(Ti6Al4V)的切削模型,得到锯齿状切屑的应力场、应变场及温度场,探讨了锯齿状切屑的形成机理,同时模拟了不同切削参数对锯齿状切屑形态的影响。结果表明:切削速度、进给量和刀具前角对锯齿状切屑形态的影响规律相似,即锯齿频率随切削速度、进给量和刀具前角的增加而增大。刀-屑摩擦因数对锯齿状切屑形态无明显影响,但切削力、刀-屑接触长度随刀-屑摩擦因数的增加而增大。换热系数对切削温度影响较大,换热系数越大,对切削温度降温效果越明显。对切削温度的抑制效果由低温冷风雾化射流冷却、水射流冷却、低温冷风冷却依次减弱,但都优于干切削。     

微织构刀具连续磨损建模与仿真研究

建立切削过程中的微织构刀具连续磨损有限元模型一直是难点。为分析微织构刀具连续磨损问题,基于能量损失法,在有限元分析软件中建立了硬质合金刀具微切削Ti6Al4V钛合金材料过程中的微织构刀具连续磨损模型,并在刀具前刀面不同位置分别设计单个和多个微织构模型,分析微织构对刀具前刀面月牙洼磨损和后刀面磨损的影响。有限元分析结果表明,前刀面的微织构数量和位置对刀具的磨损程度有严重影响;刀具表面温度是影响月牙洼磨损深度的关键因素;而月牙洼磨损中心到切削刃刀尖的磨损与刀具的Mises应力有直接关系;影响刀具的后刀面磨损主要因素是刀具压力。     

高效切削钛合金Ti-6Al-4V硬质合金刀具扩散磨损研究

钛合金化学活性高,在切削过程中与硬质合金刀亲和性大,导致刀具易于发生扩散磨损。在使用硬质合金刀具切削钛合金Ti-6Al-4V试验及切削仿真分析基础上,采用SEM的EDAX研究刀具的扩散磨损,通过研究切削温度及刀-屑/工件接触区压力对扩散磨损的影响,并借助相图分析刀-工件之间的元素亲和力,进而研究扩散磨损的形成机理。结果表明:钛合金切削温度高,并且随着切削速度的增加,切削温度上升;在刀-屑以及刀-工件接触区,最高温度处于刀尖部位靠前刀面的位置。钛合金的加工回弹,造成刀-工件接触面摩擦加剧,使得整个接触区域的最高压力位置位于刀尖附近靠近后刀面的位置。在接触区的高温高压下,硬质合金刀具前、后刀面均发生元素扩散,且前刀面扩散现象比后刀面较为严重;随着切削速度的增加,加剧了扩散现象的发生。     

切削参数对高速切削钛合金刀具磨损的影响

钛合金具有抗腐蚀性、高耐热性以及比强度高等特点,广泛用于医疗化工、航天工业,然而由于其导热系数小、高温化学活性高,切削过程中刀具磨损严重、加工表面质量差等成为加工制造的难题。以Ti6A14V钛合金为研究对象,建立了切削力解析模型,分别选取PCD和TiAlN涂层刀具,通过单因素实验对比研究切削参数对两种刀具高速铣削Ti6Al4V的切削力变化规律,对刀具的磨损形态进行了分析,探究切削参数对高速切削钛合金刀具使用寿命的影响,试验表明:在相同切削条件下硬质合金PCD涂层刀具可有效提高刀具切削Ti6Al4V的使用寿命,该研究对提高国产刀具性能,实现钛合金的高速高效切削有着重要的现实意义。     

基于有限元的钛合金材料的切削加工技术研究

通过分析各种有限元软件的优缺点,选择DEFORM软件作为分析工具对钛合金材料Ti6Al4V的切削过程进行数值模拟,建立工件和刀具的正交切削平面应变的有限元模型,对金属切削加工过程进行了实时的仿真,为正确设计和合理使用刀具提供理论依据。     

钛合金绿色切削加工工艺优化研究

以Ti6Al4V钛合金为研究对象,采用含交互作用的正交试验方法,研究分析了冷却方式(传统切削液、微量润滑MQL和油膜附水滴OoW)、切削转速、进给速度和切削深度四个因素对铣削过程中切削力、表面粗糙度和刀具磨损的影响。结果表明,具有良好润滑性能的MQL技术切削合力比OoW总体更低;采用MQL和传统冷却液的粗糙度接近且优于OoW。冷却方式和进给速度对切削合力的影响程度高于冷却方式与其他切削参数交互作用;冷却方式和切削转速的交互作用对粗糙度的影响程度最高。MQL绿色冷却因良好的润滑效果,相比OoW能更好地抑制后刀面磨损,有望取代传统冷却液进行钛合金的绿色加工。     

钛合金铣削加工刀具磨损有限元预测分析

钛合金Ti6Al4V因其优良的综合性能在航空航天领域有着广泛的应用。然而,在钛合金切削过程中,极易出现刀具磨损现象。目前尚缺乏钛合金加工用刀具寿命预测的有效手段和方法。针对这一问题,基于刀具在铣削工作过程中受到的热力耦合作用,利用Fick扩散定律揭示了刀具扩散磨损机理,构建刀具磨损模型;利用有限元仿真软件Advant Edge的二次开发技术,将刀具磨损模型嵌入到有限元模型中,进行刀具磨损的预测;进而借助刀具寿命试验,验证了刀具磨损模型的可靠性。     

绿色铣削Ti6Al4V的切削变形试验研究

钛合金Ti6Al4V的切削加工性很差,为实现其高效绿色切削,提出了用过热水蒸汽和电离空气作冷却润滑剂的绿色切削技术,分别在干切、乳化液、水蒸汽和电离空气条件下采用硬质合金铣刀YG6对Ti6Al4V进行了铣削试验,通过快速落刀装置获取了铣屑根,对绿色铣削Ti6Al4V时的切削变形进行了分析。试验结果表明:铣削变形随铣削速度vc和每齿进给量fz的增大而减小;水蒸汽和电离空气可减小铣削变形。     

Failure mechanisms of a PCD tool in high-speed face milling of Ti–6Al–4V alloy

High-speed milling tests were carried out on Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy with a polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tool. Tool wear morphologies were observed and examined with a digital microscope. The main tool failure mechanisms were discussed and analyzed utilizing scanning electron microscope, and the element distribution of the failed tool surface was detected using energy dispersive spectroscopy. Results showed that tool flank wear rate increased with the increase in cutting speed. The PCD tool is suitable for machining of Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy with a cutting speed around 250 m/min. The PCD tool exhibited relatively serious chipping and spalling at cutting speed higher than 375 m/min, within further increasing of the cutting speed the flank wear and breakage increased greatly as a result of the enhanced thermal–mechanical impacts. In addition, the PCD tool could hardly work at cutting speed of 1,000 m/min due to the catastrophic fracture of the cutting edge and intense flank wear. There was evidence of workpiece material adhesion on the tool rake face and flank face in very close proximity to the cutting edge rather than on the chipped or flaked surface, which thereby leads to the accelerating flank wear. The failure mechanisms of PCD tool in high-speed wet milling of Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy were mainly premature breakage and synergistic interaction among adhesive wear and abrasive wear.     

Study on cutting temperature during milling of titanium alloy based on FEM and experiment

A finite element model of helix double-edge cutting was developed to study cutting temperature during milling of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V. To improve the accuracy of finite element simulation, a new method to construct material constitutive model was presented, and material constitutive model with big strain, high strain rate, and high-temperature characters for aeronautical titanium alloy in cutting process was established. Using this finite element model, milling process of titanium alloy was simulated. Cutting temperature change curves and values were obtained. An analysis indicates that the highest cutting temperature lies in tool-chip interface and is more close to cutting edge; moreover, the temperature is higher in rake face than flank face of the tool. The embedded semi-artificial thermocouple cutting temperature experiment was improved by substituting constantan band for constantan wire. By comparing the results obtained from finite element simulation and cutting temperature experiment results, a good agreement is found, showing finite element simulation analysis of cutting temperature for titanium alloy is correct.     

高速切削钛合金Ti6Al4V切屑的形成及其数值模拟

应用Hopkinson压杆实验装置,确定了航空用钛合金Ti6Al4V高应变和高温条件下的应力-应变关系,结合Ti6Al4V合金准静态试验数据,建立了适合高速切削仿真的Johnson-Cook本构模型;通过有限元数值模拟,仿真了高速切削Ti6Al4V合金的锯齿状切屑形成过程,分析了整个锯齿状切屑形成过程的切削力、切削温度、等效塑性应变的变化,深入探讨了锯齿状切屑的形成机理;将模拟计算得到的切削力和切削温度与试验结果进行了比较,两者具有较好的一致性。
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Effects of cutting parameters on tool insert wear in end milling of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V

Titanium alloy is a kind of typical hard-to-cut material due to its low thermal conductivity and high strength at elevated temperatures, this contributes to the fast tool wear in the milling of titanium alloys. The influence of cutting conditions on tool wear has been focused on the turning process, and their influence on tool wear in milling process as well as the influence of tool wear on cutting force coefficients has not been investigated comprehensively. To fully understand the tool wear behavior in milling process with inserts, the influence of cutting parameters on tool wear in the milling of titanium alloys Ti6Al4V by using indexable cutters is investigated. The tool wear rate and trends under different feed per tooth, cutting speed, axial depth of cut and radial depth of cut are analyzed. The results show that the feed rate per tooth and the radial depth of cut have a large influence on tool wear in milling Ti6Al4V with coated insert. To reduce tool wear, cutting parameters for coated inserts under experimental cutting conditions are set as: feed rate per tooth less than 0.07 mm, radial depth of cut less than 1.0 mm, and cutting speed sets between 60 and 150 m/min. Investigation on the relationship between tool wear and cutting force coefficients shows that tangential edge constant increases with tool wear and cutter edge chipping can lead to a great variety of tangential cutting force coefficient. The proposed research provides the basic data for evaluating the machinability of milling Ti6Al4V alloy with coated inserts, and the recommend cutting parameters can be immediately applied in practical production.     

基于ABAQUS的钛合金铣削力的模拟分析

为了研究钛合金在铣削过程中切削力随着切削参数的变化规律,建立了三维斜角切削有限元模型。通过对材料本构模型,刀—屑接触摩擦模型和切屑分离准则等关键环节建模,采用通用有限元求解器ABAQUS/Ex-plicit对钛合金Ti6Al4V的斜角切削过程进行了模拟,获得了切削速度v、切削深度ap和每齿进给量fz对切削力的变化趋势及影响程度。模拟结果表明:切削力随着切削深度ap和每齿进给量fz的增大而增大,而随着切削速度增大切削力波动很小。切削深度对切削力的影响最大,进给量次之,切削速度对切削力的影响最小。该模型可以为切削参数的合理选择提供参考。     

Multi-pass scratch test behavior of modified layer formed during plasma nitriding

316L stainless steel and Ti6Al4V alloy were plasma nitrided at different treatment parameters, and the wear behaviors of the modified layers formed on the surface during nitriding were investigated by multi-pass scratch test. Phase structure and cross-sections of modified layers were also examined with XRD and SEM. While a single modified layer formed on surface of the 316L stainless steel, both modified and diffusion layers were observed on the surface of the Ti6Al4V alloy after nitriding. As a result, it was observed that phase structure and thickness for modified layers of 316L stainless steel and Ti6Al4V alloy, respectively, were the significant parameters for friction coefficient and wear rate. In addition, diffusion layer formed during the nitriding process caused on increase of wear resistance of Ti6Al4V alloy by supporting the modified layer on the surface.     

Effects of Cutting Parameters on Tool Insert Wear in End Milling of Titanium Alloy Ti6A14V

Titanium alloy is a kind of typical hard-to-cut material due to its low thermal conductivity and high strength at elevated temperatures, this contributes to the fast tool wear in the milling of titanium alloys. The influence of cutting conditions on tool wear has been focused on the turning process, and their influence on tool wear in milling process as well as the influence of tool wear on cutting force coefficients has not been investigated comprehensively. To fully understand the tool wear behavior in milling process with inserts, the influence of cutting parameters on tool wear in the milling of titanium alloys Ti6Al4 V by using indexable cutters is investigated. The tool wear rate and trends under different feed per tooth, cutting speed, axial depth of cut and radial depth of cut are analyzed. The results show that the feed rate per tooth and the radial depth of cut have a large influence on tool wear in milling Ti6Al4 V with coated insert. To reduce tool wear, cutting parameters for coated inserts under experimental cutting conditions are set as: feed rate per tooth less than 0.07 mm, radial depth of cut less than 1.0 mm, and cutting speed sets between 60 and 150 m/min. Investigation on the relationship between tool wear and cutting force coefficients shows that tangential edge constant increases with tool wear and cutter edge chipping can lead to a great variety of tangential cutting force coefficient. The proposed research provides the basic data for evaluating the machinability of milling Ti6Al4 V alloy with coated inserts, and the recommend cutting parameters can be immediately applied in practical production.     

钛合金铣削过程刀具前刀面磨损解析建模

钛合金Ti6Al4V作为典型的航空航天难加工材料,在其铣削过程中硬质合金刀具的磨损会降低加工过程稳定性,进而影响加工效率和已加工表面表面质量。刀具前刀面磨损会导致刀具刃口强度降低,并影响切屑的流向和折断情况。针对前刀面磨损机理进行分析并构建了月牙洼磨损深度预测模型。首先运用解析方法构建了前刀面应力场模型,得到切屑在前刀面滑动过程中的刀具前刀面应力分布情况及磨损位置。基于刀-屑接触关系的基础上建立了前刀面温度场模型。然后,基于所得刀具前刀面应力与温度分布,构建综合考虑磨粒磨损、粘结磨损与扩散磨损的铣刀月牙洼磨损深度预测模型,获得月牙洼磨损预测曲线;结合铣刀月牙洼磨损带沿切削刃方向分布的特点,建立了随时间变化的铣刀前刀面磨损体积预测模型。最后通过试验验证了切削宽度对前刀面磨损的影响规律,预测结果与试验测量值具有较好的吻合性。结果表明随着切削宽度的增加,月牙洼磨损深度及前刀面磨损体积都随之增加。研究结果为钛合金铣削用刀具的设计和切削参数的合理选择提供了理论基础。     

基于Abaqus/explicit的钛合金高速切削切削力模拟研究

针对高速切削钛合金时切削力的问题,利用有限元分析软件Abaqus的Johnson Cook材料模型及Johnson Cook断裂准则,对钛合金高速切削切削力进行了仿真研究,分析钛合金高速切削加工过程中各切削参数（包括进给量、切削深度和切削速度）对切削力的影响.结果表明,切削力、进给力、单位面积切削力和单位面积进给力都随速度的增大而减小;但随着进给速度的增大,切削力和进给力都增大,而单位面积的切削力和进给力都减小.     

TC4合金固体内润滑刀具干式切削性能有限元分析

TC4(Ti-6Al-4V)合金作为一种典型的难加工材料,过快的刀具磨损严重制约了其切削加工效率。本文提出了一种充气加压式固体内润滑刀具,并采用ABAQUS软件对其切削TC4合金的加工性能进行了有限元分析。结果表明,该刀具利用充气压力将固体润滑剂直接输送到刀具刃部,可在不使用冷却液的情况下达到冷却润滑切削加工区,降低自润滑车刀—TC4合金的摩擦系数的目的,对降低切削温度具有明显效果。